Calculus Solutions: Chapter 3.

1
Aaron Peterson, Stephen Taylor
4.Use equation (3.6) to compute f (x) for each of the following functions. We note equation (3.6) states f (x) = lim a) f (x) = ax + b Solution: Applying the above formula we nd f (x) = lim a(x + h) + b (ax + b) ah = lim = lim a = a h0 h h0 h 2 b) f (a) = ax2 + bx + c Solution: Applying the above formula we nd bh + ah2 + 2ahx [a(x + h)2 + b(x + h) + c] [ax2 + bx + c] = lim h0 h0 h h = lim 2ax + ah + b = 2ax + b
h0

h0

f (x + h) f (x) h

h0

f (a) = lim

2 c) f (x) = 1/x Solution: Applying the above formula we nd f (x) = lim

1 x+h

1 x

h0

= lim

h0 x2

1 1 = 2 + xh x 2

 d) f (x) = 1/ x Solution: Applying the above formula and following the method in example 53 we nd f (x) = lim = lim
1 (x+h)1/2

1 x1/2

h0

= lim

x1/2 (x + h)1/2 h0 hx1/2 (x + h)1/2

(x1/2 (x + h)1/2 )(x1/2 + (x + h)1/2 ) h0 (hx1/2 (x + h)1/2 )(x1/2 + (x + h)1/2 ) = lim

h0

h h2 x1/2 + hx3/2 + hx(h + x)1/2

= lim

h0

1 1 = 3/2 hx1/2 + x3/2 + x(h + x)1/2 2x 2

e) f (x) =

x+a x+b

Solution: Applying the above formula we nd f (x) = lim

x+h+a x+h+b

x+a x+b

h0

h =

= lim

h0

ba (x + b)(x + b + h)

ba (x + b)2 2

Determine whether each function is (i) continuous, (ii) dierentiable at the point a. 5b. f (x) = x2 if x < 1, f (x) = 2x 1 if x 1, a = 1. Solution: Since
x1

lim f (x) = 1

we nd f is a continuous function. Also when x < 1, f (x) = 2x by problem 4b. and for x 1, f (x) = 2. Thus
x1

lim f (x) = 2

which shows f is also a dierentiable function. 2

5d. f (x) = 1 x2 if x < 2, f (x) = 3 if x = 2, f+ (x) = x2 8x + 9 if x > 2, a = 2. Solution: We note that limx2 f (x) is 4 since
h0

lim

f (x + h) f (x) = lim (h 2x) f (2) 4 h0 h

f+ (x + h) f+ (x) = lim (h + 8 + 2x) f+ (2) 4 h0 h0 h lim Since f (x) clearly exists for every other real number, we conclude that f is dierentiable. 2 For each position function s(t), nd the velocity v(t) = a(t) = dv . dt 7b. s(t) = 64 16t2 Solution: Applying problem 4b. we have v(t) = 32t a(t) = 32 We note this is an example of the equation of motion for a freely falling projectile under the inuence of the Earths gravity. 2 7d. s(t) =
1 t ds dt

and the acceleration

Solution: By problem 4c) we imediately note 1 t2 We now need to compute a(t) via the denition of the derivative. v(t) =
1 (t+h)2 + d a(t) = v(t) = lim h0 dt h 2t + h 2 = lim 2 = 3 h0 t (t + h)2 t 1 t2

8. For s(t) = t t3 , nd v(1) =

ds dt t=1

and a(1) =

dv dt t=1

Solution: We rst compute the velocity function via the denition of the derivative. v(t) = d [t + h (t + h)3 ] [t + t3 ] s(t) = lim h0 dt h = lim 1 h 3ht 3t2 = 1 3t2
h0

We now apply problem 4b. to nd a(t) = 6t 2 Use (3.3) or (3.6) to nd f (n) for each function f and given value n. 9b. f (x) = x2 , n = 2 Solution: We rst compute by problem 4b. f (1) (x) = f (x) = 2x Dierentiating again we nd f (2) (x) = f (x) = 2 2 9d. f (x) = x4 , n = 4 Solution: We apply the denition of the derivative to nd the rst two derivatives and problem 4b. to nd the second two. (x + h)4 x4 = lim h3 + 4h2 x + 6hx2 + 4x3 = 4x3 h0 h0 h 4(x + h)3 4x3 = lim 4h2 + 12hx + 12x2 h0 h0 h f (3) (x) = 24x f (4) (x) = 24 2

f (1) (x) = f (x) = lim

f (2) (x) = f (x) = lim

10. The circumference C of a circle in terms of its radius r is C = 2r. Find dC dr . Solution: By problem 4a. we have d C = 2 dr 2 13. The cost of producing q units of a certain product is C(q) = 10000 + 250q 0.4q 2 Find the marginal cost
dC dq

and its value at q = 300,

dC dq q=300

Solution: Since we have already found the derivative of a general quadratic function in 4b. we need only note that in our example a = 0.4, b = 250, and c = 10000 and apply problem 4b to nd d C = 250 0.8q C (q) dq Substituting in q = 300, we nd C (300) = 250 240 = 10 2

For each graph of a function f , sketch on the same axes the graph f . 15a. Figure 3.5 Solution:
4 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 1 2 3

Figure 1: Figure 3.5 and its derivative are plotted in blue and black, respectably. 15c. Figure 3.7 Solution:
5 4 3 2 1 -4 -2 -1 -2 -3 2 4

Figure 2: Figure 3.7 and its derivative are plotted in blue and black, respectably.