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PP On Fundamentals of Energy Conversion
PP On Fundamentals of Energy Conversion
PP On Fundamentals of Energy Conversion
WHY ?
WHAT ? Few Examples: IGCC, fuel reforming and synthesis Fuel Cells, fueling the fuel cell, FC3 Hydrogen Economy: generation and storage Photoelectricity HOW ?
orce: International Energy Agency u
The Terawatt Challenge The ENERGY REVOLUTION 14 Terawatts (4 TW in US) R. Smalley* (The Terawatt Challenge) Rice University
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ENERGY
WATER
FOOD ENVIRONMENT POVERTY TERRORISM & WAR DISEASE EDUCATION DEMOCRACY POPULATION
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
2003
0.5%
B io m as s H yd So ro la el r, ec w tri in d, c ge ot he rm a Fi ss io n C oa l G as O il
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Source: Internatinal Energy Agency
2050
30 -- 60 Terawatts
H yd ro el ar ec ,
w tr ic in d, ge ot he rm a
/F is si on
Fu si on
B io m as s
C oa l
G
as
O il
TW
50
40
--
30
20
CO2 free
--
-10
0 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
YEAR
Source: M.I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881,
Wigley, Richels and Edmonds, ppmv of CO2, pre-industrial concentration is 350 ppmv
CO2 emission
reduction:
Improve plant efficiency Use low C fuels
Use pure H2 Sequester CO2!
RENEWABLES
From Basic Research Need for a Hydrogen Economy, Report of DOE BES Workshop, May 13-15, 2003
The public may copy and use this information without charge, provided that this Notice and any statement of authorship are reproduced on all copies. Neither the Government nor the University makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the use of this information. Courtesy of Los Alamos National Lab. Used with permission.
Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE
Especially for mobile applications, fuel cells may work with a reformer (although direct methanol cells are also under development)
Like electricity: expensive to produce, transport, not easy to store. Provides a good link with renewables or non-exhaustables.
Can be produced by: Oxygen or steam Reforming of hydrocarbon, or, Splitting water electrolytically or thermo-chemically.
Compression/liquefaction (20 K, 1 bar/293 K, 800 bar) energies are high. Has low volumetric energy density (even in liquid form)
The Mobile
Storage Problem:
Fuel Cell may be the
easiest piece of the
puzzle!
The Future of the Hydrogen Economy, Bright or Bleak Eliasson (ABB) and Bossel (Fuel Cell Consultant), 2003
GMs HyWire
Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE
Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE
[ [
Q@ C 120
Thermochemical Cycle
for Hydrogen Production: Sulfur-iodine process:
Non-electrolytic water splitting
+Q@450 C
2 H 2O +Q @ C 2 H 2 + O 2 850 50%
Basic Energy Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, May 2003, DOE.
From matter and Energy (1912) by Frederick Soddy Noble Prize in Chemistry, 1921.
The laws expressing the relations between energy and matter are not solely of importance in pure science. They necessarily come first.. In the whole record of human experience, and they control, in the last resort, the rise or fall of political systems, the freedom or bondage of nations, the movements of commerce and industry, the origin of wealth and poverty and the physical welfare of the race. If this has been imperfectly recognized in the past, there is no excuse, now that these physical laws have become incorporated into everyday habits of thought, for neglecting to consider them first in questions relating to the future