LABORATORY REPORT

EBT 251 ENGINEERING MATERIALS CHEMISTRY Semester 1 (2012/2013)

School Of Materials Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis Students Name

: Ng Hui San : Nabilah Binti Othman : Muhammad Harith Bin Badrul Hisham

111041127 111041103 121041217

Experiments Title : CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: LE CHATLIERS PRINCIPLE

Experiment Date

: 6 November 2012

Submission Date Lecturers Name

: 21 November 2012

: Dr. Norzilah binti Abdul Halif

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EXPERIMENT 4 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM : LE CHATLIERS PRINCIPLE

1.0

OBJECTIVE To use Le Chatelier's principle for determining changes in equilibrium systems.

2.0

INTRODUCTION

Any system at equilibrium will remain at equilibrium unless the conditions of the system change. Le Chateliers principle states that a system at equilibrium will react to a stress on the system in such a way so as to reduce the stress which are concentration, pressure and temperature as well as to stabilize new equilibrium. If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to oppose the change.

If the forward reaction dominates in order to allow the changes, we say the system shifts to the right or shifts toward products in order to restore equilibrium conditions. The concentration of the products will increase and the concentration of the reactants will decrease. However, if the reverse reaction dominates in order to allow the changes, the result will be opposite from the forward reaction. The changes will not return the system to the original conditions, but to a new set of conditions that establish equilibrium. For the general reaction equation, aA + bB <======> cC + dD The cequilibrium constant for concentration can be expressed as, Kc = [C]c [D]d [A]a [B]b Where [A], [B] are the reactant concentrations and [C], [D] are the product concentrations.

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2.1

Concentration effect Equilibrium of Fe (III)-SCN ion complexes Fe3+ (aq) + (SCN)-(aq) <======> Fe(SCN)2+ (aq) (yellow) (dark red)

2.2

Temperature effect 2.2.1 Equilibrium of Co (II) ion complexes Co(H2O)62+ (aq) + 4 Cl- (aq) <======> CoCl42- (aq) + H2O (l) (red) (blue)

2.2.2

Equilibrium of Cu (II) ion complexes CuCl42- (aq) + H2O (l) <======> Cu(H2O)62+ (aq) + 4Cl- (aq) (yellow) (blue)

3.0

APPARATUS Beaker Thermometer Water bath Conical flask Test tube Graduated cylinder Chemicals: Hydrochloric acid Kalium thiocyanate solution (KSCN) 0.1 M Ferum (III) nitrate solution (Fe(NO3)3) 0.1 M Cobalt (II) chloride solution (CoCl2) 0.2 M Cuprum (II) chloride solution (CuCl2) 0.2 M Natrium hydroxide solution (NaOH) 10 %

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4.0

PROCEDURE

4.1 Concentration effect on Fe (lll)- SCN ion complexes

Figure 1

4.1.1

1 ml Fe 100ml beaker.

and 1 ml of KSCN solution were mixed up together into

4.1.2

The 25 ml distilled water has added into the mixture and the solution was stirred.

4.1.3

All the 4 test tubes was cleaned and labeled as A1, A2, A3, and A4 as shown in figure 1.

4.1.4 4.1.5

The solution has divided into all the 4 tubes evenly. A1 test tube was added by 1 ml an additional of Fe(NO3)3, A2 test tube was added by KSCN solution by 1 ml and NaOH solution was dropped 8 times into the test tube A3.

4.1.6

All the solution had been stirred gently and the solution was compared the colour with the solution in test tube A4.

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4.2 Temperature effect on Co (ll) and Cu (ll) ion complexes

(a) In the ice

(b) In the water bath Figure 2

(c) At room temperature

4.2.1

The Co flasks.

and the Cu

were prepared 5 ml for each in two separate conical

4.2.2 4.2.3

The HCl was added into both flasks and was done in fume cupboard. Both solution were stirred until cobalt solution was turning to purple and cuprum solution was turned to green.

4.2.4 4.2.5

The 6 clean test tubes were being labeled as B1, B2, B3, and C1, C2, C3. The cobalt solution was evenly divided into the test tube B1, B2, B3, and cuprum solution to C1, C2,C3.

4.2.6 4.2.7

B1 and C1 test tube soaked in the ice as hown in Figure 2 (a). B2 and C2 were soaked in hot water approx T~ 66 degree celcius as hown in Figure 2(b). B3 and C3 test tubes in room temperature as hown in Figure 2(c).

4.2.8

The entire solution colour were compared after 5 minutes soaked.

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5.0

RESULTS

5.1

Concentration effect on Fe (III)-SCN ion complexes

TEST TUBE

A1

A2

A3

Dark orange Red (A1) Colour Changes

Dark orange Dark red (A2)

Dark orange light red (A3)

Reaction Direction Reaction Equation Species Decrease Species Increase

The reaction shifts to right Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)(aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) (SCN) (aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq)

-

The reaction shifts to right Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)(aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) Fe (aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq)

3+

The reaction shifts to left Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)(aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) (SCN)-(aq) , [Fe(OH)6]3-(aq)

Table 5.1 Result of Concentration effect on Fe (III)-SCN ion complexes

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5.2

Temperature effect on Co (II) ion complexes Test tube Purple B1 Pink Purple B2 Violet

Colour Changes

Reaction Direction Reaction Equation

The reaction shifts to the left Co(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4Cl (aq)+ heat CoCl42 (aq)+ 6H2O(aq)

The reaction shifts to the right Co(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4Cl (aq)+ heat CoCl42 (aq)+ 6H2O(aq)

Table 5.2 Temperature Effect on Co (II) ion complexes. 5.3 Temperature effect on Cu (II) ion complexes Test tube Green C1 Light Green Green C2 Dark Green

Colour Changes

Reaction Direction Reaction Equation

The reaction shifts to the left CuCl42- (aq)+ 6H2O(l) Cu(H2O)2+(aq) + 4Cl-

The reaction shifts to the right CuCl42- (aq)+ 6H2O(l) Cu(H2O)2+(aq) + 4Cl-

Table 5.3 Temperature Effect on Cu (II) ion complexes.

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6.0

Lab Questions

6.1 Explain and show the calculation in solution prepared .

Kalium thiocyanate solution (KSCN) 0.1 M KSCN= 0.1mol/L No of moles KSCN: 0.1x (250/1000) =0.025mol Molecular weight of KSCN = 39+32+ 12+14 = 97 Mass of KSCN = mole x molecular weight = 0.025 x 97 = 2.425 gram Ferum (III) nitrate solution (Fe(NO3)3) 0.1 M (Fe(NO3)3) = 0.1mol/L No of moles (Fe(NO3)3) : 0.1x(250/1000)=0.025mol Molecular weight of (Fe(NO3)3) = 55.85+3[14+3(16)]=241.85 Mass of (Fe(NO3)3) = mole x molecular weight = 0.025x241.85 = 6.05 gram Cobalt (II) chloride solution (CoCl2) 0.2 M (CoCl2) = 0.2mol/L No of moles (CoCl2): 0.2x(250/1000)=0.05mol Molecular weight of CoCl2 = 58.93+2(35.5)=129.93 Mass of (Fe(NO3)3) = mole x molecular weight = 0.05x129.93 = 6.497gram Cuprum (II) chloride solution (CuCl2) 0.2 M (CuCl2) = 0.2mol/L No of moles (CoCl2): 0.2x(250/1000)=0.05mol Molecular weight of CuCl = 63.55+2(35.5)=134.55 Mass of (Fe(NO3)3) = mole x molecular weight = 0.05x134.55 = 6.73 gram

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Natrium hydroxide solution (NaOH) 10 % 10% of NaOH = 10 g / 100 ml of solution Molarity = moles / litres moles = mass / molar mass molar mass NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40.0 g/mol Moles NaOH = 10g / 40.0 g/mol = 0.25 moles of NaOH Mass of NaOH = 0.25 x 40 = 10 gram 6.2 Identify the reactant and the products for each reaction. Test tube A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 Reactant Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)-(aq) Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)-(aq) Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)-(aq) Co(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4Cl- (aq ) Co(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4Cl- (aq ) CuCl42(aq) +H2O(l) CuCl42(aq) +H2O(l) Product Fe(SCN)2+(aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) CoCl42 (aq)+ H2O(l) CoCl42 (aq)+ H2O(l) Cu(H2O)62+(aq)+ 4 Cl(aq) Cu(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4 Cl(aq)

6.3 Write the equilibrium expression for each reaction.

[ Fe ( SCN ) 2 ] [ Fe ][ SCN ]

A1 : Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)-(aq)

Fe(SCN)2+(aq) ;

Kc

A2 : Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)-(aq)

Fe(SCN)2+(aq) ;

Kc

[ Fe ( SCN ) 2 ] [ Fe 3 ][ SCN ]

A3 : Fe3+(aq)+(SCN)-(aq)

Fe(SCN)2+(aq) ;

Kc

[ Fe3 ][SCN ] [ Fe( SCN ) 2 ]

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B1 : Co(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4Cl (aq)

CoCl42 (aq)+ 6H2O(l)

Kc

2 [Co( H 2O) 6 ][Cl ]4 2 [CoCl4 ]

B2 : Co(H2O)62+ (aq)+ 4Cl (aq)

CoCl42 (aq)+ 6H2O(l)

Kc

2 [CoCl4 ] 2 [Co( H 2O) 6 ][Cl ]4

C1 : CuCl42- (aq)+ 6H2O(l)

2 [Co( H 2O) 6 ][Cl ]4 Kc 2 [CoCl4 ]

Cu(H2O)2+(aq) + 4Cl-

C1 : CuCl42- (aq)+ 6H2O(l)

Cu(H2O)2+(aq) + 4Cl-

Kc

2 [CoCl4 ] 2 [Co( H 2O) 6 ][Cl ]4

6.4

Predict equilibrium direction if HCl is used instead of NaOH in A3 test tube.

Please explain your answer. If HCl is added into the A3 test tube instead of NaOH , the colour of the solution will still the same . When HCl is added , it provide H+ ions that will combine with SCN- ions to form conjugate acid , thiocyanic acid (HSCN) . HSCN have triple bond and not easy to form . They are still free to form Fe(SCN)2+ions . The direction of equilibrium still the same . Fe3+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) [FeSCN] 2+ (aq)

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7.0

DISCUSSION:

7.1 Effect of Concentration In this experiment, Le Chateliers principle is used to explore the effect of concentration on equilibrium system. Fe(NO3)3 and KSCN were used where the changes colour between the reaction indicated the equilibrium system of a solution. When 1ml yellow colour of Fe(NO3)3 mixed with 1ml colourless KSCN, the dark red Fe(SCN)2+ ion complexes are formed. After all, the colour was too beneath, therefore, 25ml distilled water was added into the mixed solution so that the solution was diluted enough to be seen the colour changes in the system. The solution was then distributed equally in 4 test tubes. In test tube A1, 1ml Fe(NO3)3 is added. Since Fe3+ is added to system which was already in equilibrium, this caused too much Fe3+ present in the system. According to Le Chateliers principle, the equilibrium shifted to the right to remove excess Fe3+. The colour changes in solution will be more darker. The result obtained from the experiment is consistent with the principle of Le Chateliers. In test tube A1, the colour changes turned from light red to red. Fe3+ (aq) + SCN-(aq) (yellow) (colourless) Fe(SCN)2+(aq) (dark red)

In test tube A2, 1ml KSCN was added. When SCN- was added to the system which was already in equilibrium, this would have been too much SCN- present in the system. According to Le Chateliers principle, the equilibrium shifted to right in order to remove excess SCN- to maintain the equilibrium of the system. Thus, the colour of solution in A2 changed to be darker. The result obtained from experiment is consistent with the principle of Le Chateliers principle. For test tube A2 the colour changed from light red to dark red as there was more SCN- .

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In test tube A3, 8 drops of NaOH were added. Even though NaOH was not part of the equilibrium reaction given, it still affect the system of equilibrium. When NaOH was added into the solution, Fe3+ in the equilibrium system reacted with OH- ion presented in NaOH added to form precipitate Fe(OH)3. Fe(OH)3 was insoluble in water. Adding of NaOH precipitated the Fe3+ as Fe(OH)3 from the equilibrium system. The reaction equation is as below. Fe3+(aq) (from equilibrium) 3OH-(aq) (from NaOH)

Fe(OH)3(aq) (solid precipitate)

Since insoluble Fe(OH)3 was precipitated, amount of Fe3+ in equilibrium system decreased. With reference to Le Chateliers principle, to maintain the equilibrium back, the equilibrium shifted to left to restore Fe3+ and the colour in test tube changed to be lighter. The result obtained in experiment is consistent with the principle. The colour in test tube A3 changed from light red to yellow and precipitate was formed.

7.2 Effect of Temperature

Two experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between temperature and equilibrium system , which is at water bath and also soak in ice . The experiments were carried out to study the temperature effect on Co(II) and Cu(II)ion complex . The CoCl2.6H2O or [Co(H2O)6]Cl2 is a deep purple coloured solid. It forms a purple coloured solution when is dissolved in water. The colour of [Co(H2O)6]2+ ion is pink. In equilibrium , the solution has small amount of [CoCl4]2- (blue colour) . The combination of these two colours produce the final colour of solution which is in purple colour . Co(H2O)62+ (aq) + 4Cl- (aq) (pink) CoCl42- (aq) + 6H2O (l) (blue)

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Firstly , hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added into CoCl2 , the purple coloured solution appeared . The solution then was evenly distributed to 3 test tubes B1,B2,B3 . Solution B3 left in room temperature as control variable . Initially both Co(H20)62+ ions (pink colour) and CoCl42- ions (blue colour) were present , therefore the solution is in purple colour . The reaction above is an endothermic reaction . According to Le Chateliers principle , when the solution is heated , temperature of the system increases , the equilibrium shift to the right to remove excess heat , forming more CoCl42-ions (blue colour) . The purple colour of solution turned to darker colour . But if cooling , the equilibrium system shifted to left to replenish the heat . The Co(H20)62+ ions increases (pink colour) , therefore the solution turned to lighter colour . The test tube B1 was put in the ice , the solution change from purple to pink colour . The test tube B2 was put in water bath of 660C , the solution turn from purple to violet colour .

For the second experiment , CuCl2 was used to replace CoCl2 . The colour of CuCl42- ions are yellow . In equilibrium , the solution contains small amount of Cu(H20)62+ ions (blue colour) . CuCl42- (aq) + (yellow) Cu(H2O)62+(aq) (blue) 4Cl-(aq)

H2O(l)

After adding HCl, the solution was distributed equally into test tube labeled C1, C2 and C3. Solution in test tube C3 was left in room temperature as a control variable. At room temperature, both the yellow CuCl42- and blue Cu(H2O)62+ ions were present in significant amounts, giving green color to the solution . The reaction is an endothermic reaction. According to Le Chateliers principle , heating the solution shifts the equilibrium to the right in order to remove excess heat, forming more blue Cu(H2O)62+. Since more Cu(H2O)62+ ions presented, when it mixed with CuCl42- ions, the green color of solution turned to lighter color. But if cooling the equilibrium system shifted to left in order

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to replenish the heat. More yellow CuCl42- ions appeared. Therefore, the green solution turned to lighter colour . In test tube C1 where the solution was cooling, the green color changed to light green color. , in test tube C2 where the solution was heating, the green color of solution turned to light green color.

A few precautions were taken in the experiment . Before taking acidic HCl solution , must wear gloves , mask and lab coat . If the acidic solution contact with skin , must wash it off quickly with water . The solution after the experiment must be gathered and neutralized using proper method before throw it. The figure below shows the colour changes between in test tubes B and in test tubes C.

8.0

CONCLUSION: The objective is achieved where Le Chatelier's principle is used in this experiment

to determine the changes in equilibrium systems. From the experiment, we found the factor that affect the equilibrium system which are concentration and temperature. Other than that, the equilibrium system is also affected by other factors such as pressure and volume.

The Le Chatelier's Principle explained the chemistry phenomenon behind the color changes taking place in the experiment. It states that if a system is subjected to a stress, the system will react to remove the stress. To remove the stress, the reactions will either shifted to the right and formed more products, decreasing the reactants or shifted to the left and form more reactants, decreasing the products. Le Chatelier's Principle was then predicted which side the reaction would be shifted.

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7.0

References

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html

http://www.nlu.edu/chemistry/courses/manuals/chem1010/experiment_06.pdf

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