Sine-Waves-Part I: June 20, 2010

Sine-Waves-Part I
Wireless Communications
June 20, 2010
(Wireless Communications) Sine-Waves-Part I June 20, 2010 1 / 45
Module 2: Sine Waves-Part I Sine and Cosine
Sine and Cosine
-1 0 1
-1
0
1
cos()
sin()
1
Radians versus Degrees
180

-1 0 1
-1
0
1
60
/3
cos(/3) =0.5
sin(/3) = 0.866
1
-1 0 1
-1
0
1
45
/4
cos(/4)
sin(/4)
1
-1 0 1
-1
0
1
135
3/4
cos(3/4)
sin(3/4)
-1 0 1
-1
0
1
315
7/4
cos(7/4)
sin(7/4)
Cosine
Plot cos() for = 0, /8, /4, 3/8, /2, ..., 2. Connect the dots.
/4 /2 3/4 5/4 3/2 7/4
2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0

Sine and Cosine, frequency 1 Hz
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Cosine(2 t)
S
i
n
e
(
2

t
)
0 1 2 3 4
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
time (s)
C
o
s
i
n
e
(
2

t
)
0 1 2 3 4
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
time (s)
S
i
n
e
(
2

t
)
0 1 2 3 4
0
1
2
3
4
5
time/Tb
p
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
/
(
3
6
0
)
Horizontal Translation Left=Advance
Consider a signal
x(t ) = cos(2t +/4)
x(t ) = cos(2t +2
1
8
)
= cos(2(t +1/8))
This is a horizontal translation left by 1/8. This is the same as an
advance by 1/8 because the time at which a peak occurs is ahead
by 1/8 of a second compared to the original.
The waveform cos(2(t +1/8)) leads the waveform cos(2t ) or
the waveform cos(2t ) lags the waveform cos(2(t +1/8)).
Advanced sine wave
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time (s)
c
o
s
(
2

t
+
/
4
)
cos(2 t)
cos(2 t+/4)
1/8
Horizontal Translation Right=Delay
Consider a signal
x(t ) = cos(2t /4)
x(t ) = cos(2t 2
1
8
)
= cos(2(t 1/8))
This is a horizontal translation right by 1/8. This is the same as a
delay by 1/8. This is the same as a delay by 1/8 because the time
at which a peak occurs later by 1/8 of a second compared to the
original.
Delayed sine wave
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
time
c
o
s
(
2

/
4
)
cos(2 t/4)
cos(2 t)
1/8 (s)
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Inphase
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
p
h
a
s
e
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Inphase
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
p
h
a
s
e
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
time
I
n
p
h
a
s
e
cos(2 t)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
time
I
n
p
h
a
s
e
cos(2 t/4)
1 0 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Inphase
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
p
h
a
s
e
0 1 2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time
I
n
p
h
a
s
e
cos(2 t)
0 1 2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time
I
n
p
h
a
s
e
cos(2 t/4)
Module 2: Sine Waves-Part I Amplitude, Phase, In-Phase, Quadrature
Decomposition into Sine and Cosine
Decomposition
cos(+) =cos()cos() sin()sin()
cos(2t +) = cos(2t )cos() sin(2t )sin()
= cos()cos(2t ) +sin()(sin(2t ))
Decomposition into a cosine and sine wave
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
cos(/4) cos(2 t)
sin(/4) (sin(2 t))
cos(2 t+/4)
time
cos(2 t+/4)= sin(/4) (sin(2 t)) cos(/4) cos(2 t)+
Proof: cos(+) = cos()cos() sin()sin()
+
A B C
D E
F
1 cos() =AC/AE
cos() =AE/AF
cos(+) =AB/AF
2 Angle AEF= 90 (by denition)
3 Angle AEC =90
4 Angle AED=
5 Angle DEF=90
6 Angle DFE=
7 AB =ACBC
BC =DE
8
cos(+) =
AB
AF
=
ACBC
AF
=
AC
AF

BC
AF
=
AC
AE
AE
AF

BC
EF
EF
AF
=
AC
AE
AE
AF

DE
EF
EF
AF
= cos() cos() sin() sin()
Find the decomposition of cos(2t +3/4)
cos(2t +3/4) = cos(2t ) sin(2t )
Signal Composition
Composition
acos(2t ) bsin(2t ) = c cos(2t +)
c =
_
a
2
+b
2
= tan
1
_
b
a
_
a
b
c
Composition: Proof
Start with Right Hand Side
c cos(2t +) = (
_
a
2
+b
2
)cos(2t +)
=
_
a
2
+b
2
[cos()cos(2t ) sin()sin(2t )]
=
_
_
a
2
+b
2
cos()
_
cos(2t )
_
_
a
2
+b
2
sin()
_
sin(2t )
= acos(2t ) bsin(2t )
a =
a
2
+b
2
cos()
b =
a
2
+b
2
sin()
a
2
+b
2

Composition of sinusoids (3-4-5 Triangle)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
3 cos(2 t)
4 sin(2 t)
5 cos(2 t+0.2952 )=
time
5

c
o
s
(
2

t
+

.
2
9
5
2
)
3 cos(2 t)4 sin(2 t)
3
4
5
Starting Point
Composition of sinusoids (30-60-90 Triangle)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
time
s(t)
3
2
cos(2t)
1
2
( sin(2t))
cos(2t + /3)
-1 0 1
-1
0
1
3
2
1
2
30
60
Starting Point
Find the composition of sinusoids with coefcients
1/
2 and 1/
2
cos(2t + ) =
1
2
cos(2t )
1
2
(sin(2t ))
Find the composition of sinusoids with coefcients
1/
2 and 1/
2
cos(2t + ) =
1
2
cos(2t ) (
1
2
)sin(2t )
Simple Way to Do Composition
Plot the coefcient of cos(2t ) and the coefcient of sin(2t ) on
the x y-plane.
The composition is then a cosine function with the starting point at
the plotted point.
Representation
For a sine/cosine wave we can represent it with an amplitude and
phase
s(t ) = c cos(2t +)
For a sine/cosine wave we can represent it with a component that
multiplies cos(2t ) and a component that multiplies sin(2t ).
s(t ) = acos(2t ) bsin(2t )
Representation
The c, representation is often called polar coordinate
representation.
The a, b representation is often called rectangular coordinate
representation.
a = c cos(), b = c sin()
c =
a
2
+b
2
, = tan
1
(
b
a
)
a
b
c

Examples (ll in the blanks)
c a b
1 0
1
1 /2
1 /2
1 1
1 -1
We will use these values in the next section using MATLAB.
Complex Number Representation
We can think of a and b as the real and imaginary part of a
complex number z = a+jb where j = i =
1.
The sum of two sinusoids of the same frequency but different
phases and amplitudes corresponds to the sum of the two pairs of
numbers. That is, if
s
1
(t ) = a
1
cos(2t ) b
1
sin(2t )
and
s
2
(t ) = a
2
cos(2t ) b
2
sin(2t )
then
s
1
(t ) +s
2
(t ) = (a
1
+a
2
)cos(2t ) (b
1
+b
2
)sin(2t )
Complex Number Representation
So we can represent a sinusoid by a complex number (a+jb)
where the real part represents the in-phase (cosine) term and the
imaginary part represents the quadrature-phase (-sine) term.
Alternatively we can represent a sinusoid by a magnitude and
phase c.
The addition of two sinusoids of the same frequency corresponds
to the addition of the complex number representations.
When we use complex numbers to represent sinusoids we have to
keep in mind that it is a representation at a given frequency.
Phase Shift
Suppose we have a sine wave with in-phase component a and
quadrature-phase component b.
Suppose we shift the phase by 90 degrees.
This corresponds to changing the in-phase and quadrature-phase
from (a, b) to (b, a).
If we write the I and Q values as a single complex number a+jb
then a 90 degree rotation corresponds to multiplying the complex
number a+jb by j . (a+jb)j =b +ja.
More conveniently we can use polar coordinates. If c and
represent the amplitude and phase and there is a phase shift by
then the amplitude remains the same but the phase has shifted by
.
Phase Shift
(a, b)
(b, a)
90

Phase Shift
Suppose we have a sinusoid with parameters a
1
and b
1
and want to
determine the parameters for the sinusoid that is a phase shift of the
rst sinusoid.
s
1
(t ) = a
1
cos(2t ) b
1
sin(2t )
= c
1
cos(2t +
1
), c
1
=
_
a
2
1
+b
2
1
,
1
= tan
1
(b
1
/a
1
)
s
2
(t ) = c
1
cos(2t +
1
+)
= c
2
cos(2t +
2
)
c
2
= c
1
2
=
1
+
1
Phase Shift
s
2
(t ) = c
1
cos(2t +
1
+)
s
2
(t ) = c
1
cos(
1
+)
. .
a
2
cos(2t ) c
1
sin(
1
+)
. .
b
2
sin(2t )
a
2
= c
1
cos(
1
+)
= c
1
cos(
1
)cos() c
1
sin(
1
)sin()
= a
1
cos() b
1
sin()
b
2
= c
1
sin(
1
+)
= c
1
sin(
1
)cos() +c
1
cos(
1
)sin()
= b
1
cos() +a
1
sin()
Rotating a vector
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
sin()
cos()
cos()
(a
1
, b
1
) (a
2
, b
2
)
a
b
Exercise:
Find the relation between (a
1
, b
1
) and (a
2
, b
2
) for several different
values of .
a
2
b
2
90 (/2) a
2
=b
1
b
2
= a
1
90 (/2) a
2
= b
2
=
180 ()
30 ()
Representation of a Sinusoid with Known Frequency
Rectangular Representation
A sinusoid can be represented as a weighted sum of a cosine
(in-phase) term and a sine (quadrature-phase) term.
s(t ) = acos(2t ) bsin(2t )
Polar Representation
A sinusoid can be represented as a cos wave some phase and
amplitude.
s(t ) = c cos(2t +)
Rotating Vectors
The horizontal and vertical components of a unit length rotating
vector sweeps out sinusoidal signals.
If the vector starts at the point (1,0) then the horizontal component
is cos(2t ).
If the vector starts at the point (1,0) then the vertical component is
sin(2t ).
We can think of the end point of the vector as a complex number
with the real part representing the horizontal component and the
imaginary part representing the vertical component.
In this case the point in the plane is cos(2t ) +j sin(2t ).
Complex Exponential
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
exp(j 2t)
cos(2t)
sin(2t)
Real
I
m
a
g
For convenience we right this as e
(j 2t)
= cos(2t ) +j sin(2t ).
Also e
(j 2t)
= cos(2t ) +j sin(2t ) = cos(2t ) j sin(2t ).
Thus Real[exp(j 2t )] = cos(2t ) and Imag[exp(j 2t )] = sin(2t )
Rotating Vectors
Notice that
cos(2t ) =
exp(j 2t ) +exp(j 2t )
2
sin(2t ) =
exp(j 2t ) exp(j 2t )
2j
Rotating a vector
To rotate using complex exponentials
(a
2
+jb
2
) = (a
1
+jb
1
)exp(j )
= (a
1
+jb
1
)(cos() +j sin())
= (a
1
cos() b
1
sin()) +j (b
1
cos() +a
1
sin())
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1
2
exp(j 2t)
1
2
exp(j 2t)
cos(2t) =
1
2
exp(j2t) +
1
2
exp(j2t)
Real
I
m
a
g
Summary
A sine wave with a given frequency and some phase (delay) can
be represented by a in-phase component and an
quadrature-phase component.
A phase shift corresponds to rotating the in-phase component and
the quadrature phase component.
Phase shift (rotation) corresponds to multiplying the complex
representation by exp(j ).

Sine-Waves-Part I: June 20, 2010

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sine-Waves-Part I: June 20, 2010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sine-Waves-Part I

(Wireless Communications) Sine-Waves-Part I June 20, 2010 3 / 45

(Wireless Communications) Sine-Waves-Part I June 20, 2010 8 / 45

(Wireless Communications) Sine-Waves-Part I June 20, 2010 21 / 45

(Wireless Communications) Sine-Waves-Part I June 20, 2010 28 / 45

(Wireless Communications) Sine-Waves-Part I June 20, 2010 33 / 45

You might also like