EXPERIMENT NO: 1

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON A

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
1.1 Aim
To conduct open circuit and short circuit tests on the given transformer and
predetermine the following:-
(1) To determine the regulation and efficiency
(2) To develop the approximate equivalent circuit
1.2 Instruments required
Note down the machine specifications from its name plate.
1.2.1 OC Test
V
1
-To measure rated voltage on LV side
A
1
- To measure 10% of full load current on LV side
W
1
To suit V
1
and A
1
at u.p.f.
1.2.2 SC Test
V
2
To measure reduced voltage on HV side
A
2
To measure full load current on HV side
W
2
To suit V
2
and A
2
at u.p.f


1.3 Theory
1.3.1 O C Test
OC test is normally conducted on LV side. Rated voltage is applied to LV side
keeping HV side open, the transformer draws power only to meet the losses on no load.
The no load input current will be about less than 10% of full load current of the L.V side.
The no load losses consists of core loss and small primary copper loss, secondary copper
loss being zero. Hence the power input of the transformer under this condition will be
approximately equal to the core loss of the transformer which is considered to be
constant.
1.3.2 SC Test
SC test is normally conducted on the HV side. When full load current is made to
flow through the HV side by keeping LV side short circuited, the transformer draws
power to meet the full load copper losses on both HV & LV side and the core loss. But
the applied voltage being very small compared to the rated voltage, the core loss will be
negligibly small. Hence the power input to the transformer will be approximately equal to
the full load copper loss of the transformer.
1.4 Procedure
1.4.1 O C Test
Make connections as in fig 1.1. Keeping the HV side of the transformer open and
the autotransformer in the minimum output voltage position, close switch S
1
. Adjust
autotransformer to apply rated voltage to the LV side. Note down voltage applied (V
0
),
the no load current (I
0
) and the no load power input (W
0
) and tabulate the readings.
1.4.2 S C Test
Make connections as in fig 1.2. Keeping LV side short circuited and the
autotransformer in the minimum output voltage position, close switch S
1
. Adjust the
autotransformer gradually and carefully till rated full load current flows in HV side and
thus in secondary. Note down the voltage applied (V
sc
), the current drawn (I
sc
) and the
power input (W
sc
) and tabulate the readings.
1.5 Tabular column
O.C. Test
Voltage(V
0
)
volts
No load Current(I
0
)
Amps
No load Power(W
0
)
watts

S.C Test
Voltage (V
sc
)
volts
Short Circuit
current(I
sc
)
Amperes
Short Circuit Power
(W
sc
)
watts


1.6 Calculation
1.6.1 To draw the equivalent circuit
From the OC test data,
No load voltage, V
0
= ...volts
No load current, I
0
= .amps
No load power, W
0
= ...watts
W
0
= V
0
I
0
Cos
0

No Load power factor, Cos
0
=
0 0
0
I V
W
= .
Sin
0
= ( )
2
0
1 | Cos =
Working component, I
w
= I
0
Cos
0
= amps
Magnetizing component, I

= I
0
Sin
0
= .amps
Core loss component resistance as referred to L.V side, R
0
=
w
I
V
0
=
Magnetizing reactance as referred to L.V side,

I
V
X
0
0
= =
From SC Test data,
Short circuit votage,V
SC
= .volts
Short circuit current, I
SC
=..amps
Total eqvt. Impedance referred to the H.V. side,
SC
SC
I
V
Z =
02
=
Total eqvt. Resistance referred to the H.V. side,
2
02
SC
SC
I
W
R = =
Total eqvt. Leakage referred to the H.V. side, ( ) ( )
2
02
2
02 02
R Z X = = .
Total resistance referred to the L.V. side,
2
02
01
K
R
R = ... =
Where K=
1
2
V
V
=
Voltage LT Rated
Voltage HT Rated
= .
Total reactance referred to the L.V. side,
2
02
01
K
X
X = = .
Using these parameters draw the equivalent circuit referred to LV side Ref. fig.1.3
1.6.2 To find the efficiency
W
0
= Core loss/Iron loss (constant at all loads) = ..watts
W
SC
= Full load copper loss = watts
Efficiency at any load (x times full load) at given power factor can be calculated as
follows.
Output at X times full load=X x rated KVA x 1000 Cos =
Iron loss (Core loss) = W
0
= .
Copper loss at X times full load=X
2
x (full load copper loss)
=X
2
W
sc =

Total loss = Iron loss +Copper loss =
%Efficiency = 100
+ losses total output
Output
= . %
Calculate the efficiencies at different assumed loads for a given power factor and
tabulate the result as in table 1.1
Table 1.1
Load
(x times)
Output
(watts)
Core loss
(watts)
Copper loss
(watts)
Total losses
(watts)
Efficiency
(%)



1.6.3 To find the regulation
Approximate % regulation at any load (X times full load) at a given power factor
can be calculated as follows
% regulation = ( ) 100
01 01
1
1
| | Sin X Cos R
V
I

Note: (The positive sign is for lagging power factor and the negative sign is for leading
power factor)
Calculate percentage regulation at full load for different power factors and tabulate
the readings as in table 1.2.
Table 1.2
Cos Sin % Regulation
lagging
leading

1.7 Results
Draw (1) Approximate equivalent circuit
(2) Output Vs efficiency curve
(3) Power factor Vs regulation curve
Typical curves are shown in fig 1.4 & 1.5