Tricoli, S.

c nguisc ledsope f @t, Msopothia sum.riaN dnd A}!,tus rD,r" el.r,al" p"""a ... cibrcs ein vor.sEcns.tes SubsE h sddlicher Renccoons 01lbc origin andrhe.d y hsty ot Iu , . Sd8on e Semic: pelimrary r.fl4uo.i on i tupdv. snldy
On
on

316 331

ETT{NICITY IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

Pa!.rs Read at the 48th Rencontre Ass)riologiquc IDtemationale

340 356
372 393

Sueon oaAl:lrd and his dynsly

Ltrbr. scg'egaon in IJelcnilric Bblto, rh Suh"nr qrcsuon .e,ieEin! rhe issu.s ED L A ud di. Spr&netn) dcr ebehn Td k Tqo Sum6a n.lM io r. oouths oI Lh. A.tadians:
crymology ofNan@

. , .

Iriden, 14

JulY 2002

409

430

ProSranne of rh. 48! RAI

QJcen

of("'cn"

sd I@i...rc tnd ofHcavch,ed.the

452

Edited by

W.H. VAN SOLDT

In coope8lioi

wi

R. KALVEI,AGEN

&d

D.

KATZ

NEDERLANDS NSTTI.II.IT VOOR HE!

2005

NAII'E OOSTEN

PEETERS
PEETIR , BONDCENOTENT-A-AN I53 8,3000 LEUVFN

TO B A NON,ASS]R]AN to talk) for my non-C{eel(, so rn the we", sounded wrth poslile opits, is always pposed t. tle rem orhets ', dnned senemlly in nesative way. T!.ning now ro o min hsue, we can say lhat the Neo A$rim idenriry becoes cle iiom rhe f&1 of beiie e heg.onic force over aU lhe othe cultures and poLircal enlities in rie ,eg1on. ln la.t, each sociery that potica[y or F.ilnarily doh]nales aiolher one needs nr justiry its owtr domaln rtuogh an ideology of spenoritya. Th erhnocntric prcjudice of supe.io.ity, alrcady pEsent ftom the nlst p.idrdial cutral beginninss, becoo4, in pohicall] organised societies inclined to jmlerialistjc atlitude an idcoloBical instruoent dining th tler by conlr6ling it wnh rho Assyrian world does not allow "us" to ally undesld tho ".thel , bt ofers "us" the opportunity to see and understand how the AssaDs inagine rheselves in reltion ro thc od1ers". Coolung their ovn identity with that ol oes ey consolldaro en .onal position in opp.silion ro all Lhe others, who e

rs Greeks use tte rem

l.raro; (srumering nan, umbe

Mesopormian world the

tem

TO BE NON ASSYR]AN
Liatta Riyaroli dtul Lrev.a Vetulerane, Roe,
borh individual and collecle, rs a llcror lconsciouslesl a pe.sor only rnsoI know nysell s suchi so as a srop, aleopl, ald a nation de only how they see, dsnne and Ep.esent emseves he.ollective iddtiry o., ifyou pasl,.,us is rhc imaae rhat a group ha rnsell and *ith vtuch iG hnbes can ideti thcnsetves. We cotd deiine this iage '.lt". A socjety,ln order ro recsnis. dd deline laett needs the orher: themess is a n.es sdy condiiion lo. rhe dre@ination oia.ultre's cldacrer. Through compdisn, one can mani ler one s osn idenrry, meobeBhip of , group aDd non menhahip of anorhe. group, as loinled our b, G H. NIad (19:4).

ldery,

ld s

Ou. ow. clral idnfty is rally srengthened oulsids ns borde6, bt ar the sme tine norhine.einaorces lhe inside", at 1s, tle $ouF, nore rhan ahostile ouhide..ahe etnologisr W. E. Mhlmann lnoduces the idea ol "liminal sncture': a border could be E.t even vithout a nked reritory.It I nself mked rhroush men, eir osn cultuE, and rheir own mytls and m_ ditions, tnelr lansuaee and.ustmsr. Thus, culrure, in its global tueanjng, is nor simply 'lresenc , b der.dnes uJ' 6 olposed to orhe{,, Obviouslr, this riew is linted qirh idea
ol sp.onty:each group consi{iers nser befter tnan irs nejshbour.
The wor.ls ihatin every ltuguase man,hno belng,,/rd,,r, ,nrir, m, dee baslc prjnci_ ples fo. erhdc sll detinidon. Each Ferson considers his own way of tife as rhe onjy righl one, since ir is conne.rd ro the cosnlc order ehich qd fondd in tne myrhicat periodr live thn way because heaniry" llves is way, or bter has to live rhls yay, in.me ofcoshic o.deri oy cuxre sees no other po$ible wal of lit. Seif dennirion is bded on rhe nyrhica ioundado. ol the cosmlc order 'lhis is the case in rhe Asyrian qoild: ir is the god Asur who h6 srablished rhe nlversal o.der, and has placed on rhe 6Jone, above aU hunankind, the Assyrian king, qho is his p.esentadve on emh: he acs in h8 d in nis R1U,. One way used by socledes or culres ro e4rcs rhen own supenority ovcr rhe,,orht,is the enc names ihar defin rherelves posirrvelv Md rhe,,orte.s,,nesavelyr. tn rheclsi.at world,

Wilhin lhe complex of Neo-,{syrian political and imperlallsiic ideoloey one of the thenes rhat has e greates! frpo.iance is the reFesentadon ol e ene): he is vieved d an aLien and

''eolnei'reahy. The eneny is the necdsary contepan to lhe Assrrid king, who synbolises his ovn pople Thh rhene has becn analysed by FM. Fal (1982) and C. zac.agnini (1982) a Plelios Renconlre held rn Berlin. They have exanined the fig.e and thc role of e enemy, how he has been descnbed in the Assydan royal insriliions, thoushout all the No A$,rian ler1od fron the "moml" and ethnographi. point ofview5.
The aim of

i.

short

sudy is

ro

exatune the rhene oi the eneny, in all its vdious expres

siols, only

fr Sennachnb s.oya1 inscrptions6, This ljmitation, in space

occasiotr to obseNe and inteeret, in an analytical Bay, the se.ies f

notives

ald time, givcs Ds the d r,?oi presned

or connted with ihe relreentation of lhe 'od' md their inrerconneciions. This analysis is to be consided as a hint fo. subseqen! flections. Flrst olall it is ncessary to loint or sone p.elimindy consideralioN:
1. W have ro kccp in mind al lhe rearal md i.onographc docunenB de doeply imbued wirh idolo9cal contents: e information we can dnve tron rhen is not lmpartial bur represent

nme

the point ol view of ihe Assyrian hegenonic

2. Th eneny s descriltiods saaes

clas.

exp$ed
'n

@ fe{ ,nd stereotyleil. We will never be able to decode rne mes i.scnptions' rmule, in rhe way they veE undemtood by the rcar add.cssees sayi

;::-;."1 '

*,.'l;.":,i'mpr

'j

i po, br ro r.rt n! !o.ri o ..o o.r, 1o e I i rhaDh'' osrrr rror p' d' r'e'o\ededme did elr'
'moe'

Sennache b's vlsion of the eneny coutd be skerched in this

oet'o-oDjLerdtr '.6 c"Ln'o.1,'u,i.h'.,.8'.e. oerjr.h, s l,,r rn"1 ^h,t"r rt.m ''-rl.'n{Dc.).-o o-orhq DeoDk rn..",b. .,ooJ,D.a. r, .t" -., qeo o'd os.e,. nno.-.nb. "j,"." -gr,. . ' .o n. , o "i".- oy o.oo J r,:r".,+....,--... F '. .ri, pei -, ,* \oT( peoo! i e'. er. .o ia o"nbi.o'.. o'0.r*Aro.lr. I , -.r. ..,'.3.o'8.

lr..,o-or $a.e.

4 About

thc tuncon of imperlisric idsology see Liverad 1979 29r 293, :105 S.e recenll, Pongraz-Lrstn 2001 6 lu.kenbill 1924, Grayson 1963, Borg.r 1979, Frahm 1997. All sourcc lbbreviarioDs Luckenb 1924, cxcept for rhe Walres An Gdlery ins&iplion (WAG; Ctuysn 1963).

M IN'AROLI AD L VERDE&AI\,IE EDeny

TO BE A NON.ASSI?]-AN

ftendri.alion

Title

E.hnic feren

Kin or Des..iptoD

iMily

ries

Ld.tscape

(Sutuk-

LOAL KUR,NIM,MA KI
5

Hl

iii

70
13

Moral

Epithes

Custons

F1:,12t

Hl-2 iv

Behavior

8162
Ftighr
I,I ]GAI- I{A D]NCIR RA

Fight Rebltion sbnission

Dny's
Eate

Hl

iv 5li

Id

E4:3,1-36i H5:13-

r5 ''ldentificadon" signiiies the way rhe enemy.an be described. This nay be done rh.ou8h his tide (tahle l), hisetbnic referen.e (abte 2), his knship tiss (rble3), d, sonerin* also rhrolsh e geo$aphical desc.iption of his habnat (table 4)
7
LUGAL K.DINGIB.FJ{.(l
8

El-2 v 54iH3:46'

Hl 2v

32

LUGAI KLII,NIM,MA KI

8 8

H1 2 ul24.
H1 2 vj 25iH3:35, 38iH4:46,53;ll5

l
!2:8i H1
LA q) pt-Pt)
2 i 20-

LUGAI

Id

D]NCIR

&{,KI

2liH3:387iH4:6

u..ra ta k

I F1:8jHl2i54
418,21 B|2?: lt1-2
LUGAL.IIES ni
8

H12vi25
H3:35

tu:

nu h

Many tings ol mourtain

ii ll
I
sot

Luli
LUGAT.vlIS

F1:l8j lI1,2 ii 38;

H4:13

owr cm

as

kins

of

!1:l9i H1 2 ii

50

l
a/e ", ro an ili Kljt-Aj .irr.Kl
LUGAL-jI!&
EN 3

Fl20: H1-2ii 60

Fl

26-27 |

Hl-2

11

ln ihjr sre rhe reireme

rath (kin ris) in

o Mr

rhe pisod or rhe bart

uk apta.iddin, is ndned: he is nr.rjoned as Nabo !murlkun

olEorut (vrlCampign)

3 Th. Eading unc.frai!. Th episode descnbes the deshcrion ofBabylon aier the ba.re of Ualul A tcw liner.arlid (H3 3310).he Gxt potu, rerrins ro rhc Elmitc and Babylonian kjngs, th* 1h.y did no( coe ba.k" In H3 46, SeDnacheib camed ofiSzub, b.s ol Babyton, raserh.r with his laniy and dobles n Asy. Psrhaps here the text Efs6 to the oiher 2b, the Babyloni.n, of who we

lnoq lhat

he was camed as .apriv to

a$yn

notr legitinated is exp.essed by the se

ol tvo dlffercni rermsi jarrt, 'krngship ,

and

,alrr&

inda.Al Z\
KUR ENIE

b tu ,

ti ln I pt hin on tle tlnone f

H1 2

iii

72"741 Tahle 2. Elhtric rcieEnce

G!

llRlnLo
Wo dunng

iai

no e

ii

rinra a t be

prisi.g in 6
1

l!-tu KUR.EM!.CI?. URl.

I
3

ina

crs Gri za n e ; bL

llaced him on e rone

Hl2y

29 3A
Szub

F1:23, 21t H1 2 ?6, til 18

ii

in ,z ?r ,r ](UR EM! Gll

(Mirb-M.rduk)
DI],fIIr DTNCR RA RI
6
8

F1.3ljHl

iii 5l

URI Kl

, ill3i ,, !a
b

Szub (Muzb-M,rduk) Thre e rhle expEssions descnbe drecolEol oiBabylotria

H-2

v 20,5.1

I 2 3.

King ol Kdunia (Marduk apla iddina)l

Fro

the nalysn oi the ethnic reference a few interesting obsefladons

errge Fist of all. w.

5,1)

can nole that

King olBabylon (rhe lwo Szlburl Kingsltp/rulership olSDnc. and Allad (Blibni, Aiu-ndin-uni / ihe No Szubur.

e litle combined wnh the enic efeen.e occurs only once:

.Szubu (Mu3zib-Mudut) e Chaldan, krng ofBabylon"

(UII

Canpai8n, Hl-2 v

We supposc thar the dife.ent expre$ions ae based on different deolo8lcal !.I!es. Mrdk apla iddina is called king of Kduia! ' (LUcaL KUR.rdr (d)D,n i.i r, cognizing his cnrol over the wnole ol Babylonra. lndeed at the end of the 6sr c@paign Sennacherib conque Babylon, enre6 "his" (Mdk apl iddina) paace and sbnirs "his'cilies ofChaldearr. The rilie "kjns of Babylon' is an anribure ofrhe rB Szubus a.d neans that then contul is only over e cny l Babyln. This !ow.r is not recognized by Sennachenb: Ddeed. when the assynan kidg enteA Babylon rheFalace $ nor ned his" palace bur zubu (Nergal Szlb) ls a$ciated only wnh his family and hs nobes (H3:46) ln othr xi Baylonians, wbo had enrtuoned hin, are called \vicled evils (Hl 2 v l? l8). lurthemo.e, relerlng to thc orher szubu (\,I!zib-Nldduk) h sald ihar de one is inappropriate for hin (l1r-2 v 28 29)r?.

-hi.
1.

edLtrd"n.y.old beerpl.rneo D/rohtDorn-.e.: dirinCuish this kine on anorher kine called Thej both appear ln the sme penod and conlext: he is lhe Chalde (Muinb-Mdk) md the olhe. tle Babylond (Nerga uzi).
be necesary to

The ethnic ference

nl8ht

by thc
ths

see iickiame

Szub.

The eth.c relerence nght he sed with a negative connoration to .emenber that this "iew'kjng zub is the Mne "Chadean who appeded pr.viously, nor only as Assyian enemy, butrlso as a llale" (El 2 v20 21, VI]l Cpign), and who had lived in e nshes ne Bittt (Hl-2 iii 53-54,IV C@!aign).

The rhiid expression .ontus our assumplions Th reference to Snor ,nd Alkad
(KUR.E IE Gr URLKI) quaLnes Do only Blibni and Aur nadin smi but also the lwo Szbs. The nr* and dre second are kings kgninabd by Se.nacheib; the othe rwo were erLtro.ed by rhe !abyloniansrr. We suppose tha! lhe difference between kinss leeitimard and

We have just talked abot poiitical md ideologjca.l me$ages insened in rhe royai inscnplions, and abot or problems to de.ode then. From this poi.t ofview, in o opi.ion, the second in

'rmrek on c

'nP

nrcdv i J.nr.'1,

,e o o.e

ron\rn-in3.

Table

3 Kin or rejly

ties

i0

3 9, Fl i, III 2 i 2? 23 (pala.)r pla-iddina is ndcd anlr a fi^r .anpaign (F:151, his rirt is

Lr Al30, 81

Fr:37 on DA6L d,n rLR

E\rE crr r uxr

(,

and

Fl ll.lz lisr or y !tu k. Fl6, Hl 2:16 (cine, Note

om(.d,

llrn t N ) Mahtuk- ar |a' l "Son

ar,

Al:28

rhat in Fl, when Mrduksince hc is no tonBer rhe kinA

ofMddk a.la iddin\ Jrir.l'

Ia n.'.e iarrat

LtA i'b
AnbJ'
3

rr We riin e Szftu named m Hl 2 v 17 is Nergat-izib, Brbytonrn, rnd Mutrib 'ot N{aduk, rh. chddean, mrducd som lines larr. cr.r? weissn 1997, 193 rr Only ia H]23 e Elrmire ki.g placs Szub son of cahit" on rhe roy.t ihrooe, bt the Sumcr and Atlad la n omitd

''Brothei of lar'e, queen of the DUN|] Ru-kib"n LLtctL.i-nL

mb-ru-l

Fl:2li Il1-2 ii65

''So. olRukibri- $e fomer kin aol Aihkelon)"

M. UVAROU AND

L VERDERAM!

TO

!E A

NON AS1'RIAN

F1 17,

Ut-2

ii

''Olde{

sn

l.l

Seona.herlhr"

Geos.aphicdl identrncrtion a-lib q rebtD.a san.h ''who Lves in iLe nidsr of the ndshes

F1:33:

El2

ni i3

(!ittt)'
r

NJ_lunre) lounerr DLNIU Ma nlu k- ap la - iddiM "Son ol lvltrdk apla iddina'

D\JL\FJ

tls (KLdr

broer'

li

la pe tu ri tu-di pa
pat

qu n id ld-padn
rhese

F1:421 H1-2

iv

13,

l5
''Hed
8

whicl strBbhes along

sEe! batsun
5

Mard apla itltlina li ip-li pi ia Io kitl

''Son oi Mduk-apla-iddina. desce.danr ol Yaln '

te

er zuqti KLtF.Ni-put KUR ''Wnose abodes e set on the peaL

mdr-li

E3:12tFl:38r Hl-

ofMouni

Kinship ries

oc. eight

times, but in dlfleEnt conrexts:

t.
2.

To ide.tlfy pnsoDers who de inpofi t because ol eir conftclon lo arelevdt fiCure. Thk is dre case of Adinu .alod e iDphev of M&duk apla iddina s wife or Nab-iumu ikun so! ol Nrddut-apla iddina. To identiry tbe one who is going to beendoned'4 lor this serondcontextwe can show rbe exmplc of Szubu ln the H4 insnption we read:
Szub,

Line28: "Th Elanite king pteed

and sme lines lt.:

soi ofcab6l, on

the royalrrone (of B abylon)"

Line 34:'Th.y seizdSzubu,iing olBabllo., aliv, in

pn

batle."
ro

Aiere e, in addition, two p8njcud ca6, pbich show rhe xpresion son of ", connecd

Speakng of thc lanriscape, ye notic lhar rhe lhce whre rhe eneny lives is nenrjoned in cass Geogmphical description is p t of e ideologcal rcpreentaion of r,he eneoy: th world, ftom the Assyrlan Foint of vlew, is dividcd jlto a cenral zone (Assyria) and a periph dal zone (he olh counfiier. The 'outel' lddscrpe, as opposd ro e .inner,, one, js Ekeil in a ne8ative way step no.lains, oshes, desolated lands ae bordd e Thc enemy tives jn a .perilheml dlmnI" word. The Assy.ian king's !o!on int the periphery is a heroic act which is strssed tltrough o oe of e ldifficll parh,., wel descrbed in the roydl mi[ty ecounrs, btwe wil not discus this pect hdc. li rhe Mme pisode (Cmpaign V), jn addttion to L'ie lancapet desripiion th*e is also ano ideological ,.p,r: the .n onologica refeme ot,,nobody before me ,, This rr?,r *atrs
only a few
the heroic

e ri..n" 'o L. d o

uiLb {(ldefinedieB".\-ffa-inE:
a

vals

f the

A$yri

klnsr3

in oy p,lacer5 .. I estxlished upo. then to the kingship of SuDer and Akad."L6 (t Canpaign, At 54t Btrtj). 2. Szubu (Muzib-M dl), sonof unknownpeBon" (V]lCepaign, K2622r?:6). h . B1ibni's delDition an inierlority phraeology is used ("lile a youns dos") a.d his low oneias re orkd As Llver (1981,253) h6 lroposed, rhis lassage auests Sennacherib\ sle .ionty Ee c ve! rrace on e ran aklone hean$
Crown up

l.

Bllbni,

soD

of

msr

bilder, s.in ofBabylon (uanna), vho liLe a yung dog ha{l

DN.iption
The qualitarle diifere.ce belwed tte Asy.ian kitrE d the e.my is evi.ient We can recognize a st.reoryped aoinula.y to desc.ibe e enemy The eneny is idenrified by sone negarile

:ahe nsubm$ee (/a tann.tu) enenies (tablo 5) and the s&ons br

(jepru u rr,) (rabe 6).

lable

5. The unsubmissive nemies

:r

AI 55 56 Bl l4-lJtHj ar 58.!t.18
Bl:20; Hl-2 i 66-6? Fl.lo-2itHl 2 ii60 64 Fr.22, i1-2, 68 7)

i49

frr

n rhe rhrone theft is .o qualifilrtlon lhe case ot Tuba,lu, }jng ofSidon (F1rl9r Hl-2 i J7) L5 For the rerm 14tr ho$xg and th usc oi bnns up ,n rhe A$y an con membetr of rh deposed

Onl, onc whe, a peBotr is pl..ed

Kassites and Yasuca3i

2 3
3

royal fnjlies s.e Zrwadki 1995, i .151.

13 Livrar t9?9,ll]6-31)9jpon h\n tgg1,22A-2:3

M RIVAROU ANO LVERDERAM!

TO BE bu! the junctre between reigns se.ved as

a

A NON,ASS\RIIN
prcteil for Evolr"z

Wdior

of

Tunutru

dt

5
5

2' lit : ii l3 rr l8 HttiiT5 rr.42, H1:tr ri

Ft

4.

Exrremlyncganveco.n.rations:
Tcbe qc. Ne8at \ epidrets

At :6,

B1

6,l0

H1-2e14
Table 6. The soryrebel

H12v
F2:21 E3:12
Table 9b. Negative epidrets
8

18

These

llsr

pithets

@ arr*Ed i. different coliexl od

Hl-2 v 5,33

ave tneir

counteryd in lhe Assrnan

"who Dossessed neither

sens nor

ludsenenf'

royaL epithets,

ltesled in the tnulyr'!. Y/e redr "Sennachib who consunes the nsubmissve' (AI:3, BL3, !1:2, Hl 2:8-9)

"who do not renenber tbe

wo.dj'
K 2622 Ys,1

2.

The

,ild

enemi.s

(dtt

)l
Tabe

The wild en.oies

'!ho

do not remenber the

wordr'

These last epidls aE connected only

yirh c I abyloni context. The

,ill

l the chncelery

A1 58 0,

Bl l8
16

19. F1'8-q, H1 2

57 59

appeas clely to Einfrce the Degative connolation shen rhe enemies, wbo de the only dscnbed

my

is

a'\outhan" eneny

Tbese

Kntes ud Yub eauai

B1:2liF2 15

Tl]]s epirhet atesred only in connlion wirh the Kdsites md rhe people of gnilme. we could {ornlare the hylorhesis dral this epnhet is ifered ony to a Pniculd enological chac-

vnh nore than asinple bd stddised epithet, e: Mrdk-apla-iddina and tn Babylonis pho ft chaacterised with elil connotations2s Mduk apia iddina is said io be the denont in.nation,a.
Particl
cass a@ those ofSnzub tui Uunban-nimena that, in connectjonwith ihe eighth campign and wnh the btle ofEalul, e atesed with his epith.r which poinrs to their

le4onal nalness,ln ese

cases the

divtrity lecons euill6d aberion.

The

n^b$

(bl

hit, I ia hilu

uiob)1\: The onl, case olcuslons descdliion is in Lhe epsodc of batde olgalul (Hl-2 r 85,87. v 13 16r !i517 l8i WAG]86,93 95),6 The Elmile high otricials de ds.ribed as weding golden dasge$ ed .jngsrT (ia ciR i,,.r; GUSKIN Jr.[,-n! n i & UAR MES ar pt GUSKTN ra-[i-it-, rutku-sa ti i n) l.ltl-2 y S5-88). This .Dsto6 is seen nesatively, indeed the text follows lik

Al.?451, Bl.2r Hl-2 i 4L 42 Fl 22 26 At-2 i ?3-74, ii I t7

it

Hl

2 v.10-44

lr seeN that is elnhet rendks a hislon.a chog: rhose who a nmed rarolr were either fomer allies (Ebon) eo broke an oath", or peple ideatly slbmified lo the A$y an kingshiP (Baby.). ,{s Lvine said "pon his (Sgon) death Sennacherib dcended to he dalnonchy
Se LverrDi 1931. 236 2,10r poncnia 1937, 250 254i :0 Thc rern atr!, ofncnain mning and ioq (aH* r23,30), hN alwrys a nesative ch&ctnzrion and h iound 1n limrnal conlrt. We ppler avd rh. te@ timea', used by o(h scholoN, Bhich in modern times asns a specit.

)!

ihe annals of Sentrach.rib iefrring t the dftssog or rhe Elamte dignitaies ... whrle all $e other iearks .oncr.lng the hosing of the enemy (desen, mouniins elc), rhe wxy ol le or his intellignce are all auromatically quallfied as th cou.relp&t fAssynrn vlus", se Pngnt Lnten 2001, 195

! Levine 1932,3t See rls Bnnimatr lt63 and 19?3. ':r For the i'leollgrcal and mythicat refdnces, ie. f6m rhe En,ina ri, sse Weissefi 1997,193. a Madk aph iddin n ca]ld th. sane n Sareon's Anids, Ahw,27lb. ! Pongatz ]-eisren prels 'to E$n.r the rer of clhnog phy to obs.rvaiions sucb * ihe Enarks

a ln H3 34 Sendachenb
a.g to

'!

gives to the Den who dug the canal golden nn8s and rhe Etamre Barmerrs

da*is ol gold, efer

!I

RTVAOLI AND

L\GRDIR{MI
M-du.L1

fat steers who have hbbles put on rbm"

(li u, n, ,i ri ro.ruli ia

in.M-na).

Comins back to the nain shem, enny\ behviour shoqs irsell in dillerenr ways againsl power. this repon ve analyse o.Ly the fligt bur about all rhe o.h*s *e couLd poin! our thlr dreir oucone is pre-e$ahlished In th firt two cses (Rebellion d Fish the enemy h defaEd. his tedirory ls devasoted, hls peonl. @d h goods tre cied offa boory. 1l'lln he submih .o !h Assynan ting he saves his lil bt h. has ro pay the king a heavy . or. \r.e-red po. ole .u. L b, rr l' rhe

Asyri

t.

F1:45jl11-2 iv

1314.2i"25
F2:25-26-,

e'L.

rn.

Table 10. Th

llieht

F152-51-,

l
B|5-6.10i

Hl2v

113;

H4:39-421

H5i20 22i WAO:35-38

I
2 2 H1,2 ii 2,5
B1:25-,
111

H1 2 ! 2A-26 H1 2 !l24-15
H3:38-401

21; 12 )4

H,I53-55i
H5:19 21rl

Fl18-191
F2:17

l8iHl
341

ii

H3:4143

38-40
8

Flr3l

H1-1ii\ 53 57
H1-2 ii 59 6?
115:22 26

Fr:35

Analysing de flisht we can Ecosnize diferent soups: th ones who forsake rheir country nn.l rbir roral city and the o6es who tose tbe bartlefield, {iesert rheir c@p an<t then troops lunhemo@ we can norice that rhere is soneone who flies not once bur rwice. In ris cde rhe second night n fton the place where h6 has escaped beto O{ duk-apta ija ad Suubu).

:: se l,vrmi 199a. 07 163. r, I. Al r.xr Mduk-aplarddinx ab.ndoned ri In Fl i is .pord only rhat he fled atone

hN noops n,l tr is not mentio..d thar he fled atone

rr r:

Thn ewnt is epored dunng th

siih

campaign bur ir adualy happeoed ttuang the foutrh.

H4 and H5 repotr thar tle kings flcd atone

102

TO

A! A NON ASS1E],qN
lnidsring elnentsr3.

Disngishirg rhese lwo hinds of flight we noce some very

of this schenarlc descnptjon li shes wit! the end olthe enedy. Desoibns his behavio we sad tha!, in the royal itrcrip.lons, rh qnr.er is alvys the Asslnan kins. The enemy's end h pre eslablished: he is destined to lose, and the dangeros md perphed eleDent wlll beoved 'the Asyrimking's ragonisthas only threechces:
Th

la pd

Table

lla

F.om bohland

Luli

Crprus,

ri

the

tudr

olrhe sea

-lo be subnid

dpoied
Hidla in the di$antm.ntaif

lhe enem) disappeas and he is nor able to nd.rmine th. cosmit de.re-e$abiished by the Asynan tinc. Now we presnt lhe final fate ol ihe enenies according ro rheir "o!al" pecllilljoes (unsubnnsive, strong rebei, ,rild, enemies wiih extemely.egative connoiations).
L. The

'|ne resuh s, however, the sao. ln

a!, cae

Ad,@tu. in e

desn

Lnitbhiss

e ond

srona rurdl (lables

5 and 6)

Each ledr oie eneny h rhe possibility to chose his own desti.y:afte! e'lebeulon" and rhe lllowing defeat he could remain unsubmissile, a sidqa, sbmthimseli as Ezekiah, or prefer e flighr, as Manije. Sidqa is dponed to Assyrla and i. his place apro-Assyria. Ling will be enihroned. Ezeklah loses a sreat pdt of his lards nd hs to pay a heavy ibtc. Mmje, neeing, le!v6 his homeland

capital, his leopie. d his palaft. Tnis s cleiy impious behaviur. Whn e eneey crosses ovi e pe.ipheral placs he is .oally not nenrio.ed anymo.e: texts infom s about his death or sinply about his disappeance The fl1ghr involvs te passage lron one sphere ol acion to another one. The eneny before rhe i,ljsht s situated in a sDere of llity and, after thar, he pa$es to a sphere of umaiiry.

In lhis lirst case o nemy alyays flees lowad llaces ar de sitated in a Mginal conrext: tie descrplion of the lands.ape of the cnies whe rhe eneny flees. We can notice ru hemore thai r]1 eneny olen jlees alone, to rave hinself and his lite, ieaving lhe tuyai
rhis is eftphsised n

Tablo

llb. Fron

barl6e1d

T.ibal en1es, d Ar@aeans, de deported to Assynar Ebel cities, as ciiies of1dqa, de con queEd and dstoyed Kssnes and Ysuhisallai, who fled, arc captured and setld in H dishpi.
2. afhe wild .nehis (.t\e
1)

Czumanu, in the middle oi

the

Alone, to save ther lives

Enenies calld
sive, N lhe

,t,,

Wior of Eirimq e iilled. In the insciplions sword (sirs d Yasubigallai. d qc said, e depo.ted.
3.

de punished according to ther behaviour: lhe ones who de unsbmis we can read, Icutdwnwnhthe

fie raro6

(dble 8)

Enenjeswho'hadbrkenanoa"elunisl'edinprolonionbrheirresFonsibilities.Tobe a cleds possible dplaininsrhis conceptwe qote L\e case ofEk!o..ln thc inscnpdors ve ead drr rhe ofllciah, nobles d people oi Elron had tlown Padi, rheir tins, into fele6 oi iron d
had glven

hin

oyer ro Eze].iahrSentrache.ib slew the Eove.nors and

nobles, dcounred d spoil

e.nizens who lollow,i nobies. The odrer ciizns, who dldnotbrcalthe oal!', de saved. We pEler to rnclude ln L\is Crop Kira, prefecr to lllubru, thouCh he is not catled trairor. In Ns "pres.ntadon (El:62 65) 1is calledaslav., subjected to Semacheflb He bece a rebel and

csed rhe oen

oa

Hil.lt

!o revolt. 'fhe Asyria.

ny

.aprured

lrin

and b.oght

hin

to

Nneveh. There Sennhe.ib flayed Kirua

(Eli85

Assynan king with regards ro lhe enemy. Ar lhjs poinl Sennache.i has to ch@denze th4e enea dfierenr way in opposiiion to the oem. He lncludes sn eitremety nesanve connoiatio.s idenrifying rhen: Mddk_pta iddina is Lke a dcnon, in rhn way he seeDs to be danserous and to be soderhinC competely difaere.r

liew Babylonia n parr of tbc Assyian elvi.onnent. lurrhemr. rhe! ar rhose who ft r rher 'icl.. ome bd. i'o d e .ce .. we dr. .D.r.eo .. ".dm d d x;, ppo\e ha, s.nnf, nero vas surpised loo. In this ya, Mduk apla-iddina, Szub and Uumba._.n.na undermine Assyrlan aihorny, ins.ding an un.onEoll.d eariabt in th ideological .onsrtucrio. of rhe

ln lhis .ase tr is exlGnly inreresri.g tbat these enenjes de rh same who e described in extl'emely neeative tems Gee table 9a-b). We e tatking abour Mduk,alla iddina, Szubu d Uunb-nim.na W suppose that this corespondenc ts nol cuual. They de the enenis ttat attack Senlachenb and nor rhose qho are assled by hin Indeed Iion Sanached,s poirt

ot

nies in

86)

BeLre presentine the moral descnpdon of rhs 16! Erup ve wll analrse rhe fllght, beause is behaviouris songly co.nec(ed lo e lastsroup. Tarking,bot rhe nishiqe undertined that lhere e tpo kinds of flishtr the lomr is non e honeland. the latter is on rhe batrlefield

J'd8e

corpsesolsoldie4..theyweEbesiderhehselves,rhe_vheldbackrheirri.ebutletthei.dung
go inlo

ftona hIm birg;Szubu and Uumbe nmena etheoncs who..Dossessed neirher sense nor rcn''.' e\ c.j no' .omma.o ano r1d"ed .nel .dbd,oon Lnejr rr,. ,rd .rampk .pon rhe
en chiots"
aJter the

o4anizatio. ol

coahion asainst Sennachenb.

rr

we pter to eramine herr onl,

rhe sirSle enemies.

Colenve encmres have besn already

anatysed.

341

yL

RlV,\lOU

.A.t

tD L VERDEIqME
Jrschury 24, 83 96.

TO BE A NON ASS]'R]AN

305

he culdnot desoy thes enenies, he.ould

wethinkrhaltleseconnorationshideSennacherib'sinabilny!osolverhe,Babylo.iequeslio.: rak.conhol aBabyloniaonly afb. ns dsEuction.

ln iles royal ins.np.ions, stronsly nLed vi ideolosical pulPoses, we find ihat the reaciion ofSenrache.ib moled in two dnecionsi Firs!, the mosr evld.nr, e se of dre censrship in Assyrian royal inscnprions. Thjs polnt
has notbeen analysed heE but, ior

Ldnrdnati,v.19a3,L"lncieilientdeiba,bari.Ptublehidieitocenttin.edidentit,Bai_ Levide,l.D. 1982, Sen,acherib's Sourhe Fro* ?04689 B.c.'.Joutt aJ C,a.iJarh stdies
31,28 53. Ljvrani, M. 1979, The Ideology ofrh Asynan Enpie,. ii M.T. Lsen (ed.), pa,,r a,zl Propaeanda. A hpsiun h Ancent hpires, MesptMia t, Copenhagen, 29?_31r. Liverani, M 98l, "Cixque of Viants and lie Tjtulary of S en nacherib.., in FM. Fales (ed.). Arsrtia Rral lnlcnptians: Ne Hrizans, Atients Ahtiqui Calectia :ttlt, Ro. 225251

emple,

as

Lilerani noriced

abour

Mtrdk apla iddina, we.a.

rhe reai

lind in the lte inscnpriors ofS.nnacheribsom nemingtul !iuts lhat altered

Second, th.preseoce

hisroncal

ofexreoel, neglve

epnhets. As we have analysed

qustion

befor, we.an nnd

then only incnnecon wit the'labrlonian

In con.lsion, we can udertine tat in rhe hisloncal" royal insiptlons we have a nonrealistic ytion of . enemy, butnLy an Assyrie one. As w have previosly slated, rhis nalrer
otfers us the possibility t bettd undersrand,A.sslian ideolosy. This study has been ralized o.Ly for a single Asydan king, br ir coutd be conductod diachrcnically ro distlnguish, ifpo$ible, the developnenr of rhis rhene rhroushout rh. Neo Asyian age, aho to nolice if Ihe se ofpicld elithets is connected ro e.enies tocaled in specinc Ceographlcal deas orto other eerouJ'enis rhal chmge fton one Assynarkins

diploMzia ne]l Annco Atiette ( 1600 I IOA a C_), riama-B. zrnals ol Sennacherib, Otp 2, Chtcqa. Mtl, C H. 1934. Mind, Se$ Societ! .fron the Stuhdpint al a Socidt Behayiorist, Cblcala. Ponchia, s. 1987, "Analogie, f,.rafore e sinililudini netle iscizi.ni realj asjr Semanrjca
Livemnl,

1994, Guerra e

Luck .bill, D.D. 1924,

&.

.ala4i,l , Orieht Antiquus 26, 223-255

PonCraD Lislen,

B 2001, "Th Othe. and lhe Enemy in lhe Mesopotmian CoDception ofthe Wodd". in R.M. \Vhlrg (ed.), Mlthalnsy akd Mlthtogies, Met@ Srhpria1l,Llel "

"d

ro

Furlhemore, r is possibl tha( thenes a.d groplngs or enes ae ro be fond in tbe other imperiallst sysrN" (Liverani 1979, 301) ft would be intercsrirs lo cey out a .onparadvc sdy of is eme shosjns analoeies !t diifeEnces between Assynd empire dd othd inpenalisic sysrens.
'

gra@s" of

N, 1994, Rings, rorcs and bra.etets,, inp. Calmeyet.r^1.leds.), Benrase fur Ah atieitalischen Archtllosie urd Ah.rkuhtkunde. Fesr,chtit lr Ba,lhel Hrcutd .un 65. Gebutsrag, W asbadea. 23 5 245. Welssert, E. 1997, "C.earing a Poliicat Climale: Liry Allusions to ,,rha Et'.i in
Psrgare, J.

Assn., J.

1991 , b hhria rburale Scrttula, r;.odo dnr,.rr, Torlno (origrnal edition Mnchen 1992).

e identn

polri.a

hlLe Crundi

ciyiba

Borge., R. 19?9,

aabll,,d.e atnsche
1968, A

Lesestiicke

I,Anar54t1.Rtu

lyandel dr Zenea. |XXN. Rercante Ajtiologique thtenatowl. idetbetg 1992, Heidelbeq. l9r,2o2_ Zecasniri, C. 1982, 'The Eneny in the NGAssynm Royat Inscnpdons: the ,Eihnographic, Doscrlption'. jn H.J. Nissen and J. Renger Gds.), r:t6r?,rdhien unn seihe Nachbatn: polittche tut kulturcL| y/echsetbeziehuhqa Alt n Va.det\ien
Wechsetbezi.huneen

Sen-ah. 'b . Accoln- or rte Bdr eor

Asrien

p.llt.,1ri.ier6.d.ddH.,alprm/nr.p..J

ib

Bdnkma.,J A.
Brinkman, J.

Paliticdl

istory f Past-K6e Babttania

IIj8-?22 B.c.,AnOr43,

A l9?3, Sennacherib's Babylorian ProbLeD: an Inreryretation", Jumat afNear E srrm.!,!drcr 252, 89 95 Dieich, M. 1998, 8l ibnl, KniC von Babylon (703-700), in M. Dielich and O. Lretz
Fales, (.ens.), dtbsat abtd-nn. Studi,a zur Altorntatistik. F*i.h/A fiir t/.H.ph. Rder, Ol7253, Mnsrer, 81-108. F.M 1982, "Ihe Enemy in Assyrian Royd lmcnions: The Moral .judAnent,,', in H.J. Nissn and i. Renger Gds.), .lesopotantien und seine Nacnbam: po1tis.he uw! kuttateLLe Wchselbe.ihu"geb in Aren vordercsien tle.hsetbeziehungeb ib Alten yorderxien van

Alten Vorder*ien vob 4. bi l. tahtta8ehd L Chr XrV. Rencotn Arrynobsique tntertutiaiale Betlin 3. bis 7_ Juti t978,Bet\in,425,435. Zawadsh, S. 1995, "Hosrases n Asyran Royal iiscriptionJ,, jn K. van Le.bershe and A.

Sch.. (eds-),

Ih

igration

Lipinski,

Lea.

Entigration thin the A"cient N4t Easr. Felt,chnft

E_

OLA 65. 449 459.

1. bis 1. Johtdus.nd r. Cht.

1978,8nin,425 43a. Fulm, E. 1997, Enlcitung D die Sanhib lntchnleh,AfO Bh 26, W1n. Grayson, A K. 1963, The Waitem tut Glle+' Senna.he.ib tnscnpt\o^... Ar.hiv fiir Oieit-

hli

1.

Rncone Asyriotosiqe lntehatinale Bertin 3.

bi,

r4 Live t931,

252-251.