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Sotirovic Boshjak Language and Boshnjak Identity in Nation Uber Alles 2008
Sotirovic Boshjak Language and Boshnjak Identity in Nation Uber Alles 2008
Sotirovic Boshjak Language and Boshnjak Identity in Nation Uber Alles 2008
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Assoc. Prof. Dr: Vladislav B. Sotirovid ttp : //wwrv'. fre ew e b s. c o m/o v s i st el i n d ex. h t m vsoti rovic@ss rb ian c a fe.com vso ti rovic@d elij eon IIne. com
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Support This publication has been Published Thanks to a Kind of the International Visegrad Fund (www.visegradfund.org).
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Editor:
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a Kind Support
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ZoltfinK6ntor, PhD. Mgr. Marta Klimowicz Mgr. Pawel Kubicki, PhD Prof. Vladislav B. Sotirovid, PhD. Mgr. et Mgr. Martin Skop, PhD.
PhDr. V6clav St6tka, phD. Mgr. Barbora Vackov6 PhDr. Michal Va5edka, PhD.
Content
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Patents Act 1988' in accordance with the copyrlght, Designs and of Ethnicity and Culture' First published 200g by Center for the Research ISBN: 978-80-970088 the Matica Slovensk6' A catarogue record for this book is available from
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Polish nationalism in twenty-first
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Media Reproduction of Nationalism in the Czech Republic: Routine, Ritual and the Realm of Popular Culturre ... o..... o. o......
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The Concept of Nationality in Court Decisions ...................... Menrnv Srop - BenBoRA Vacrove
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htica Slovensk6.
Making Boshnjak Ethnonational Identity by creation of Bosnian Language in Bosnia & SandZak, 1993 - 200'l
VIIoTSLAV B. SOUROVIC
............
139
.................................
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Romanian and Polish Identifications of Nationalism in the 21st Century: Entangled Historical Legacies and Mixed Approachgs to Civic Culture ................................. 173 RerucA GoLE$TEANU Brave New Country. Political Nationalism of Polish Rightwing Ruling Parties in Years 2005
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Making Boshnjak Ethnonational Identity by creation of Bosnian Language in Bosnia & Sandiak, 1993 r 20A7
Vladislav B. Sotirovide3
'We have always been here and the Muslims have only been here since the t 5'h century"
The Serbian mayor of Bratunac in Bosnia and Herzegovina, New York Times, April 22nd, 1-993
Abstract:
The research object of the paper is to examine the process of making separate (from Serbian, Croatian and Montenegrin) Boshnjak ethnonational identity by using the technique of "linguistic engineering/chirurgic" in the process of .creation of an independgnt (from Serbian/ Montenegrin and Croatian) Bosnian Language as a national language of Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Sandiak South Slavic Muslims (former speakers of common Serbo-Croat language). The final aim of the paper is to disqover/present the ways in which various elements of linguistic diversity within former Serbo-Croat language have been "emblem atized" and taken as markers of ethnonational and political identity of Muslim Boshnjaks and multicultural Bosnia &Herzegovina and Sandlak from L993 up today. The politics of "linguistic engineering" or "linguistic chirurgic" in the case of Bosnian and Croatian languages was implied for the final aim to create firstly
independently standardized national languages within officially common Serbo-Croatian
internationally recognized separate languages by deepening and using as much as the dialectical/regional differences of the same spoken Serbo-Croatian language. The ultimate result was that minor speaking differences were proclaimed for the national characteristics and as such have been used to be the foundations of the newly declared autonomous national languages. Consequently, common Serbo-Croatian language ceased to exists and a common Serbo-Croatian nationality as well.
Keywords:
Balkans; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia; Croatia; SanZak; Montenegro; SerboCroat language; Bosnian language ; Boshnj ak identity; sociolinguistics.
Prof. Vladislav B. Sotirovii is an associated professor at the European Humanities University-International & Vilnius University. His research is focused on Balkan nationalism and ethnic conflicts in former Yugoslavia.
e3
140
Pnocenn
1' LttucursTrc
IN
DTFFERENcEs oF
FORMER YUCOSLAVIA
suvrc
LANcuAcEs
experim
li:V,35#ffifi:ffl'[#,"1 ;iil;;ii;fi;
yont.r.grins, Muslims (today Boshnjaks)'ea slovenes 4nd Macedonians hav. been officially speaking separate languages' At any case, the common Serbo-croaitanguage was in fact the shtokavian dialect that is unqu.rri";U ry today mother tongue of named arter the co,ui,, or
From linguistic point of view, the. Balkans (or in more modern expression the south East burope), uppru* to be b;th very fragmented and united. surely' it is a meeting ground between language families. The Slavonic Ianguages of Bul garian, Macedonian, croatiair, slovenian and Bosnian are similar (in some cases the samti *a linguisticatty canoe-lreated as a single language' like the disparate dialects that were iorged into what is today standardized German and Englishlungruge in ttre pu"utic use. Historically, it did not happen for the ,u[. that Balkan slavs went io separate formations that prevented rr.rri", state of t single South Slavic (..yugoslav,,) standardized language (Barbour - bu*ichae-l 20a0: 223),The only success was proclamation of "serbo-croat" stand ardized, language in both first Yugoslavias (I919-t g41/ 1954-1990)
that was:ar the same time and a native
the migratiour (
Many scholamr,i
South Slavic orrhography)
phenomenon
the so-called 1
influenced each;
foi
The preseffid
the Ctoatian{rhi
western arc4
eastern
settlement in
provine
composition
one' but in the practice ii was a *:Ti?H;?: ? i ] split into srovenianand s"rbr-ci1liy3ffil"ffi:: ^;!,r.!1 croat was more uniformed in lggl tt un in lglg or lg4s.Nevertheless, croat became the basis of current the serboSerbian, Montenegrin, croatian, Ianguage(s)' According to and Bosnian croatian qhilol;giri iito Sudii, the rexicar variation between these languagls is 3 - t it,rbreiJ-igia,"i:1. n.i; mutuary compre_ hensible' and, what is-very importarr, iiri;r;;;;ri.r, cut across stare boundaries., 'po*iuil The practice proved that il ,r (three) linguistic spirits (Shtokar;, ,nu, on. "nuti.on,, (croat) can have severar chakavian, K.ajkavian), that one can be shared by several sub_dialect "nati91y; i'uekavian uy s*us, croats, Montenegrins and Boshnjaks)' that one "nation" (a;rbr) can have their literal language (Ekavian'uld (ekavian), standard izedtwo sub-diarects for unJ that in one state (Bosnia and Hetzegovina)
r
*::::
in Bosnia
Republic (Rewrtl
rqd
fu:
fr
For instancg
*Ii
il:Sffj,f:'
is pottiutt that the ,u*, spoken ranguage (ex-Serbo-croat) into three separate "nationur; -rrnsuages
is
dffirenridtoriift
'u Level of
corrupted, but tharui language X ,"rAiq Bosnia, Servia, ethi Hungary, Bohemia, R ond almost as fwu,,{
unOermf
&
pnoiesses or
EuRoee
IGUAGES
odern expression mted and united. ss. The Slavonic and Bosnian are reated as a single f,o what is todaY se. HistoricallY, it to separate state nric ("Yugoslav") The only success
Even if we can refer in the Balkan case to detached languages from different language groups, the popular speeches of the Balkan inhabitants have experiei."a u gr"ut deal of admixture during the past times and due to the migrations (Llnuh l99l:239-269; Pinson 1996: 14; Donia 1994: 37'38). Many icholars are inclined to define the Balkans in terms of one or more the so-called .,linguistic community".e5 Surely, today all "independent" South Slavic languages are belonging to one linguistic community by both linguistic criteria (grammar, morphology, phraseology, lexicon, syntax, ortf,ography) and thi level ofundeistanding.e6 The characteristic use ofthe infrnilive verb is often given as an example of a "linguistic community" phenomenon in the Balkan Peninsula. It is clear that Balkan peoples greatly
influenced each other's languages (Hendriks 1976)'
The present day Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided between
age
in both first
the croatian-Boshnjak Federation (51%), which is covering the southwestem area, and ihe Serbian Republic (49%), administering the northeastem provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Dayton-Paris peace settlement in the fall of 1995 does not recognize the former pre-war ethnic composition according to the census of 1991. The language of the serbian Repuutic (Republika-srpska) is from 1996 deflrned as serbian, whereas wiitrin the iederqtiq l.o-por.d by Boshnjak and Croatian parts) the o,croatian" and ,.Bosnian" are spoken and used in the public life. The practice shows that till the late 1980s mainly it was very difficult to
iecognize linguistic differences between those three ethno-religious gloups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the 1980s experienced a deeper sociolinguistic practice of making more independent republican and ethnoconfessiinal republican linguistic differences, which finally destroyed the Novi Sad Agriement of 1954 according to which, a single Serbo'Croat language wai promoted with two regional variants - Eostern and Western (Gr-eenlerg 1q1bO, ZgZqt5). However, as a result of sociolinguistic^policy
of Aiff"t"lntiating
ruatian, and Bosnian tre lexical variation [e mutually compremss state boundaries., mt) can have several
dialects from each other, at the census of 1991 majority of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Muslims accepted overwhelming
es For instance "The language of the Croatians is the Sclavonick somewhat , corrupted, but there is very titite clffirence between them. The great extent of this tangiage is something su,rprising. For it is talked not only here but likewise in Boinia, Servia, Alhania, Dilmatii, Molclavia, Wallachia, Bulgaria, in great pqrts o/' Hungary, Bohemia, PolancJ, Russia and (if one moy believe travelers) in Tartary, ancl-almost as far as China: qnd all these dif/brent countries have only so many dilferent idiomi oJ'the original language" (Letter of May 31", 1737)' ,t' Level of understanding between remote South Slavic provinces is much higher in
comparison with the German speaking remote areas.
(ex-Serbo-Croat) is
#ian,
Croatian and
142 |
NeTToNUBERALLES
pnocer
arhoo *rri"r, tt-.gt, for the political independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina (sudi6 l 996: l 0-l 6).
Bosanski (Bosnian) ft:r native speech, but only after decisive advice by the leading Muslim ?r locar?arfy of democrati"
Sarajevo.
AG
publications), I
Serbian and &
2. ErnnouATroNAL rDENTrry
IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
The relationship the Balkans (similarry
ideological composition either in
b.etween- language,
1. The use d
Croatian
and prdu
SerbianAfu
g-;n;uno
is
part
of
an
(widow),
fu
*r"t *r.ir r"ii-* i*gu"g" -hffidifferent from serbian and croatian they wili convince internationar community that they are noi origin"ily s"ru, oi broats wtrat was of a cruciar iustification of thrir clailis to'live- in irrtJriutionuily independent ..natioial" .,u,. org*ir;iion.tr The Bosnian language (de facto of only Muslim Boshnjaks), as a sepaf,ate and newest. (so_uth) slavic one, was officiafly iruug*"i.Jin rgg6 -] by publishing the book p ravo p i, t o, ino g i ez *o 1O;n o grffiB o, n r o, Language) (Halilovii 2006bi in the", capitii or Bosnia aiiii.'iileorin _
and Herzegovina regally proctaimJ their own be disconnected with ex-se'bo-irou, or". iiiui to the Musrims/ Boshnjaks as without ,.evidence,,
imuuea wi,r "bloody memories" from the wwi *a resulted in what is rabered to be "post-Communist nationalism,,. Such ;;;G;;;;;;;"; basis for creation of increasingly homogeneous statJs *irr, *:r".r"ii* of interethnic intorerance in the most Jxfeme meaning rsotirouie io,i: r5-l0g). The land of Bosnia,and Herzegovina prouauty-trre is u.rt gurku,,"*ampre of a crucial interface berween ranguage and nationali... F;;;;iior. tt ut they are separate nations 4 tr,rJ. *uior .ttrro-confessional players in Bosnia
Herzegovina is a Barkan or tr* clash between national ideorogies both domesticalry rooted and imported from outside with more or less autonomous currents of thinking and behavior have been deep and i.ported ideology of the l9s c. German Romanticism rirg"irii""iiv' .o;.a etrrnonatiJnai iaentity ana solving the national_state priblem 1,lEinu ,pro"tn,stuat,,) fused with more autonomous current. tt *"r.'rrluril/
fq m{olty oi historical
of
2.
Greater
and
(friend); .n of these wu
used
reguh
.*t"-".
3. Using of d 4. itre
use of
"i
ri
"i-i;ik,';,
Ekavian (r
used
in
ryo
Nominally,
*l; ;i;#;iT,rironun".
*ri""riilig"ages
to
is
to be emphaswf
e8
"Lexical difrfua
separate Bosniut
standard Bosnian
I00
"
Fr former Sertc{
Chakavian,
language
feature of Bosnia and Herzegovina is that it covers the faurt between three major confessions: n"n*"b.iiori.ir*, oirr"i".y From this point of view, local uationalir-tr-l ur. no, onry ethnic; they are evetr^ru-. more coufessional ones.
dialect was/is
to
(mliko) and
ror
Ekryh
$efr
Similar poticy
Hungarian auttmlfu
Bugarski 1997:3+
tN
CeNrRnL Eunope
isive advice by
r
16: 10-16).
pubtications), Bosnian language is different in comparison with Serbian and Croatian because of the following main reasons:
Sarajevo. According
to the
(6h"
l.
Serbian, kahva;
is written
Serbiar/Montenegrin: xa$a/kafa;- Croatian: kava; in Bosnian hudovica (widow), in Serbiar/Croatian udovica, ete. (Isakovid 1993: 6).
a part of
or in the rest
an
of
2. Greater use
s). Bosnia
and
oqlrences of the
d and imported lf thinking and y of the 19th c. lal identity and blk, ein staat") ty imbued with is labeled to be rme a basis for
(friend); amidia (uncle) ; adet (custom/habit), akiam (twilight), etc. (a11 of these words are known in Serbian, Montenegrin and Croatian but not used regularly).'*
3. Using
of only one form of the Fuftire tense: 'Ja 6u kupitilkupit iu" (I will buy) thai is used in standard Croatian as well, but no use of forms
"ryuun-y/ja hy Aa KyrLIM" as in Serbiar/Montenegrin.ee
4. The use
of Ijekavian sub-dialect of the Shtokavian dialect but not the Ekavian one of the same dialect.l0o However, Ijekavian sub-dialect is used in spoken and standard language by all Serbs, Croats and Boshnjaks westward from Drina River and by Serbs in Western Serbia
and by all Slavs in Montenegro.
i,onal players in
mal tranguages to
Nominally, Bosnian language is written by both Latin and Cyrillic scripts. However, in practice it is done only by Latin (like Croatian) for the purpose to break anylink with the Serbs for whom the Cyrillic scripl is (by language law) the first, while Latin is the second national alphab.tt'o' It has
mial
n
importance
for
internationallY
a
e' However, both Serbs from Eastern Heruegovina (regularly) and Western Serbia (in many cases) are using future tense construction 'Ja iu kupitilkupit 6u" like in
standard Bosnian and Croatian.
Boshnjaks), as
td Herzegovina
Former Serbo-Croat language was composed by (officially) three dialects: Chakav tan, Kajkavian and Shtokavian. The last one became standardized literal language for Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins and Muslims/Boshnjaks. Shtokavian dialect was/is subdivided into three sub-dialects: Ijekavian (mlijeko: milk), Ikavian
100
(mtiko) and Ekavian (mteko). Ikavian is not standardtzed. r0r Similar policy of using alphabet in Bosnian language was pursued by AustroHungarian authoiitirs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1878-1918 (Tanacnh 2000: 1167;
144 |
Narror.rLieeRtut_es PRocEr
what concerns ..bosandica,,, it is ri u{ir Serbia and durins tfg.o-ttoman;r";;:'kr"*" to mediaevar Bosnia from within the Bosnian Musrim feudal circles as"..old s"ruiull;;-;;Jmtd_l9h century.ro2 At rhe same time croatian oh,ology ,iui'luoruneica,, is croatian nationar cy,lic script.r,J ny. "aiauica'f *aouit"arv,
{r3 same one. In historicar context, the native Ianguage of rhe inhabitants'of Bosnt H;;;;s"rr"1.iJr.i ," u""ar* ion one) was written bv three alphabets: iiutiriilu" "rd (Latin), ..bosandica./bosanica,, (cyrillic)
and
script is absorutery
'Lrabical'iirrt-L).'u";**
3. Bog
realiry of
are not havQ European nefr
;;;;;"."r.
One of the m
Bd
'lyric,
:ffH3rt-.',,t,oo{*e
"fiii"* 3lt
..knjizevnost
*r,ri;;ilffi;;istic structure of them is nor i"*'lr Xlffi:l.j?'[,;]i" 'h";ii .;:X,:! ,h:,;;;:#" origin, a/;;;ffi;tTi,i::1,*l'ii'ffi:f jTl,T#I*r^ffi obstacles for inter_undersr"rairgir.r;"'"rm. ..vu ruoro i*) The common t'*.r!Iir connecting in practice and even in riterarure
languages are rhe
Regardless on official domestic and international recognition separate Bosnian language ,h::;;,cd;;il. otres,. linguisticaflyofspeaking, grarnmar and orthography of Serbian, vto'nt.n"g.ir, croatian and Bosnian
the other w
It shows
rurri
B On this ph Bm
Boshnjaks pref
to rename
1995 when
even-intemafiic
th
*.fi;i{;;ri,). \ 'qv
*J
nalni"n"grin
yeff
1300 up
""
see Byxonuh - Kocruh 1999: Upon Croatian claims see: Mogu5 1995: 27.
2t.
promoted at thc
from 1878 to fg
ztccordmg to the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina official Bosnian' serEian u'o-C* afian.such languages are: constitutional-linguistic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is quite similar to the swiss one Italiin, rrrrrt *d'ito, rrench and German (plus Romansh, spok* uy very
106
Turjaii.
ro7
I gg2-t'irrBosnian
http://www.bomid
In historical
it
ieter-sugar' pamubcotton,
Bosnian Muslims given by locat bhristians, u* ;rro Bosnian Musrim, tI idrn;'fy Td.as a group rh.;r;rr;;;;,r_H)ii?ru*r1. sosnian name urra uv and the term poturice (those chrisrians used who became Turks). bosnian Muslims, on the other
.ir.l.
in many lr r'.ffi;#: ,l*, iarape:socks, .it i"r.rrriirl that common nickname for
to*rver,
confession dividail
as a language
ror
"Vlada u odnqsr
PRocessES oF
RrorrturoN
AND
RecoNsrRucloN oF rHE
Eunope
I MS
I
native language
be .Bosnian one)
mEica/bosanica" tosandica", it is
3.
One of the main problematic issues concerning ethno-linguistic-statehood reality of Boshnjaks is the fact that their ethnic, language and state names are not having the same terminology as it is championed by majority of European nations (ex. Polish nation; Polish state; Polish language, etc.). In the other words, their ethnonational name "Boshnjaks" does not coffespond to the name of their national state - "Bosnia and Herzegovina" and both do not coffespond to their national langu age name - "Bosnian". In this context, we can wonder, for instance, which language speaks population in Herzegovina or why Boshnjaks do not speak Boshnjak
language but Bosnian one?
ficaIly speaking,
tian and Bosnian rc of them is not
ft same origin,
hct that there are
ke any
Bven
practical
in literature
Muslim corlmunities).r07 Elevation of Bosnian language, as a mother tongue of all inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina was especially promoted at the time of Austro-Hungarian administration in this province from 1878 to 1918.108 However, such solution was decisively rejicted by
rlr-and Herzegovina
On this place it has to be said that originally from l99l up to 1996 Boshnjaks pretended to officially speak Boshnjak language (but never tried to rename Bosnia and Herzegovina into "Boshnjakia"). Such practice was even internationally sanctioned by the Dayton Peace Treaty in November 1995 when the text of the agreement was signed in four languages: English, Croatian, Serbian and Boshnjak (Jones L997: 98). However, very soon the ideologists of Boshnjak ethnonational identity understood that international science of Slavonic philology is very suspicious upon the use of Bos hnjak language as it is not at all rooted in the historical sources in which from the yeff 1300 up to 1918 is mentioned only Bosnian language (in fact as a provincial language spoken by the Orthodox, Catholic and from 1463
hand, called the real Turks (Turkish language speakers) from Anatolia as Turkuie or
Turj
r07
ficial languages
h
are:
aii.
md German (plus
(ex: iarape:socks,
In historical sources the name Bosanski jezik (Bosnian language) is mentioned for the first time in the year of 1300 ("Historrjat jezika t drlave" in http:llwww.bosnianlanguage.com). It is true that the earliest Slavonic philologists like P. J. Safarik, J. Dobrovsky, and J. Kopitar used the term Bosnian language but only as provincial speech of all inhabitants of Ottoman Pashaluk of Bosnia but not as a language of Bosnians in ethnic term,(MunocaBrbeBr.rh 2000: 67-68).
by
administration in Bosnia and Heruegovina existed only Boshnjalcs who are by confession divided into those of Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox denominations: "Vlada u odnosu na domate stanovnistvo u Bosni i Herzegovini zna samo zo
to the
decree
of
1880
for
Austro-Hungarian
146 |
Nnrror,rUeenALLes
MG
Serbs and Croats and.Herzegovina who called their languages -from after their ethnic names. Thus, the iaea or"s"rril time (as today as well) was accepted only by local rsramic ia,ug'iffi.i6r*^' Nevertheless, the. :Austro_Hungarian policy of Bosnian language as a native one of alr inhabitants of today in a tutl exrend bv the main mother tongue of Serbs, croatsand-Boshnjaks from Bosnia
{yia
i;r;;;;;G"
(in rhe
century.)
er
advoca;'-;fi;;;il'ffiffi'"::a
so;1il;;,iH;d;#ffi;.#d
the Boshnjaks from sandzak ir"u (io**o in rhe rast on" *u' aiuilJ Montenegro but before tgzgltgos-;;;g"iLr'rsii^;;;;;'i"rbia and , part of ottoman province (pashatuk in serbo-croat) ot Bosiia (it of Bosniu *a i"ogpvina!)
historiographv).
ril;#;g*ina
4. Bo
in Isranbul (
Herzegovin
at that tims fl
in Bosnia and Hetzegovina promoted the bosniaitvo (BosnianismJ in order to create local patriotic loyalty to Bosn ia and, Hetzegorinu but not to independent serbia or even croatia (which was already a member of Austria-Hungary). Especially Serbian irredentist policy was of extreme danger ror t.oitorial iii.grity or tn, iouthern partof the Monarchy particularly aft7r 1"i1itury ,urrrss of seibia during the First and Second Balkan wars (t912 igtlt 1913) #rr* popularity of the idel of yugosraviaamong the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs became extremely high Thrt was a reason why Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegorinu during the wwl tried to suppress any Serbian identity of the province usuauy uv prornotion of boinjaituo. It has to be said thathistoricuity (at leist-simple) majoriry of inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been the berbs shows and the first post-wwll census in Bosnia and Herzegovina (after genocid. uguinst trr. srrbs committed by Croats and Muslims) in 1948: serbs:-1. I * tl6 (inclirding 7t t2sof Muslim religion); croats - 614 142 (including 2:4 gl4 of Muslim religiJn), and Muslim undetermine47gg 384 (Donia Fine 1994: 176). what concerns the linguistic policy of AusrroHungarian authorities in Bosn ia and Herzegovina ,rr. nrr? ornriur language in this province to be announced was croatian Th; name was changed after the protest of the local Serbs firstly into Land]anguag: sprache') and finally into Bosnian ^(_L*d schools was also used from i[rt r-ciro,r lansuase
_po ujeri dijete na muslimane, istoino_ororoffi s*,3 !{,,r:;ti;yri!^*,,u,:::,,^!:j"f::*,, To be ",,,'zi:ednidko ministarstvo nnansija, -hlb 6687/Bosna i Hercegovina, *oi, precise, the ,U,frt']|;ffi:H,? iqtor.
se
Boinjake koji_
language (cq
Ianguage a$
but only in
. w
territories ofCro
'lt' ottoman Hr
rrr
degli Slavi),pril
speaking the
,12
appoid
it;'+;te
igo{i"i
(paci6
i';;;,
united ethnolin*#
sa
that even before Austro-Hungarian administration -be in Bosnia and Herzegovina the local prprration used tt , t.rri s Bosnian (,,bosanski,,) for tlre language and Bosnians l"Bosanci") for themselves as inhabitants of this province alongside with more pure ethnic names serhian/ser,bs t^vv vv' ."'"tr'/')vr (OkUka 1998: 4T),
r,e
It has to
all
speakers
emphas ized
of r
'
us and o.tx
croatian/croats
Vitezovii
Vh I r in the essence ft
Pavao Ritter Croatia redivivw Slavs, including
see
(Puaojrrrh I95q[
(Str
lN
CeNrnru Eunope
I I +l t'
which existed from 1580 to 187811908.t10 There is also and unproved claim (in the sources) that even before Slavic settlement at Bosnia (the 7th century.) existed such name for both Bosnia and Herzegovina and SandZak.
language as L d today in as a mother vina and of
4, BosNrAN As A sEpARATE
"Serbian"
language and
The truth is that in the 15th and the l6th cc. "Bosnian" (or "Serbo-Croat" or
n Serbia
and
n province Herzegovina!)
in
this fact became a basis for claims that exactly Bosnian language was at that time some kind of Balkan lingua franca and even one of the most diplomatic languages in Europe. Nevertheless, the sources are telling us that in the most cases the local South Slavic population of ex-"Serbo-Croat" language (especially those frorn Dubrovnik) have been calling their language as "our language", "slavic language", "Illyrian language", etc., but only in very rear cases by ethnic names."'
in Istanbul (including , and Grand "Vizirs) originating from Bosnia and Heruegovina (BoZii - Cirkovid - Ekmedi6 - nedijer tgll: I41). However,
language at the court in Istanbul (after the Turkish one) due to the fact that atthat time there were many highest Ottoman officials and the Janissarieslll
part of the
',Yugoslavia among lxras a reason why the WWI tried trion of boinjaitvo. itants of Bosnia iliWWII census in &ed by Croats and
[m
)
Pashaluk of Bosnia before 1683 encompasses and parts of historical territories of Croatia and Dalmatia.
llt' Ottoman
religion); Croats
'ermined
rrr Vinko Pribojevid, a Dominican friar from the island of Hvar in Dalmatiain his De origine successibusque Slavorum (Venice , 1532) pointed out that Ottoman sultans appointed many South Slavs as the commanders of his army and that 20.000 of his guard (the Janissaries) are recruited among the Thracians, Macedonians and Illyrians (for Pribojevii all of them have been South Slavs - aboriginal Balkan people, speaking one language that was later on called "Serbo-Croat"). With the help of them the Ottomans subjugated many states and peoples in Europe.
788
of
ly into Bosnian
(Paci6 1967:
administration in
ian ("bosanski")
itants of .this Croatian/Croats
Mavro Orbini, a Benedictine abbot from Dubrormik, in his famous pan-slavic book ("the Bible of pan-Slavism") D, regno Sclavorum (rn Italian version Il regno degli Slavi), printed in Pesaro in 1601, was very clear telling thatall South Slavs are speaking the same language and composing one nation within a wider network of united ethnolinguistic Slavdom (Op6uun 1968). More precisely, he inclined to call all speakers of ex-Serbo-Croat language of Shtokavian dialect as the Serbs (Paaojqprh'1950). However, a Croatian nobleman of German origin from Senj, Pavao Ritter Vitezovii (1 652-1713) in his political-ideological-programmatic book Croatia rediviva: Regnante Leopoldo Magno Caesare, Zagreb, 1700 claimed that all Slavs, including and those in the Balkans, originated from the Croats and speaking in the essence Croatian language with regional dialects (Vitezovii lggTl; about Vitezovii see (Sotirovii 2003: 150-189). The essence of both Orbini's and Ritter's
12
148 |
Nerror.r UeenALLrs
pnoceu
and Rrolgt3rs ^ .of modern idea of from the rerative neighboring *"r,-ir'"ro.r separate Bosnian Ianguage tr implied the techn iq,e or ririri.ii;-;G;;;n;: pr*,,rr"1.1tandpoint, rr#Ii il"il": .oil"ugo"r.onr.*irgcroatianrungougJ?r"lf
creators
vocals). BGtr
t[emselv., ;-; separate nqtions who is justifrabry struggling rii tt.i, own independent poritical entities which has to ue internaiiinafiy ir.ogrir.o as independent nationar states according to the rights to self-determiiutioo. lio*Jr'.r, ?#"r.ntty to croatian case, Bosnian'rnguistic enjine.iing" i, not based on introduction of neologismsrra but rather-on..-intl-iu.tion of the oriental words.which wur have been brought
to the Balkanr
done for the very to prove ttrat iireir ethnic groups are ringuistically mdependent what iurposegive them has to a risht to cail
;"'ff*.::li"#":;Tj1:
De lure
are separate
ff
the I\{ontenq
tt
orrmanrrrfr"rrrlr."*or
separate in strt
5. CoNclusroNs
In
taking into consideration two socio/polito-linguistic standpoint.
separate Boshnjak language, as a newest Slavic one,
1) inner hoq
2)
denationah
De facto (linguistically), Serbian, croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin languages are still belonging to one standard-linguistic system. They express unity in orthography, grum mar,morphology, Jyniu*, phonology and semantics' For instance, all orin.* have 30;h;nemes (25 consonants and 5
(likewise Pribojevii's) writings is that all South Slavs (espec iallythe Shtot one.ehnolinguiiti, group (in modern sens e - nation). llt,::*ro:i1* 'lo
(b"v
suggEr
languagelrl
3) external h
The politicr
relation to lil
ur*ll
196,7 when a majority of the important Croutiun scientific, literal "u"nfrom and, cultural -most institutiont tig'*a a Delclara.tirn uprn the name and position of croation literal language ("Deklaracria o naziw i polozaiu hrvatskog knjizevnog j ezrka,,)requiring to be officially separated from serbian oni and purified from the I ''- -'-- e.\' v*r*rsLr uurrl tlle io-called ..srbizmi,, (the words of a Serbian
of Bosnh create firstty officially cornnn later (after Go[ separate laqgh
case
I15
tt4
1il.tt' ro, kousers), utiuclba (civilrzation), vrtolet (helicopter), prosudha (mark)" etc. (coruponuh 2a06: I l5).
for the sake of lesser understanding as a crucial proof ,rrr, these tiro languages are separated. For instance: korie:noslovstvo (etvmgrogy): narieioslovstvo (dialectology), toinozor (sniper) vrhoskupfie (summitl', ort*iriaunr-ttouris t),.veleprevrat(revolution), etc. (ckuka ' 2006: 233)' There were proposals for neologisms which
hardly took roots
both the international words (not translated in Serbian) and common croato-Serbian words in order to make a deeper distance
croatian
serbig tffiages
Islamization
rru
offu
ct
PRocEssEs oF REDEFlNlrtoN
AND
REcoNsrRUcroN oF
THE TERM
I t 49
Bosnian language
BYo
their standpoint,
to their Croatian it was and is are linguistically
ves as a separate
and "neologisms"). Howtiver, there is a tendency to create lexical differences for the sake of lesser inter-understanding in order to firmly justify ethno-linguistic and state-political "independence,' from, in fact the
same, ethno-linguistic neighbors, The obvious fact is that the level of interunderstanding is almost 100% (excluding the most recent neologisms).
ndent political
dent national er, differently to on introduction tal words ,which
the Montenegrin language is in the process of finalization). However, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are sepaxate languages
according to the names, almost no different according to the essence and no separate in structure. language
De lure (in socio/polito-linguistic point of view) these four languages are separate ones and internationally recognized (the case ofrecognition of
The crucial technique of "linguistic engineering/chirurgic" of Bosnian is its lexical orientalization with the thee sociolinguistic and
recognition
of
l)
2)
ic
standpoint and
(by
suggestion
of croats and Serbs within Bosnia and Herzegovina that all inhabitants of this state speak Bisnian
ethnoconfessiounal Boshnjak
language);lls and
3) external heterogenization of
nation in
relation to the neighboring Serbs and Croats. The politics of "linguistic engineering" or ,.linguistic chirurgic,, in the case of Bosnian and croatian languages was implied for the final aim to
create firstly independently standardized national languages within oflicially common serbo-croatian one (during ex-yugoslav federation) and later (after collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991) intemationany recognized sepaxate languages by deepening and using as much as the llt
leader
The first President of post-Yugoslav independent Bosnia and Heruegovina and a
me sake of
lzetbegovid, was known as an author of nationalistic Islamic Declaration from Ig70 according to which any form of multiculturalism and multiconfessionalism was not possible for the Muslims who have to establish pure Islamic society firstly by Islamization of the whole Muslim community (Izetbegovid 1990). I lu The most problematic and unproved in the sources hypothesis upon the ethnic origins of the Boshnjaks (supported by, for instance, Bosniin linguist-D1evad, Jahii) is that they are posteriors of the mediaeval Bosnian Bogumils *ho allegedly have been a separate ethnic grouP, i.e. not Serbs or Croats (siimpozij o bosoniko* jeziku 1999). Such hypotheses are scientifically absolutely irrelevant (Fine 1996:11-15).
150 |
Pnoceslg
'
considered as a single
one nationar state
_G;; n"rr"rri.rr, criteria upon ethnonational identitv oflamons ir,.-vugord r*"iriir""r, all Monteneg.ini, u, ffi;Jrk;T,l "Luioriry il,ril""i*, iu'rr s"rur, "ri of Croats)
woutd be ettrno-tiirgrrisr[^;#;, with the right to live in their organtzatio, wiii.rr-w"l"n nu." as shtokaviq.
shared historicar past. The only difference berween_them is aiscrel confessions (Donia Fire ts94: 9)'
inpost-corrun*junist erarz with the final codificari", ,ra i""*ri[ility r".ognired their ownnafionar language. However, nosfrn:urc, Cro# and Serbs from Bosnia Herzegovina (likewise n*ivi"rirr"sro, sandZak or ex-Republicand Serbian Kraflna) att speat of itre ;d;'i"arge which i, tr," zofi century came to existence
as
used to be the foundations of the u, ,otioioi'languages. consequentry, common s"rto'-cioutiurirng,rug" ceased to exists and with him and a common s.ruo-Croutiu.i rrl"r"rrry as well. Fina,y' the Musrim col*unitr in Bosnia and Herzegovina passed rhe way fr2y retigio^'ro*-*uri,y_i, int.r_iui in the 20fr c. iugorfurriu, ,o nationhood in Socralist vrg"orl*iu
dialecticar/regionar differences
r"*r;;;il.i"urtono-o
the .same spoken Serbo-croatian ,,ino, speaking differences were .n*u"t"riJ.s and as such have been
of
flropnNrorrh,
(repriutr
fr
Fine, V.
Develq;
Cambri{el
Guberino, p. _ jezika-
pinson, n
J.
lW, fr u
uia iiqtehood
Greenber& R.D.
il
serbo-crort"t aii-iave-a
;i'r[H
Greenberg,
If
one
will
aoply
RD-
tI
Bibtiography:
Allcock' J'B' 2000: Expraining yugosravia.New
reorpa$qie
Arhiv
wn:",{:{";il:;:f,j1ffi:,
iirtovie,
_
york
Barbour, S. _ Carrricha
BoZii, I.
lpurirc[ A IgI0
e.ogruo,
n.r*tu.
S.
Elcrnedii, M. _ Dedii
'er'
Y'
Bugarski, R. 1997: Jeziku konteksrz. Beograd. see the chapter by Ivo Banac (In: Pinson lgg6: l?g-1-Sl). This book, likewise Donia and Fine (lgg4)orMalc"il
(ed} IE London:&q
r,
CaA:Aok
\
demonstration o/'the ::::,:!^',:l,iii:1,,"1hq,.certaintv cto not contribute to a antiquity o/'the the contemporary processo/tr.^?"r*rp"r.iirr,"ii*'iZn, construction the legitimation'io Bosnian at a time when state isfundam;ri.i;;iontested,(Allcock I I{l -. 2000 323). Boshnjak-Monrenegrin terrirory
i#:x;::;,i:;;;:
ijis+1,i, t yingi,ro,lr*onrr*r,
the antiquity
of of
Jle0errr,qr,
THE TERM
I t 51
ffin
Serbo-Croatian
Donia, R.J.
W djfferences were
mrc been used to be
- Fine, J. 1994: Bosnia and Henegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. New York Columbia University press.
B.
2000: Raparmepotrozuja Jyaocnoaeua. Eeorpag: flpocoera.
Wionol
il,
i
tll
flaopnr.rxoruh,
languages.
Fine'
#nvinu in the 20'h c. rar Yugoslavia, to GCommunist erar" f,lmeir own nationsl
.a
v. J. 1996: The Medieval and ottoman Roots of Modem Bosnian Society. Pinson, M. (ed.), The rufiislims of Bosnra-Herzegovina. Their Historic Development from _the Middte Ages to the Disiolution of yugoslavia.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press.
Guberina, P'
srpskoga knjizewtog
l|m*
lm
Bosnia
and
ex-Republic of
Greenberg, R.D. 1998: Dialects and Ethnicity in the Fomrer yugoslavia: The case of southem Baranja (croatia). The slavic and East Euripean Journal, vol. 42, Ne 4, winter I 998, pp. 7 1,0-722.
Greenberg, R.D. 1996: The politics of Dialects among serbs, croats and Muslims in the former Yugoslavia. East European potitics and societies,No. 10, 1996,
pp.393415.
Halilovi6, S. 1996a: Gnijezdo tijepih rijeii. pravilno-nepravilno. Sarujevo. Halilovi6, S. I 996b: Pravopis bosans kog j ezika. Sarajevo.
I4auh,
il1r il
r,
:
l,,,,
,lr,
6amancxux caoseua y cBerflocr,n rrr4'rBucrr{qKe reorpa$uje. llaxh, fL: Iltafipaxu ozaedu I. O ctoeencrcun jeeu4uua u duj atermuu a. Iluur: Ilpocreta.
llruh, [I.
lEstvo finansija.
1,,
{
,1,.1]
,
ir,
Ns
flpuruanua: ELII3
1990: Pa*oj Krbr{xeB,or jesura xa cprrcKoxpDarcrou jesr.rxou uoapyqjy. llrnh, fI.: O jesurg uexadauuoeu u cadotaneu. Eeorpag_
n in Europe. Oxford
il t,,, !ltl l:t
lr,,
I i
iiri
Izetbegovi6, 1990: The Islamic Declaration: A programme of the Muslim Peoples. Sarajevo (reprinted froml970).
Jones,
JeAunctpo.
for
-
the Islamization
Istoria
Jugoslavije.
xrura.
book, likewise of 'e the antiquity of twt contribute to a 'e a great deal to bn at a time when
k 2000: 323). Serbo-Croat-
Jle$enrgt, K.B.
In
- Kysneqor, C.H. 2006 (eds.): fuIur<poxwrat, r3brKu, uHmepbu3brKu. honorem professori Alexandro D. Dulicenka, Tartu: Tartu University
Press.
"Letter of May 31"t, 1737'. Jeremiah Milles's Letters to the Bishop of lyatedord. British Library Add., MS 15, 774. Malcolm, N. 1994: Bosnia a Short History. London: Macmillan.
Munocasrberuh, fL 2000: Cucmeu cpncKe Kbuc,esHocmu. Eeorpa4: Tpe6nux.
52 |
Mogu5,
M.
1995:
Toward
common
In
Jle$eargr, B. - Kysueuos, C.H. (eds,): Mr*po*oui,-rror*o, ur*"puour*u. honorem professori Alexandro D. Dulicenko, fartu: fartu University press.
'
okuka,
M.
Klagenfti.'
u
Bosni
als
Paci6,
Pinsou,
M.
Hercegovini.
,l
_M. (ed.) 1gg6: The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Their Historic Dewlopmenl Middle Ages to the Disiotution if yugoslavia. /rom -the Cambridge, Massachusetts: press.
Harvard University
Abstract
Author argro;1
Pribojevii,
Paaojquh
1532).
the French I
remaining
debate on
: Cpnc x a ucmopuj a Ma
ep a Op
6uuuj a. Eeorpal.
Ritter, P. 1700: croatia rediviva: Regnante Leopordo Magno caesare. Zagreb. Simpozij o bosanskom jeziku [Zbornik radovaJ, 1999. Bihai, 7._g.
Sarajevo.
sfit &d
perfect
IX
tggg,
the nation is
Sotirovii, V.B. 2003: The Idea of Greater croatia in the Seventeenth century.
exaryl
adjectives mqfr
basis of one
ri
Sudi6,
S'
Transition,No. 29.
.T\lb
netir
LV l/l-Z,Eeorpas. p. I 16l-l
16g.
Keywords
Nationalisq
Turkovic,
B.
Saraj evo
order.
legitimation
et ,f
vitezovii, P.R.
homogenizaticr
Byronul;f;;
Byruhenuh, M.M. 1998: 3uanteHumu cp6u rwycnulwaHu.Eeorpag: HHK. Woodward, S.L. 1995: Balkan Tragedy. Chaos and Di.ysolution after the Cotcl War.
Washington, D.C.:
The
Brookings
-li
Institgtion.
narir
',
.t. 1l' :.. i
..
-r_i.i,1.
..'
CulrunB
The Center for the Resea,rch of Ethnicity and Culture (CVEK) is an independenJ research::institute,established in 2005. CVEK's objective is to r,rpport and develop existing academic research initiatives and to provide public policy-orientated expertise in the areas of culture; ethnicity; citizenship; nationalism; multiculturalism; minorities; migration; social
construction of ethnic and cultural identities; social exclusion and cohesion.
CVEK's research team is made up of sociologists, political scientists and legal scholars. The team is able to engage in interdisciplinary research that is critical to the study of these complex themes. CVEK in its activities fosters publication activities, organizes seminars, conferences, and
workshops, works on expert standpoints and public-policy materials, and is devoted to consultancy"activities.
Range of topics covered by activities of the org antzation: o Social Cohesion
. . o . o o o o o . . o o . o
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Migration
Integration of Migrants and Asylum Seekers into the Society Transnational networks Ethnic and Cultural Identities Discrimination and Abusing of Minority Rights Education of Minorities and Marginalized Groups Poverty and Social Policy Public Policy in Minority Issues Analysis of a Media Discourse Technological Changes in Media Sphere and its Social Implications
EEii Af,f,E$'i"f
ffi
i:iliffHtr%H
O
n:ff,iffi *,,J.,
self-deter-
mination since rgth century has been more on the ethnic and cultural side than on the civic and territorial one. Objective of this book is to contribute to better understanding of the processes of redefinition of nation's identity within Central Europi in the era of late moderniry That in consequences would allow not only better conditions for handling of minority and migrant issues, but also increased mutual understanding between nations in Central Europe.
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ISBN 978-8o-9Zoo88-Z-r
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