Lecture 4

The industrial Revolution from 1750 - 1850 was a period where changes in agriculture, manuafacturing, mining, transportation and
technology had a profound affect on the every day lives of people living in England, France, the United States and to some extent Germany and the rest of Europe. It marks a major turning point in history because almost every facet of everyday life changed. The average income of people grew by 1000% and the worlds population increased by 600%. In England the political and social system allowed for the greatest expansion of private enterprise. Legal frameworks were established that fostered capitalism. There is a difference in how the Industrial Revolution took root in Britain and the rest of Europe. This helped to transform the economy from one based on small scale production by hand to large scale machine produced goods. The agrarian based economy based on manual labor and animals changed. Textiles, mining and the development of the iron making allowed for the expansion of canals, improved roads and railways. With this came a large inux of people from the country to the cities. Mass production of machine parts and interchangeable parts for machinery enabled high precision pieces that changed architecture for certain. Cast iron beams could now be produced rapidly and precisely and with the increase in efciency prices for goods and materials dropped. Before production was all by hand and labor intensive therefore expensive. Increased efciencies in production lowered the cost of everyday items such as clothing, housewares. The steam engine developed by James Watt around 1775 truly changed how manufacturing worked. Developed to pump water out of mines it led to Semi automated factories where there never was before. The steam engine pumped water from coals mines, lifted heavy loads, blew air from furnaces, ground material to help make clay as well as an innovation of concrete. Blast furnaces allowed for mo The cotton spinner by James Hargreaves transformed the textile industry. The industrial revolution brought all kinds of changes to European society. Aside from the increase in relative wealth there was increase in longevity peoples ability to move more freely from lace to place. Until that time people usually were born raised and died in the same town. The chance of traveling outside your home district was extremely rare and limited to only to the privileged or those who entered into service. It was a process of uprooting and help along by the invention of the locomotive train and public rail service that began soon after. Britain where the locomotive steam engine was invented in 1804 had over 12,000 kilometers of track by 1860. Long distance steam navigation spread and with it an inux of people from faraway lands. What used to take weeks in travel from London to Paris in the 1700s now would take only 2-3 days. Cast Iron was beginning to be used in conjunction with steam power. These two elements alone really pushed the industrial revolution. The creation of new types of architecture is evident in the Train station, hotels, shopping arcades etc. This was realized in places like St. Pancras Station Midlands Hotel. Here
This transformed the city for the traditional walled city that existed since Roman times and forced a re-evaluation of how cities should grow. The growth in wealth and expansion of the cities brought down the walls and expanded the city to what we now call the suburbs. With this came the use of the grid in a more rigid manner. Along with these changes came improved agricultural techniques, nutrition, health care and as a direct result increase life spans. This added exponentially to the growth of the cities. " Manchester 75,000 in 1801 to 600,000 1901, " " London 1mil to 6.5 mil " Paris mil to 3 mil " Chicago 300 to 2 mil " NY 33,000 to 3.5 mil St Pancras Station Midlands Hotel shows the merging of 2 very different and very new types of architecture. Hotels had existed but on a smaller scale. Trains station were completely new and here at a terminus shows the innovative thinking. It is interesting because you have a train shed with its industrial steel and glass attached to a Neo Gothic building. Le Bon Marche by Bolieu in Paris shows a new type of architecture the shopping mall. Instead of shops on the street, the street is brought inside. It was a repsonse also to the needs of growing cities. Convenience of shopping. An arcaded space that allows for people to shop at any time. The style has very classical details. The Britannia Tubular Bridge crossing the Menai Straits between England and Wales was one of the rst large scale bridges that addressed the needs of rail transport. There are two independent sets of tracks made from iron box tunnels. It has 2 spans of 70 meters and one main span of 140 meters. International exhibitions were used primarily by France and England as a way of bragging about how great their respective industries were. The Crystal Palace 1851 for the London Exhibition by John Paxton has to be viewed as a kit of parts that was assembled in less than 7 weeks. Rapid prefabrication techniques and mass production of plate glass allowed the this relatively simple but large scale project to happen. Highly exible because of the modularity of the system. It used 93,000 square meters of glass created it own environment which had to be dealt with. This was the last international exhibition in which England participated. The Galarie des Machines 1889 in Paris has a span of 107 by 35 meters uses the 3 hinged arch was used to display French machine technology but the concept behind Dutret building is the building itself is a machine. This building proved static theories about the strengths of materials and stresses. The modulus of elasticity was proven. In concept the Galarie encircled concentric exhibition spaces highlighting machinery, clothing, furniture, ne arts and liberal arts and the history of labor. The Eiffel Tower by Alec Eiffel, who had assisted Dutert and Contamin in the Galarie des Machines constructed the Eiffel Tower based on the ideas of statics that he used in his
engineering practice. It stand 300 meters high. What was initially seen as an eye sore became an icon fo r the city. What was important about this structure is not just its iconic quality but the innovations it brought to the eld of engineering and also architecture. One important aspect is since this was a viewing stand for people, This lead to the creation of the gimbled elevator which was initially part of the construction process where elevators used to transport the materials to the upper levels were turned n to human lifters. Climbing cranes tracks were used for the elevators
Architecture in English II
Lecture 4: The Industrial Revolution
Saturday, December 22, 2012
The Grand Tour
Looking at the past for the true ideas of

architecture.
Architects traveled to Italy, Greece, and

Egypt to study closely the buildings of the past.
The Grand Tour
Searching for the truth. Searching for the proper architectural

response for the new age.
Lecture 3: Neoclassicism and Neo-Gothic
John Paxton Charles Dutert and Victor Contamin Gustave Eiffel
The Politics of Neoclassicism and Neo-Gothic
Neoclassical architecture represented
liberalism and republicanism. Ideas of the Renaissance. conservatism relating to religion.
Neo-Gothic represented monarchy and
Precis de larchitecture
Date: 1802 - 05 AD Architect: Jean
Nicholas Louis Durand
Tectonic Study
Date: 1797 Architect: Fredrick
Gilly
Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Date: 1838 - 51 Architect: Henri
Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste

Labrouste
Altes Museum - Berlin, Germany

Shinkel

Shinkel
The Kings Megaron

1400 ~ 1300 BC
Pylos Citadel City

1600 ~ 1100 BC

Shinkel

Shinkel
The Shauspielhaus Berlin, Germany

Shinkel
The Bauacademie Berlin, Germany

Shinkel
Housing Contrasts
Date: 1836 Architect: A.W.N
Pugin
Cross Contrasts
Pugin
Church Contrasts
Pugin
Housing Contrasts
Pugin
Church Contrasts
Pugin
Church Contrasts
Pugin
St. Pancras Station Midlands Hotel London, England

Date: 1863 - 1874 AD Architect: George
Gilbert Scott

Gilbert Scott

Gilbert Scott
Auburndale Depot Newton, Massachusetts

Date: 1884 AD Architect: Henry
Hobson Richardson

Hobson Richardson

Hobson Richardson
Buffalo Post Ofce Buffalo, New York

Date: 1894 AD Architect: Jeremiah
ORouke

ORouke

ORouke
Brooklyn Bridge
Date: 1883 AD Architect: John Roebling
Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
Akashi Kaikyo
Akashi Kaikyo
Britannia Tubular Bridge

Date: 1850 AD Architect: Robert Stephenson



Le Bon Marche Department Store: Paris, France

Date: 1867 AD Architect: Henri Boileau



Galarie dOrleans: Paris, France

Date: 1829 AD Architect: Fontaine




The Crystal Palace - London, England

Date: 1851 AD Architect: John Paxton







Galerie des Machines Paris, France

Date: 1889 AD Architect: Charles Dutert and Victor Contamin











Eiffel Tower Paris, France

Date: 1889 AD Architect: Gustav Eiffel










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The industrial Revolution from 1750 - 1850 was a period where changes in agriculture, manuafacturing, mining, transportation and

Saturday, December 22, 2012

The Grand Tour

Looking at the past for the true ideas of

Architects traveled to Italy, Greece, and

Saturday, December 22, 2012

The Grand Tour

Searching for the truth. Searching for the proper architectural

Saturday, December 22, 2012

Lecture 3: Neoclassicism and Neo-Gothic

John Paxton Charles Dutert and Victor Contamin Gustave Eiffel

Saturday, December 22, 2012

The Politics of Neoclassicism and Neo-Gothic

Neoclassical architecture represented

liberalism and republicanism. Ideas of the Renaissance. conservatism relating to religion.

Neo-Gothic represented monarchy and

Saturday, December 22, 2012

Nicholas Louis Durand

Nicholas Louis Durand

Nicholas Louis Durand

Nicholas Louis Durand

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Bibliotheque St. Genevieve Paris, France

Altes Museum - Berlin, Germany

Altes Museum - Berlin, Germany

The Kings Megaron

Saturday, December 22, 2012

Pylos Citadel City

Saturday, December 22, 2012

Altes Museum - Berlin, Germany

Altes Museum - Berlin, Germany

The Shauspielhaus Berlin, Germany

The Bauacademie Berlin, Germany

St. Pancras Station Midlands Hotel London, England

St. Pancras Station Midlands Hotel London, England

St. Pancras Station Midlands Hotel London, England

Auburndale Depot Newton, Massachusetts

Auburndale Depot Newton, Massachusetts

Auburndale Depot Newton, Massachusetts

Buffalo Post Ofce Buffalo, New York

Buffalo Post Ofce Buffalo, New York

Buffalo Post Ofce Buffalo, New York

Saturday, December 22, 2012

Saturday, December 22, 2012

Britannia Tubular Bridge

Britannia Tubular Bridge

Britannia Tubular Bridge

Britannia Tubular Bridge

Le Bon Marche Department Store: Paris, France

Le Bon Marche Department Store: Paris, France

Le Bon Marche Department Store: Paris, France

Le Bon Marche Department Store: Paris, France

Galarie dOrleans: Paris, France

Galarie dOrleans: Paris, France

Galarie dOrleans: Paris, France

Galarie dOrleans: Paris, France