HIS 112 Midterm Exam Review

Multiple Choice:
1. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route? a. that the spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous b. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to stop c. the high prices charged by Muslim merchants d. the demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger e. the desire to expand the boundaries of Christianity Answer: b Page: 467-468 2 . The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope was a. Bartolomeu Dias. b. Vasco da Gama. c. Dom Henrique. d. James Cook. e. Christopher Columbus. Answer: a Page: 470 3. The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century was a. James Cook. b. Ferdinand Magellan. c. Francis Drake. d. Vasco da Gama. e. Vasco Nuez de Balboa. Answer: a Page: 475 4. The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was a. Henrys frustration with the popes inability to bring about church reform. b. Henrys desire to gain a divorce. c. Henrys desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades. d. Henrys belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war. e. a new English translation of the Bible. Answer: b Page: 495 5. Who said, I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against ones conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian

e. Henry VIII Answer: a Page: 493 6. The English, French, and Dutch a. were like the Spanish in that they viewed the Americas as a land to exploit rather than a place to settle. b. did not play a role in the Americas until the mid-eighteenth century. c. never showed any serious interest in the Americas. d. discovered gold and silver mines that rivaled Spanish claims. e. were more interested in setting up permanent colonies than were the Spanish. Answer: e Page: 530 7. Which of the following sites in North America was originally a Dutch colony? a. Plymouth b. Jamestown c. Port Royal d. New York e. Quebec Answer: d Page: 531 8. The English colony of Jamestown a. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation. b. was wildly successful and quickly recouped the original financial investment. c. mysteriously disappeared during a period in which the English were too busy to send aid. d. served as a remarkably satisfactory location for the Puritans. e. was burned to the ground during a French invasion. Answer: a Page: 531 9. The Manchus called their dynasty Qing, which meant a. northern conqueror. b. brilliant. c. floating world. d. pure. e. the chosen. Answer: d Page: 574 10. The phrase Son of Heaven refers to the a. near godlike status that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci reached in China. b. explanation for the incredible appeal of Christianity in Japan. c. Chinese emperors role in maintaining order on the earth. d. belief that the Japanese emperors were direct descendents of the sun goddess Amaterasu. e. the syncretic Christian-Buddhist religion. Answer: c Page: 576 11. In 1368 the Ming dynasty replaced the ________ dynasty. a. Song b. Qing c. Yuan

d. Tang e. Qin Answer: c Page: 572 12. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were all a. Christian. b. anamistic. c. Zoroastrian. d. Buddhist. e. Islamic. Answer: e Page: 596 13. The founder of the Ottoman dynasty was a. Sleyman the Magnificent. b. Osman Bey. c. Selim the Grim. d. Mehmed II. e. Shah Ismail. Answer: b Page: 593 14. The word ghazi refers to a. the tax that non-Muslims paid in Islamic countries. b. Islamic merchants with protected social status in Ottoman society. c. the law codes of Sleyman. d. Muslim religious warriors. e. Akbars universal religion. Answer: d Page: 596 15. Which of the following empires was inspired by its status as an Islamic outpost on the border of the Christian world? a. Ottoman b. Safavid c. Mughal d. Yuan e. Umayyad Answer: a Page: 596-597 16. The author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen was a. Marie Antoinette. b. Olympe de Gouges. c. Maximilien Robespierre. d. Simone de Beauvoir. e. Mary Wollstonecraft. Answer: b Page: 621 17. In response to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, a. the French revolutionary leaders called for complete equality for women.

b. its author, Olympe de Gouges, became a leading force in the French revolution. c. it was, in fact, the English who offered complete equality for women. d. French women achieved political but not economic equality. e. the French revolutionary leaders refused to put womens rights on their political agenda. Answer: e Page: 621 18. The revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century helped to spread Enlightenment ideals and a. encouraged the consolidation of national states. b. strengthened European control over South America. c. repudiated socialist and communist philosophies. d. resulted in the weakening of national states because of the growing emphasis on the individual. e. gave complete freedom and equality to women. Answer: a Page: 622 19. Revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century a. were able to destroy all vestiges of the ancien rgime. b. were mainly influenced by Marxist ideology. c. focused on the necessity of popular sovereignty. d. accepted the legitimacy of the divine right of kings. e. always stressed the inherent equality between men and women. Answer: c Page: 622

20. The author of the Second Treatise of Civil Government was a. Voltaire. b. Rousseau. c. Locke. d. Hobbes. e. Robespierre. Answer: c Page: 623 21. Which of the following was NOT one of John Lockes main ideas? a. that governments were a result of a social contract between rulers and ruled b. that subjects had the right to remove their ruler c. that rulers derived their authority from the consent of those they governed d. that individuals retained personal rights to life, liberty, and property e. that although kings did have divine sanction, their subjects maintained personal rights Answer: e Page: 623 22. Which of the following was NOT one of the basic ideals of the Enlightenment thinkers? a. popular sovereignty b. social contract

c. political equality d. equality for women e. individual freedom Answer: d Page: 623-624 23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his The Social Contract, argued that in every country the sovereign voice of government a. was the members of society acting collectively. b. was the king because, despite his faults, he was still of divine appointment. c. should be the nobles instead of the king because of their control of the land. d. should be the bishops and archbishops because of their special relationship to God. e. resided in the army. Answer: a Page: 623 24. After the end of the Seven Years War, a. the British lost complete control of their North American colonies. b. the French proved to be much better for the colonies after the British left. c. the British were forced to hand all of North America over to the French. d. the colonists grew much closer to the British in appreciation for the British sacrifices in the war. e. the colonists grew increasingly frustrated with British control and taxes. Answer: e Page: 624 25. The main slogan for the colonies in the years leading up to the American revolution was a. liberty, equality, fraternity. b. equal rights for women. c. self-government now. d. free and independent states. e. no taxation without representation. Answer: e Page: 624 26. The Declaration of Independences contractual view of political structure in which the government drew its authority from the consent of the governed was influenced by a. Edmund Burke. b. John Locke. c. John Stuart Mill. d. William Wilberforce. e. Voltaire. Answer: b Page: 625 27. Which of the following was NOT one of the principles built into the government of the newly formed American state? a. the equality of all inhabitants b. freedom from British control

c. a written constitution that guaranteed personal freedoms d. a responsible government based on popular sovereignty e. the creation of a federal republic Answer: a Page: 627 28. The leaders of the French revolution a. were much more conservative than the leaders of the American revolution. b. accepted the fact that France would always have to have a king. c. called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures. d. created concepts and documents that would later influence the American revolution. e. placed unlimited faith in the potential of the peasants. Answer: c Page: 627 29. The ancien rgime was the a. estate that comprised the clergy in pre-revolutionary France. b. term for the first democracies in Greece and Rome. c. traditional, European-born ruling class in South America. d. term Metternich used to describe the dangerous and growing class of urban revolutionaries. e. old order in France that revolutionary leaders wanted to replace. Answer: e Page: 627 30. On June 17th, 1789, members of the third estate seceded from the Estates General and declared themselves to be the a. House of Commons. b. Convention. c. National Assembly. d. Directory. e. House of Representatives. Answer: c Page: 627-628 31. In August 1789, the National Assembly expressed the guiding principles of the French revolution by issuing a. the Declaration of Independence. b. the French Constitution of 1789. c. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. d. the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. e. The Social Contract. Answer: c Page: 628 32. The guiding principles of the French revolution are summed up in the phrase a. no taxation without representation. b. peace, bread, land. c. let them eat cake.

d. all men are created equal. e. liberty, equality, fraternity. Answer: e Page: 628 33. The leaders of the Convention hoped to hold off invading counterrevolutionary forces by a. calling for the leve en masse. b. forming a military alliance with the new American republic. c. restoring the power and position of the French monarchy and thus placating the other nations. d. handing over their most radical leaders for public trial. e. using new military technology purchased from the Ottomans. Answer: a Page: 629 34. The most radical period of the French revolution was reached during the leadership of a. Louis XVI. b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. c. Maximilien Robespierre. d. Napoleon Bonaparte. e. Simn Bolvar. Answer: c Page: 629 35. Maximilien Robespierre was known as a. the Son of Heaven. b. the French Jefferson. c. the Lion of Paris. d. First Among Equals. e. the Incorruptible. Answer: e Page: 629 36. During the rule of the Directory, a. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was written. b. the French revolution reached its most radical stage. c. the French monarchy was abolished and Louis XVI was executed. d. France was finally defeated by a combined British, Prussian, Austrian, and Russian army. e. the French revolution moved in a more pragmatic direction. Answer: e Page: 629 37. Napoleons Civil Code a. gave absolute free speech to French newspapers. b. was a modern restatement of Justinians Corpus iuris civilis. c. affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men. d. had at its core the radical measures of the Convention. e. reduced patriarchal authority and gave more equality to women. Answer: c

Page: 630 38. The turning point in Napoleons career was his disastrous 1812 invasion of a. England. b. Austria. c. Russia. d. Spain. e. Italy. Answer: c Page: 631 39. Napoleons final defeat occurred at a. Waterloo. b. Leipzig. c. Elba. d. Moscow. e. St. Helena. Answer: a Page: 631 40. The only successful slave revolt in history took place in a. Brazil. b. Saint-Domingue. c. Cuba. d. Virginia. e. Mexico. Answer: b Page: 631 41. The leader who was responsible for the success of the Saint-Domingue uprising was a. Simn Bolvar. b. Boukman. c. Miguel de Hidalgo. d. Louverture. e. Jos de San Martn. Answer: d Page: 633-634 42. The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment a. and hoped for the establishment of an egalitarian society like that of Haiti. b. but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions. c. but wanted to turn the tables and deny all rights to the peninsulares. d. and hoped for tremendous social reform like that promoted by the French revolutionary Robespierre. e. but wanted to carry these notions to their logical conclusion and grant equality to women. Answer: b Page: 634

43. Colonial rule in Mexico ended in 1821 when the capital was seized by a. Augustn de Iturbide. b. Miguel de Hidalgo. c. Simn Bolvar. d. Bernardo OHiggins. e. Jos de San Martn. Answer: a Page: 636 44. The goal of Simn Bolvar was to a. form stable, smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups. b. have the colonies of South America remain linked to Spain but attain a measure of selfgovernment. c. bring the former Spanish colonies of South America into union with the United States. d. weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States. e. bring about unification through a strict authoritarian form of government. Answer: d Page: 636 45. Which of the following revolutionary leaders is NOT correctly linked with his country? a. Bernardo OHiggins and Chile b. Toussaint Louverture and Haiti c. Jos de San Martn and Argentina d. Augustn de Iturbide and Mexico e. Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru Answer: e Page: 636 46. The leader who helped lead Brazil to independence was a. Simn Bolvar. b. Bernardo OHiggins. c. Jos de San Martn. d. Miguel de Hidalgo. e. Emperor Pedro I. Answer: e Page: 636 47. Among the leading proponents of conservatism in the eighteenth century was a. Giuseppe Mazzini. b. John Stuart Mill. c. Edmund Burke. d. Simn Bolvar. e. Maximilien Robespierre. Answer: c Page: 637 48. William Wilberforce a. wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

b. pushed a bill through Parliament that ended the slave trade. c. was the chief proponent of conservatism in the eighteenth century. d. focused his efforts on gaining complete equality for women. e. was the leader of the British forces that surrendered at Yorktown. Answer: b Page: 638 49. What nineteenth-century English thinker promoted individual freedom, universal suffrage, taxation of high personal income, and an extension of the rights of freedom and equality to women? a. Edmund Burke b. John Locke c. Jean Jacques Rousseau d. Cecil Rhodes e. John Stuart Mill Answer: e Page: 637 50. The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was a. Mary Astell. b. John Stuart Mill. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Olympe de Gouges. e. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Answer: c Page: 639 51. The organizer of the Seneca Falls conference was a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. William Wilberforce. d. John Stuart Mill. e. Olympe de Gouges. Answer: a Page: 639-640 52. Theodore Herzl was the founder of a. German nationalism. b. modern conservatism. c. the Seneca Falls conference. d. modern anti-Semitism. e. Zionism. Answer: e Page: 642 53. The leading conservative politician at the Congress of Vienna was a. Napoleon. b. Otto von Bismarck. c. Edmund Burke.

d. Klemens von Metternich. e. Theodore Herzl. Answer: d Page: 643 54. The German leader Otto von Bismarck believed that the great issues of his day would be determined by a. class struggle. b. liberty, equality, fraternity. c. the resurgence of the ancien rgime. d. blood and iron. e. the realization of freedom. Answer: d Page: 645 55. The industrial revolution began in a. the United States. b. Great Britain. c. France. d. Italy. e. Russia. Answer: b Page: 652 56. Crucial to industrialization was a. the leadership role taken by the Luddites. b. the willing support of the major industrial unions. c. the peasants planned and willing relocation to the cities. d. the leading role that Russia provided in technology. e. the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam. Answer: e Page: 652 57. The growing demand for cotton cloth in the eighteenth century threatened British a. wool producers. b. monopoly over the Chinese silk trade. c. naval strength because of the dramatically rising cost of sails. d. educational dominance. e. trade with the Americas. Answer: a Page: 653 58. The British Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721 a. restricted British importation of cotton cloth to the Americas. b. showed favoritism to cotton producers over wool producers. c. prohibited the importation of cotton cloth. d. required that a corpse be buried in a cotton shroud. e. encouraged the importation of printed cotton cloth in an effort to boost British trade. Answer: c

Page: 653 59. James Watts steam engine did not adapt well to transportation uses because a. it weighed too much to be supported by rubber tires. b. the heat, combined with the vibrations of movement, caused instability in the structural integrity. c. the engine grew too hot and often exploded. d. it used too much gasoline to be cost efficient. e. it consumed too much coal. Answer: e Page: 654 60. Cheaper iron was produced after 1709 when British smelters began to use what substance as a fuel? a. kerosene b. coke c. charcoal d. wood e. gasoline Answer: b Page: 654 61. Henry Bessemers innovations made it possible to produce cheaper a. iron. b. cotton. c. steel. d. oil. e. wool. Answer: c Page: 654 62. The first steam-powered locomotive was George Stephensons a. Rocket. b. Blazer. c. Meteor. d. Lightning. e. Comet. Answer: a Page: 655 63. The dominant form of industrial organization by the end of the nineteenth century was a. the putting-out system. b. cottage industry. c. the factory system. d. the guild system. e. a socialist-directed economy. Answer: c Page: 656

64. Interchangeable parts were invented by a. Henry Ford. b. Henry Bessemer. c. Eli Whitney. d. Josiah Wedgwood. e. George Stephenson. Answer: c Page: 659 65. In America the petroleum monopoly, Standard Oil Company, was owned by a. John D. Rockefeller. b. Robert Owen. c. Andrew Carnegie. d. George Stephenson. e. Henry Bessemer. Answer: a Page: 659 66. Beginning in the nineteenth century, industrializing lands experienced a social change known as the demographic transition when a. 60 percent of the people were 55 years old and older. b. the rural population increased dramatically. c. the fertility rate increased dramatically. d. the majority of the population was college educated. e. the fertility rate began a marked decline. Answer: e Page: 662 67. Marx and Engels proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes. The classes were a. the capitalists and the bourgeoisie. b. the capitalists and the proletariat. c. the workers and the peasantry. d. the capitalists and the middle class. e. the proletariat and the nobility. Answer: b Page: 669 68. One of the authors of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was a. Marx. b. Fourier. c. Rousseau. d. Owen. e. Lenin. Answer: a Page: 669 69. Marx and Engels suggested that music, art, and literature a. should be used by the communists to facilitate the revolution.

b. were the opiate of the masses. c. were the only aspects of the modern world that had not been contaminated by the capitalists. d. served the purposes of the capitalists because they diverted the workers from their misery. e. represented the peasants and were thus useless. Answer: d Page: 669 70. Marx and the communists believed that private property a. would be the only aspect of industrial society that would survive the revolution. b. should be divided up on a more equitable basis. c. would be the foundation of the post-revolutionary world. d. should be abolished. e. should pass into the ownership of the workers. Answer: d Page: 669 71. Marx and Engels believed that the final result of the socialist revolution would be the a. usurpation by the proletariat of the bourgeois hegemony. b. dictatorship of the proletariat. c. complete inversion of the class hierarchy. d. realization of freedom. e. opiate of the masses. Answer: b Page: 669 72. According to the Manifesto of the Communist Party, all of human history had been a history of a. class struggle. b. the quest for religious self-awareness interfering with the development of the peasantry. c. the search for equality. d. the search for freedom. e. industrial integration. Answer: a Page: 669 73. In the late nineteenth century, Germany led European countries in the movement to a. dramatically reduce the rights and benefits of workers. b. provide medical insurance and unemployment compensation for workers. c. crush the trade union movement so thoroughly that it didnt return for over fifty years. d. recognize trade unions only if they would publicly renounce their ties to the communists. e. convert to communism. Answer: b Page: 670-671 74. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, employers and governments a. readily established their own trade unions. b. worked closely with the trade unions to improve the conditions of the working class. c. tried to convince trade unions to switch their allegiance from communists to socialists. d. viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade.

e. saw the trade unions as the single best alternative to Marxian-type class revolution. Answer: d Page: 671 75. Over the long haul, trade unions a. reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people. b. dramatically increased the chances for a revolution through their ties to Marxian socialists. c. were completely unsuccessful in improving the conditions of the working class. d. stood out as the most radical critics of industrial society. e. fell under communist control. Answer: a Page: 671 76. Charles Fourier was a. the Belgian foreign minister whose disastrous trade policies blocked Belgian advancement. b. the German nobleman who stood as the chief obstacle to German industrialization. c. the French nobleman who seized the throne after an economic collapse. d. the English radical who founded the Bolsheviks. e. a social critic who is often referred to as a utopian socialist. Answer: e Page: 668 77. By 1900, which was the largest city in the world? a. New York b. Berlin c. Paris d. London e. Tokyo Answer: d Page: 663 78. The use of which of the following increased dramatically in the nineteenth century? a. steel b. iron c. copper d. gold e. aluminum Answer: a Page: 654 79. Which of the following was a key feature in the rapid industrialization of Great Britain? a. high agricultural productivity b. population density c. navigable rivers and canals d. sophisticated banking and financial institutions e. All these answers are correct. Answer: e Page: 653

80. Horizontal organization is a. the framework for powerful European trade unions in the industrial age. b. the consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business. c. the control of all facets of an industry. d. a method of mass production. e. the assembly line process developed by Henry Ford in 1913. Answer: b Page: 659

Essay Questions:
Three from the following five questions will be selected for the exam.
1. What are some of the characteristics of industrial capitalism? How did industrial giants like J. D. Rockefeller achieve such dominance over the marketplace? 2. Eli Whitney is known for inventions such as interchangeable parts. In what ways did industrialization turn workers into interchangeable parts? 3. Why did the French revolution turn against itself when the American Revolution didnt? In what ways was the French revolution more radical than its American predecessor? How radical did the French revolution become? Could it be argued that the American Revolution did turn against its roots? Were there limits to the social and political change in the American Revolution? 4. Was Napoleon a child of the French Revolution or the absolute antithesis of it? What were Napoleons goals? Why was he successful, and why did he eventually fail? Was he a reformer or just a dictator? Was he a child of the Enlightenment? 5. Otto von Bismarck proposed that the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes . . . but by blood and iron. What did Bismarck mean by this statement? Were his words proven true by the actions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Discuss the philosophy and actions of Otto von Bismarck.