GAS Oil System, Steam & Condense Return & Steam Trace Insulation Specification

MINISTRY OF ENERGY
IRAN POWER DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

I.P.D.C
PROJECT: SHIRVAN 6x159 M.W. GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
GAS oil system, Steam & Condense Return
& steam trace insulation specification
IN-HOUSE REVISIONS DOCUMENT REVISIONS
B B
A FOR APPROVAL A.M JUN.05 A.S.M JUN.05 E.A JUN.05 A FOR APPROVAL A.M JUN.05 A.S.M JUN.05 E.A JUN.05
0 FOR APPROVAL A.M MAR.05 A.S.M MAR.05 E.A MAR.05 0 FOR APPROVAL A.M MAR.05 A.S.M MAR.05 E.A MAR.05
REV. DESCRIPTION DESG. DATE CHK. DATE APP. DATE REV. DESCRIPTION DESG. Date CHK. Date APP. Date
VENDOR:
KHERAD WATER TREATMENT CO.
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MAPNA CO.
(PRIVATE JOINT STOCK)
IRAN POWER PLANT PROJECT MANACEMENT CO.
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MP-SVG-18ME-11-RG0-006
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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INDEX
1. SUBJECT
2. SCOPE
3. CLIMATIC CONDITION
4. APPLICATION OF INSULATING MATERIAL
4.1. Hot insulation
5. APPLICATION OF THE FINISHING MATERIALS
5.1. Hot insulation
6. INSULATING THICKNESSES
APPENDIX 1: Main characteristics of insulating material
APPENDIX 2: Solution Of Heat Transfer Formulas And Equations
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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SUBJECT
This document contains the minimum technical requirements which are necessary for part of
Shirvan Gas Turbine Power Plant.
Insulation is applied to the following:
- Piping, fitting and in-line components
- Equipment such as
- Vessels
- Tanks
- Exchangers
- Valves and flanges
- Equipment manholes
- Inspection doors, if there is no insulating lining
- Flanged couplings of conduits
- Stiffening ribs
- Instrumentation, limited only to level manifolds
- Metallic expansion compensators.
Belonging to the following systems:
Fuel oil, steam, condensate return & steam trace pipe work : Where required by
the relevant P&ID
Insulation will not be applied to:
- Steam traps
- Manometers, thermometers and body of instruments
- Expansion compensators of the textile type, for which a different technical specification will
apply.
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1. SCOPE
a) The aim of the technical procedure is that of giving some general applications on the
material to be used and the limit conditions of use as well as to define the functional
characteristics of the systems and relative restrictions to which they may be subjected.
This technical procedure contains general aplications and it shall be applied to all cases not
needing special requirements. Regarding the definition of possible bonds and specific
material to be used, reference shall be made to the specific technical specifications attached
to the present document which include a detailed description of the insulation.
In particular, the present specification is intended to:
- Define the insulating material used for each type of insulation
- Define, for each type of material, the limit chemical-physical characteristics which must be
certified by the supplier through appropriate documentation
- Define the material for the external finishing and the accessories suitable for the type of
insulation applied, in accordance with the methodologies described
b) Applicable documents, cods and standards:
ASTM C592 Standard specification for mineral fiber blanket/felt insulation (metal-mesh
covered)(industrial type)
ASTM C680 Determination of heat gain and the surface temperatures of insulated pipe and
equipment system
2. CLIMATIC CONDITION
- Abs minimum temperature -30 C
- Abs maximum temperature 42.3 C
- Desing ambient temperature 15 C
- Humidity (Max/Min) 88% / 23%
- Design wind velocity 144
km
/
hr
(40

m
/
s
)

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4. APPLICATION OF INSULATING MATERIAL
4.1. Hot insulation
4.1.1. Piping
Line components and piping will be insulated with rock insulating blankets or else with
premoulded insulating preformed, according to the operating temperature and the
requirements of the specific technical specification, if any.
The premoulded insulated will be normally utilized within the diameter-thickness range
available in the market. If requested thickness implied the application of a double layer,
then it will be necessary to always use premoulded blocks suitable for the measuring
requested.
The bends will be obtained from the preformed, cut to measure according to the
segments of the external covering that will be a aluminum 99.5% with 10 mm(min)
overlapping. The use of packed insulating blankets within the external finishing up to
density of approximately 100 kg/m
3
will only be admitted in the case of diameters up to
2 included.
Premoulded insulation preformed will be applied dry and then tied up with annealed
galvanized iron wire having a minimum diameter of 1.2 mm up to a covered diameter of
200 mm, with wire of 1.5 mm diameter for covered diameters going from 200 up to 500
mm and with galvanized straps of 16x0.5 mm for higher diameters.
For the intersections it will be necessary to shape the premoulded performed whereas
for the pipe-joints the use of insulating blankets will be admitted.
In the case of flanges and valves which are either fixed or can be dismantled,
insulating blankets of 100 kg/m
3
will always be used.
Empty spaces, if any will be tamped with loose insulating material.
Depending on the temperature of the line, the supplier shall provide for suitable
expansion joints. The insulating blanket used for the insulation of piping will have a
density of approximately 100 kg/m
3
always quilted on outside of the pipe.
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Up to 100 mm only single layer insulation will be adopted. For thicknesses exceeding
such value multiple layers will be applied. Each layer will be staggered at least 150 mm
with respect to the layer underneath.
The thickness of the insulating material of each layer will be the same. The difference
with adjacent layers should not exceed 10 mm.
The insulating blanket will be cut to measure and then tightly applied to the piping and
tied up with annealed galvanized iron wire with a minimum diameter of 1.2 mm.
Regarding covered diameters exceeding 600 mm, the insulating material will be tied up
with galvanized straps.
Each premoulded block or insulating blanket will be tied up at least three times per
meter and two times per section.
The longitudinal and circumferential joints of the insulating blanket will be sawn with
annealed galvanized iron wire having a minimum diameter of 0.8 mm.
When applying the insulating blankets or moulded blocks on vertical components the
insulating material will be sustained by suitable metallic clamps bolted to the manifold.
4.1.2. Equipments
No welding is usually allowed on the equipment for which reason the supply should
provide for an adequate bolted or other system to support the insulating material, thus
preventing the sliding and consequent sacking of the material.
Only in some categories of equipment appropriate anchoring system will be
prearranged for fixing the insulating material. The type and quantity of the anchoring
points will be indicated in the drawings of the equipment.
The insulating material will be tied up with straps closed with appropriate seals.
Circumferential binding will be positioned with threads of 330 mm and at least two
straps per sector.
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The insulating material used for conical or convex bottoms will be fixed with straps
positioned radially along the circumference with a thread not exceeding 300 mm.
In the middle the straps will be fixed with a floating ring made of an iron rod of 8 mm
diameter.
When is the insulation is preformed with panels, these should be cut to measure
following the edge of the surface to be covered. An expansion joint should be
performed where there is an anchoring point, at the maximum distance of 5 meters in
accordance to the operating temperature.
The utilization of insulating blankets will not only require the above mentioned binding
but also the sawing of the edges with annealed galvanized iron wire.
The minimum displacement between the insulating layers will be 100 mm, half sector
for insulation with panels and 300 mm for insulation with blankets.
The insulation of equipment sustained by skirts should be extended over the skirt for at
least 600 mm from the lower tangency line. Reduction to 300 mm will be possible for
insulating thicknesses up to 50 mm.
4.1.3. Storage tanks
where required, the storage tanks will be insulated with glass or rock wool. The relative
thickness will be indicated in each particular technical specification or in the
component drawing.
The insulating material will be fixed with three straps for each meter of height,
mechanically stretched and fixed with suitable seals. The length of each section should
not exceed 15 meters.
An expansion joint has been provided for at a distance not exceeding 6 meters. The
joint will be filled with an insulating blanket made of compressed mineral wool.
It may be fixed with straps, hot oxidized bitumen or cold pastes. In any case, the
bottom of the plates must be fixed to prevent the backwater along the water way.
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In the case of tanks with float roofs the insulating material will be extended up to the
top walk way. The area above the walkway will not be insulated.
The storage tanks with conical or convex roofs, the insulating material will be applied
on the shell. The specific technical specification will define the type of insulation
needed for the roof.
If the roof had to be insulated, then insulating blankets of 100 kg/m
3
could be used
instead of the insulating panels, except for the pedestrian areas which require panels
of 100 kg/m
3
of density or panels with oriented fibers of 100 kg/m
3
of density.
5. APPLICATION OF FINISHING MATERIAL
All external finishing of insulation will be of the metal type and carried out with aluminum,
according to that indicated in the relative specification.
Finishing works will usually be carried out with the under mentioned thickness according to the
type of the sheet required, except for the different requirements to be defined from time to time:
Aluminum : for piping with diameter up to 12=THK 0.6mm
For piping with diameter from 12 to 24=THK 0.8 mm
For piping with diameter above 30 and equipment = THK 1.0 mm
The camber material must be compatible with the surface it comes into contact with; welding of
different materials are not allowed so as to prevent any phenomenon of electrolytic corrosion.
No welding can be carried out on pressure containing parts.
5.1. Hot insulation
5.1.1. Piping
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The supporting camber for finishing works will be usually carried out with a 30x3 mm flat bar
and with spacers of the same profile, which are applied at an outer distance of approximately
300 mm by means of welding.
The supporting camber structure will be assembled whenever the external finishing weight
may suggest any possibility of squashing of the insulating material and difficult centering of
finishing bars.
The supporting camber on horizontal sections is required in any case for coated diameters
which are longer than 600 mm; the supporting camber structure will be positioned along
vertical sections at a distance not exceeding 4 m and whenever there is the likelihood of the
settlement of finishing which has not been properly supported.
The compensation joint, which might not correspond with that on the sheet, shall be always
carried out with stiff insulating material, too.
For longitudinal joints, the minimum surmounting is:
- 20 mm for diameters coated up to 140 mm.
- 30 mm for diameters coated up to 300 mm.
- 50 mm in any other case.
Supporting elements will not be insulated.
5.1.2. Equipment
The design specification will establish whether welding on equipment skirts or bottoms be
allowed or not.
For vertical equipment tested by the Bodies in charge, no welding will be allowed in any
case and the supporting camber will be provided for by the mechanical worker according to
the customers standard typology.
The contractor shall verify the suitability of the devices adopted and complete them
according to the needs.
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Circumferential and longitudinal supporting camber are allowed; in the latter case, the
contractor shall establish is position and number so to avoid any finishing sheet belly
effect.
One layer of separation between supporting camber and sheet will be installed on all the
supporting camber, no matter what the operating temperature is.
The sheet will be assembled with a minimum surmount of 50 mm above longitudinal and
circumferential joints, and secured with self-tapping screws or rivets, as indicated for the
piping.
Smooth sheets will be assembled at an angle making them waterproof and sealed in case
any rain water coming in through sheet cuts or joints be likely.
Suitable finishing stencils will be applied near protrusions, ladder and gangway connection
and any other interruption of the outer finishing .
For horizontal and vertical equipment with diameter coat l beyond 1500mm.
The supplier may choose the installation of the longitudinally bent sheet rather than the
roller levelled one; in any case, pinches shall be calculated in such a number so as to allow
the finishing work over a cylindrical surface.
Supporting elements will not be insulated except for different requirements in the special
specification.
Any reinforcing rings will be insulated; instead.
5.1.3. Storage tanks
The finishing sheet is always provided for in the sawn type for the skirt and with the
thickness indicated for the applicable type of finishing work.
For fixed roof tanks, the finishing work, when requested, shall be carried out with flat sheet,
properly shaped and provided with reinforcing bend, surmounting the adjacent sheet of at
least 50 mm and sealed along all joint edges; sheets will be such as to minimize the number
needed for a complete coating.
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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For long diameter tanks, a finishing work with non shaped sheets is allowed; these are
machined at the edges only, so as to suit to the tank perimeter.
The supporting camber will be preferably made with channel sections along the
circumference and with flat spacers
The fastening to the skirt will be made by means of welding when this procedure is possible;
on the contrary, vertical rods will be assembled, and above said supporting camber will be
welded to them.
In this case, welding will be allowed only on the stringer, the central reinforcing ring, the
railing or gangway and the angle bar of the roof Stringer, if external to the skirt only.
The vertical distance of the supporting camber shall not exceed 2.5 metres.
Should the welding be allowed, the anchoring system can be made of handles; a stainless
steel strap, minimum 50 mm wide, will be tensioned among these and the finishing will be
fastened to it.
The securing of the finishing will be made by means of self-tapping screws or rivets where
the supporting camber is located, always with rivets on sheet joints outside the supporting
camber structure.
The finishing will be of the sawn type for side walls and connections with hoods on the
heads; flat, diamond point type for hoods and feed boxes; hoods can be proposed even with
sawn sheet.
The sheet will be uniform above hood and wall reinforcements; if vertical rods protruding
more than reinforcements were on walls, they will be insulated with independent box made
of smooth or sawn sheet.
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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6. INSULATING THICKNESSES
6.1. Thicknesses for hot insulation
The thicknesses for hot insulation have been calculated with the following formula and
summed up in TABLE 1 attached. They represent a valid indication for most of the systems to
which the present specification is applied.
INSULATION THICKNESS CALCULATION FORMULAS
A) Rate of heat loss through the insulation
) (
1
.
' . 2
1000 /
.
. 2
1000 /
) (
1
a s
a
T T f
f d
D
Ln
K
D
d
d
Ln
K
D
T T

+ +
Heat transfer surface coefficient

f=(f
r
+f
c
)
With :
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
4 4
100
273
100
273
.
) (
. 67 . 5
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
E
f
and as per ASTM C680 paragraph 7.4.6.3:
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
) . 85665 . 2 1 .( ) .(
32 8 , 1 ). 2 / ) ((
1 1
. 88 . 12 Wv T T
T T D
f
a s
a s
C
+
,
_
+ +
,
_
if D>600 then D=600

where :
d: pipe outside diameter (mm)
d
1
: pipe inside diameter (mm)
D: exterior diameter of pipe insulation (mm)=d+2 Th.min
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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E: Radiation emissivity for the insulation cladding
f: heat transfer surface coefficient (W/m
2
K)
K: thermal conductivity of steel (W/mK)
K
: thermal conductivity of insulation (W/mK)

T: operating fluid temperature (C)
Ta: ambient temperature (C)
Ts: temperature of insulation external surface (C)
Wv: wind velocity (m/s)
They have been calculated on the basis of the following parameters:
- Maximum surface temperature: Ts=50C
- Maximum dispersion: Q= 250 W/m
2
Maximum dispersion usually prevails with respect to the other conditions.
6.1. The solution of mentioned heat transfer formulas which results in generating and
preparation of Table 1, exists in appendix 2.
6.2. The insulation for the protection of the personnel is shown in Table No.1. For this type
of insulation, the maximum surface temperature admitted will be approximately 50C.
6.3. With reference to 6.2. gas oil pipes with steam tracing shall be insulated according to
this specification as hot insulation also steam and condensate lines shall be insulated accordingly.
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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TABLE No 1
Insulation thicknesses for heat conservation and personal protection

NOMINAL
DIAMETER
mm
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
C
150 200 250 300
25 30 30 30 40
40 30 30 40 50
80 30 30 40 50
100 30 30 40 50
150 30 30 40 60
200 30 30 50 60
250 30 30 50 60
300 30 30 50 60
350 30 30 50 60
400 30 30 50 60
450 30 30 50 60
500 30 40 50 60
600 30 40 50 60
700 30 40 50 60
800 30 40 50 60
1000 30 40 50 70
1300 30 40 50 70
FLAT SURFACE 30 40 50 70
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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APPENDIX 1
Main characteristics of the insulating material
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Material ROCK WOOL INSULATING BLANKETS
Density 100 kg/m
3
Density kg/m
3
100
Average temperature conductivity
C

W/m
K
Conductivity 50 0.040
100 0.046
150 0.055
200 0.067
250 0.081
300 0.098
350 -------
average diameter of fibers: 5 8 microns
specific heat: 0.2 kcal/kg
C
hygroscopicity: 0.5% in weight
maximum operating temperature: 650
C per 100 kg/m

3
Material ROCK WOOL INSULATING PANELS
Density 100 kg/m
3
Density kg/m
3
100
C

W/m
K
100 0.043
150 0.051
200 0.062
250 0.076
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
C
C per 100 kg/m

3
Material ROCK WOOL PREMOULDED PREFORMED
Density 100 kg/m
3

C

W/m
K
100 0.050
150 0.061
200 0.075
250 0.093
300 0.115
average diameter of fibers: 7 - 10 microns
C
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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C
Material GLASS WOOL INSULATING BLANKETS
Density 65 kg/m
3
Density kg/m
3
65
C

W/m
K
100 0.042
150 0.050
200 0.060
250 0.071
C
C per 65 kg/m
3
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Material GLASS WOOL INSULATING PANELS
Density 65 kg/m
3
Density kg/m
3
65
C

W/m
K
100 0.042
150 0.050
200 0.060
250 0.071
C
C per 65 kg/m
3
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Material GLASS WOOL MOULDED BLOCKS
Density 65 kg/m
3

C

W/m
K
100 0.042
150 0.052
200 0.065
C
C
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`
APPENDIX 2
Solution Of Heat Transfer Formulas And Equations
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I- Heat transfer investigation considering proposal documents conditions:
In proposal documents it is mentioned that ambient design temperature is 15
o
C and it is noted that
temperature of gasoil is maximum 12
o
C. So in this case gasoil pipes surface temperature never
reaches to 50
o
C and also in this case if any kind of heat transferring took place, it would be from air to
gasoil (As far as air has got higher temperature compare to gasoil temperature).In the other hand it is
better to say that in this case bared piping installation has more advantages.
II- Heat transfer investigation considering minimum absolute ambient temperature:
For investigation of this case it is assumed that ambient air temperature around the pipe is -30
o
C and
wind velocity is 40m/sec.
As gasoil temperature is 12
o
C so it is impossible that the temperature of insulation surface reaches to
50
o
C(personal protection). For investigation of the other condition (Heat loss < 250 watt/m
2
) the
following equation which has been declared in the proposal documents should be solved:
A) RATE OF HEAT LOSS THROUGH THE INSULATION
) (
1
) (
' . 2
1000 /
)
1
( .
. 2
1000 /
) (
a s
A
T T f
f d
D
Ln
K
D
d
d
Ln
K
D
T T

+ +
B) HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE COEFFICIENT

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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
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) (
c r
f f f +
where:
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
4 4
100
273
100
273
) (
. 67 . 5
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
E
f
and as per ASTM C680 paragraph 7.4.6.3:
( )
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
85665 . 2 1 ) ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) ((
1
.
1
. 88 . 12 Wv T T
T T D
f
a s
a s
c
+
,
_
+ +
,
_
d- pipe outside diameter(mm)

d1- pipe inside diameter(mm)
D- exterior diameter of pipe insulation(mm)
E- radiation emissivity for the insulation cladding=0.35
e- heat transfer surface coefficient (W/m
2
K)
K- thermal conductivity of steel (W/m.K)
K- thermal conductivity of insulation(W/m.K)
T- operating fluid temperature(
o
C)
Ta- ambient temperature(
o
C)
Ts- temperature of insulation external surface(
o
C)
Wv- wind velocity(m/s)
Above equations are solved for pipe with 16 diameter and 30mm insulation thickness. As far as the
mentioned equations can not be solved via analytic methods ,it is necessary equations to be solved
through numerical methods. After solving the equations Ts=-28.50
o
C is achieved for equations. For
checking the answer it is enough to substitute Ts with -28.5 in order to verify if it is true or not

d
pipe inside diameter
(mm) 386.96
d
pipe outside diameter (mm)
406
D
exterior diameter of pipe insulation (mm)
466
E
radiation emissivity for insulation
0.35
K
thermal conductivity of steel(W/mK)
44
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
K'
thermal conductivity of insulation(W/m.K)
0.031
T
operating fluid temperature
C 12
Ta
ambient temperature
C -30
Ts
temperature of insulation external surface
C -28.50
Wv
wind velocity (m/sec)
40
Substituting in equations for verification:
) (
c r
f f f +
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
4 4 4 4
100
273 30
100
273 5 . 28
) 30 5 . 28 (
35 . 0 * 67 . 5
100
273
100
273
) (
. 67 . 5
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
E
f
So fr=1.149
( )
013 . 26 ) 40 * 85665 . 2 1 ( * ) 30 5 . 28 ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) 30 5 . 28 ((
1
.
466
1
* 88 . 12
85665 . 2 1 ) ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) ((
1
.
1
. 88 . 12
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
Wv T T
T T D
f
a s
a s
c
So
f=(26.01+1.15)=27.16
40 95 . 39
16 . 27
1
)
406
466
(
0315 . 0 * 2
1000 / 466
)
96 . 386
406
(
44 * 2
1000 / 466
) 30 ( 12
1
) (
' . 2
1000 /
)
1
( .
. 2
1000 /
) (
+ +

+ +
Ln Ln
f d
D
Ln
K
D
d
d
Ln
K
D
T T
A
f(Ts-Ta) 40
As it is seen -28.5 is valid in both equations so it is the answer of coupled heat transfer equations. It
should be mentioned that above coupled heat transfer equations have only one answer and this
subject has been proved by graphical method on the next page. Of course this amount (-28.5) was
predictable because of outdoor air condition (-30
o
C and wind velocity 40 m/sec). According to equation
A amount of heat transfer flux is 40 watt/m
2
which is less than allowable heat flux (250 watt/m
2
). So
30mm insulation thickness satisfies both conditions(personal protection and heat flux<250 watt/m
2
)
for 16 diameter pipe. Point the finger that if these conditions ,-30
o
C and wind velocity 40 m/sec, take
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
place at site (that never happens) , fuel pipes never encounter the mentioned weather conditions
because the pipes are located in trenches and other closed zones.
As far as heat transfer surface is going to be decrease for pipes with diameter less than 16, so heat
flux would be decreased too. Although this matter is completely logical and dialectic, but above
equations are solved for 5 diameter pipe with 30 mm thickness insulation:
If coupled equations are solved for 5 pipe diameter with 30mm insulation thickness through
numerical method , Ts=-28.80
o
C is achieved as equation answer. For examining the answer it is
necessary to substitute mentioned amount with Ts in equations.
d
(mm) 128.2
d
141.3
D
201.3
E
radiation emissivity for insulation
0.35
K
thermal conductivity of steel (W/mK)
44
K'
thermal conductivity of insulation (W/mK)
0.031
T
operating fluid temperature C
12
Ta
ambient temperature C
-30
Ts
temperature of insulation external surface C
-28.80
Wv
40
Substituting for verification:
) (
c r
f f f +
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
4 4 4 4
100
273 30
100
273 8 . 28
) 30 8 . 28 (
35 . 0 * 67 . 5
100
273
100
273
) (
. 67 . 5
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
E
f
So f
r
=1.147
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
( )
9846332 . 28 ) 40 * 85665 . 2 1 ( * ) 30 8 . 28 ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) 30 8 . 28 ((
1
.
201
1
* 88 . 12
85665 . 2 1 ) ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) ((
1
.
1
. 88 . 12
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
Wv T T
T T D
f
a s
a s
c
So f=(28.9846+1.14748)=30.1321
15 . 36
1321 . 30
1
)
128
201
(
0315 . 0 * 2
1000 / 201
)
2 . 128
3 . 141
(
44 * 2
1000 / 201
) 30 ( 12
1
) (
' . 2
1000 /
)
1
( .
. 2
1000 /
) (
+ +

+ +
Ln Ln
f d
D
Ln
K
D
d
d
Ln
K
D
T T
A
f(Ts-Ta) 36.18
As it is seen amount -28.8
o
C satisfies the both equations and it is answer of equations. Heat transfer
amount is 36.18 watt/m
2
according to equation A which is much less than allowable rate
(250watt/m
2
). So 30mm insulation thickness is enough for 5 pipe because satisfies two heat transfer
conditions (personal protection and heat flux<250 watt/m
2
).
Steam Pipes:
Procedure of heat flux amount achieving is just like the gasoil pipes .Heat flux conditions will be
examine for maximum and minimum steam pipes(10 and 1/2)
If coupled equations are solved for 10 pipe diameter with 30mm insulation thickness through
o
necessary to substitute mentioned amount with Ts in equations
d
(mm) 254.46
d
273
D
333
E
radiation emissivity for insulation (W/mK)
0.35
K
44
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
K'
0.031
T
180
Ta
-30
Ts
-25.15
Wv
40
) (
c r
f f f +
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
4 4 4 4
100
273 30
100
273 15 . 25
) 30 15 . 25 (
35 . 0 * 67 . 5
100
273
100
273
) (
. 67 . 5
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
E
f
So fr=1.174
( )
18 . 39 ) 40 * 85665 . 2 1 ( * ) 30 15 . 25 ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) 30 15 . 25 ((
1
.
333
1
* 88 . 12
85665 . 2 1 ) ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) ((
1
.
1
. 88 . 12
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
Wv T T
T T D
f
a s
a s
c
So f=(1.174+39.18)=40.354
195
354 . 40
1
)
273
333
(
0315 . 0 * 2
1000 / 333
)
46 . 254
273
(
44 * 2
1000 / 333
) 30 ( 180
1
) (
' . 2
1000 /
)
1
( .
. 2
1000 /
) (
+ +

+ +
Ln Ln
f d
D
Ln
K
D
d
d
Ln
K
D
T T
A
f(Ts-Ta) 195
o
amount is 195 watt/m
2
according to equation A which is less than allowable rate (250watt/m
2
). So
30mm insulation thickness is enough for 10 steam pipes.
If coupled equations are solved for 1/2 steam pipe diameter with 30mm insulation thickness through
o
necessary to substitute mentioned amount with Ts in equations
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
d
(mm) 15.76
d
21.3
D
81.3
E
radiation emissivity for insulation (W/mK)
0.35
K
44
K'
0.031
T
180
Ta
-30
Ts
-27.34
Wv
40
Substituting in equations:
) (
c r
f f f +
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
+

,
_
4 4 4 4
100
273 30
100
273 34 . 27
) 30 34 . 27 (
35 . 0 * 67 . 5
100
273
100
273
) (
. 67 . 5
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
E
f
So fr=1.157
( )
44 . 43 ) 40 * 85665 . 2 1 ( * ) 30 34 . 27 ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) 30 34 . 27 ((
1
.
3 . 81
1
* 88 . 12
85665 . 2 1 ) ( *
32 8 . 1 * ) 2 / ) ((
1
.
1
. 88 . 12
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
5 . 0 266 . 0
181 . 0
2 . 0
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
Wv T T
T T D
f
a s
a s
c
So f=(1.157+43.44)=44.59
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY
I.P.D.C
119
59 . 44
1
)
3 . 21
3 . 81
(
0315 . 0 * 2
1000 / 3 . 81
)
76 . 15
3 . 21
(
44 * 2
1000 / 3 . 81
) 30 ( 180
1
) (
' . 2
1000 /
)
1
( .
. 2
1000 /
) (
+ +

+ +
Ln Ln
f d
D
Ln
K
D
d
d
Ln
K
D
T T
A
f(Ts-Ta) 119
o
amount is 119 watt/m
2
according to equation A which is less than allowable rate (250watt/m
2
). So
30mm insulation thickness is enough for 1/2 steam pipes.
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY

IRAN POWER DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

Heat transfer surface coefficient

if D>600 then D=600

: thermal conductivity of insulation (W/mK)

C per 100 kg/m

C per 100 kg/m

B) HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE COEFFICIENT

d- pipe outside diameter(mm)

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