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    A Brief History of Electronic: From Vacuum Tube To Solid State

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    Harkishen Singh
    Electronic technology has evolved from early vacuum tube experiments to modern solid-state devices. Pioneers in the late 19th century discovered that electric currents in glass tubes consisted of moving particles called electrons. This led to the development of vacuum tubes like diodes and triodes in the early 20th century. Inventions like the transistor in the 1940s and integrated circuits in the 1960s ushered in the era of solid-state electronics and launched the information age.

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    A Brief History of Electronic: From Vacuum Tube To Solid State

    Uploaded by

    Harkishen Singh
    22 views12 pages
    Electronic technology has evolved from early vacuum tube experiments to modern solid-state devices. Pioneers in the late 19th century discovered that electric currents in glass tubes consisted of moving particles called electrons. This led to the development of vacuum tubes like diodes and triodes in the early 20th century. Inventions like the transistor in the 1940s and integrated circuits in the 1960s ushered in the era of solid-state electronics and launched the information age.

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    EE105_sen_lnt_001_Jan11

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    Electronic technology has evolved from early vacuum tube experiments to modern solid-state devices. Pioneers in the late 19th century discovered that electric currents in glass tubes consisted of moving particles called electrons. This led to the development of vacuum tubes like diodes and triodes in the early 20th century. Inventions like the transistor in the 1940s and integrated circuits in the 1960s ushered in the era of solid-state electronics and launched the information age.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    22 views12 pages

    A Brief History of Electronic: From Vacuum Tube To Solid State

    Uploaded by

    Harkishen Singh
    Electronic technology has evolved from early vacuum tube experiments to modern solid-state devices. Pioneers in the late 19th century discovered that electric currents in glass tubes consisted of moving particles called electrons. This led to the development of vacuum tubes like diodes and triodes in the early 20th century. Inventions like the transistor in the 1940s and integrated circuits in the 1960s ushered in the era of solid-state electronics and launched the information age.

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    of 12

    A Brief History of Electronic

    From Vacuum Tube to Solid State

    Electronic Hierarchy of Science


    SCIENCE PHYSIC Electrical Mechanical CHEMISTRY Civil BIOLOGY

    Electronic

    What is Electronic ?
    Electronic is the science of electrons kinetics energy Electronic is the study of electrons movement when voltage & current are applied across an electronic device By understanding the behaviors of electrons in an electronic device allow us to control & manipulate its operations

    Early Pioneers
    The names of many of the early pioneers in electricity & electromagnetic still live on in terms of familiar units & quantities :
    Ohm Ampere Volta Farad Henry Coulomb Hertz

    The Beginning of Electronics


    Early experiments in electronics involved electric currents in glass vacuum tubes Heinrich Geissler (1814-1879) found that the vacuum tube glowed when there was an electric current flow through it Sir William Crookes (1832-1919) found that the current in the vacuum tubes seemed to consist of particles

    The Beginning of Electronics


    Thomas Edison (1847-1931) inserted a small metal plate in the light bulb he invented. When the plate was positively charged, there was a current flows from the filament to the plate. This device was the first thermionic diode. Edison patented it but never used it

    Discovery of Electron
    Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870-1942) demonstrated that the current in a vacuum tube consists of the movement of negatively charged particles in a given direction The properties of the particles were measured by Sir Joseph Thomson (1856-1940). These negatively charged particles later became known as electrons in the 1890s

    Discovery of Electron
    The charge on the electron was accurately measured by Robert A. Millikan (18681953) in 1909. As a result of these discoveries, electrons could be controlled, and the electronic age was ushered

    Putting the Electron to Work


    A vacuum tube that allowed electrical current in only one direction was constructed in 1904 by John A. Fleming It was used to detect electromagnetic waves called the Fleming Valve (the forerunner of Diode)

    The First Fleming Valve

    Putting the Electron to Work


    The triode vacuum tube capable of amplifying small electrical ac signal called audion was patented in 1907 by Lee deForest In 1914, the triode was incorporated in the telephone system & made the transcontinental telephone network possible The Tetrode & Pentode invented by Walter Schottky & Tellegen greatly improved the triode

    The first triode Audion

    Putting the Electron to Work


    The first television picture tube called kinescope & camera tube called the iconoscope was developed in the 1920s by Vladimir Zworykin

    The first Kinescope & Iconoscope

    Putting the Electron to Work


    During World War II, several types of microwave tubes were developed that made possible modern microwave radar & other communications systems In 1939, the magnetron was invented by Henry Boot & John Randall. During the same year, the klystron microwave tube was developed by Russell Varian & Sigurd Varian The Traveling Wave tube (TWT) was invented in 1943 by Rudolf Komphner

    The first Magnetron

    The first Klystron

    Traveling Wave Tube

    Solid State Electronics


    The crystal detectors used in the early radios were the forerunners of modern solid-state devices The solid-state era began with the invention of the transistor in 1947 at Bell Labs by Walter Brattain, John Bardeen & William Shockley

    The First Transistor at Bell Lab

    10

    Solid State Electronics


    In the early 1960s, the Integrated Circuit (IC) was developed IC incorporated many transistors & other components on a single small chip of semiconductor material

    First Integrated Circuit

    11

    Solid State Electronics


    Around 1965, the first Integrated General Purpose Operational Amplifier was introduced It incorporated 9 transistors & 12 resistors in a small package Since this introduction, the IC operational amplifier has become a basic building block for a wide variety of linear systems

    The Evolutions Continues

    12

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