Linear Kinetics

Newtons Laws
Objectives: Define linear kinetics, internal & external forces Understand and apply Newtons three laws of motion Describe the common types of forces that act on humans

Kinetics study of the relationship between the forces acting on a system and the motion of the system Linear Motion (Translation) All parts of an object or system move the same distance in the same direction at the same time Linear Kinetics The kinetics of particles, objects, or systems undergoing linear motion

Internal vs. External Forces

Internal Force : is applied to a system from within the system External Force : is applied to a system from outside the system
Fexternal#3 System Finternal Fexternal#2 Fexternal#1

1st Law (Law of Inertia)

A body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. If there is no net external force acting on a body: if the bodys center of mass is not moving, it will remain motionless. if the bodys center of mass is in motion, it will continue to move at a constant velocity (i.e. at the same speed in the same direction)

2nd Law (Law of Acceleration)

3rd Law (Law of Reaction)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If body 1 applies a force to body 2, then body 1 experiences a reaction force from body 2: of the same magnitude at the same point in the opposite direction Freaction
Faction

F=ma
where: F : net external force acting on a body m : mass of the body a : linear acceleration of the body center of mass If there is a net external force acting on a body, the acceleration of the bodys center of mass is: directly proportional to the net force inversely proportional to the bodys mass in the direction of the net force

Example Problem #1
A cyclist is coasting down a straight hill at 8 m/s. The mass of the cyclist + bicycle are 80 kg. The slope of the hill is 15 The weight of the cyclist + bicycle produces a force of 203 N directed down the hill (and a force of 758 N directed into the hill). What is the acceleration of the cyclist + bicycle down the hill? What braking force directed up the hill would be required for the cyclist + bicycle to maintain a speed of 8 m/s down the hill?

Example Problem #2
A 60 kg gymnast is hanging in a stationary iron cross position on the rings. He pushes downward on each ring with a force of 313.2 N at an angle 20 medial of downward. What are the forces acting on the gymnast? Will the gymnast be able to remain stationary?

Example Problem #3
A 50 kg runner is running forward at 4 m/s. His heel contacts the ground with his lower limb at an angle of 60 from the horizontal in the sagittal plane. Assume that this contact results in a force of 2 times body weight being directed up his lower limb just after heel contact. What is the runners instantaneous linear acceleration just before and just after heel contact? What if the lower limb angle had been 45 instead?

Types of Forces
Contact Forces Forces pushing against or pulling on an object as the result of physical contact with another object. Contact forces in biomechanics include: forces applied from outside the body forces originating inside the body

Non-Contact Forces Forces that do not result from direct physical contact (e.g. weight)

Forces from Outside the Body

Resistive : normal force resulting from pressure against a rigid body Friction : acts over area of contact between two surfaces; opposes sliding between surfaces Elastic : produced by spring-like objects; elastic force is proportional to deformation Viscous : produced by fluids; viscous force is proportional to velocity Viscoelastic : combines behavior of a spring and a fluid; force depends on deformation, rate of deformation, and time Active : forces generated from added energy

Viscoelastic Forces
Most body tissues are viscoelastic Force produced by stretch increases with rate of stretch Under a constant applied force, the tissue will creep (i.e. slowly get longer or shorter)
slow medium fast Length Force Force time

Stretch

Ground Reaction Forces

The reaction forces that result from pushing against the ground or other supporting surface Ground reaction force resolved into 3 components: Vertical (normal) Up; Anterior; Medial force Anteroposterior 100 Vertical shear force Mediolateral shear force
Force (% body weight)

Joint Contact Force

Results from the contact of two adjacent articular surfaces (i.e. bone-on-bone contact) Joint contact forces are always compressive (directed into the bone) Because cartilage causes friction to be very small, joint contact forces are normal to the articular surface
Pelvis Fcontact Femur Fcontact

M/L

GRF acting on the foot during gait

A/P
Down; Posterior; Lateral

Muscle Force
Acts through the muscles tendons onto the bone at the origin and insertion Produces tensile forces on bone in the direction given by the tendons angle of insertion into the bone Forces produced at the origin & insertion are equal
origin tendon

Muscle Force Properties

Generates passive force when stretched Generates active force which depends on: Neural stimulation level Muscle length Muscle shortening / lengthening velocity Time (i.e. it takes time for force to increase or decrease )
150 Passive Active Total

Force (%)

Fmuscle

muscle
Force

100

shortening
50

lengthening

tendon

Fmuscle
0

insertion

-150

-100

-50

50

100

150

-5

-3

-1

Stretch (%)

Muscle Velocity (lengths/s)

Ligament Force
When stretched, ligaments produce a tensile force that acts onto the bone at the origin and insertion Direction of force is given by the ligaments angle of insertion into the bone Forces at the origin & insertion are equal Ligaments get stiffer as theyre stretched

Resultant Joint Force

In most cases, contact and muscle forces acting at a joint cannot be determined individually Resultant joint force = net force produced by joint contact and by all the structures that act across a joint (muscle, ligament, etc.) It acts at the joint center and is the composition of all forces acting at the joint.
Fcontact

origin

Fresultant
Fquads Fcontact Facl

Facl

ligament

Force

Facl
insertion
-2 0 2 4

knee joint center

Stretch (%)

Facl Fquads

Fhams

tibia

Fhams