Phng php ly mu v x l mu phn tch

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Gii thiu mn hc

S tn ch: 2 (30 tit) Trnh : sinh vin nm th 3, ngnh ha phn tch Mc tiu: gip sinh vin hiu, nm vng cc phng php ly, x l mu trc khi phn tch trong nhiu i tng khc nhau M t hc phn: bao gm cc kin thc v cch ly mu, bo qun v x l mu phn tch Gio trnh: Phm Lun GT hng dn v nhng vn c s ca cc k thut x l mu phn tch HN 1999 JOHN WILEY - Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry Departmentof Chemistry and Environmental Science New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Gii thiu mn hc
Chng 1. Mu phn tch, ly mu v qun l mu Chng 2. Nhng vn c s ca cc k thut x l mu Chng 3. X l mu xc nh cc kim loi v phi kim Chng 4. X l mu xc nh cc cht hu c Chng 5. X l mu phn tch mu mi trng

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Chng 1. Mu phn tch, ly mu v qun l mu

Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch Ly mu phn tch X l s b khi ly mu Cc cch ly mu phn tch Ghi chp v lp h s ly mu Chuyn ch mu v kho hay phng th nghim Qun l, bo qun v iu kin bo qun mu Khi nim QA/QC trong ly mu phn tch

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Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch?

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Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch?

Mc sai s trong cc bc ca mt qui trnh phn tch
Ly mu Chun b mu pt C c, chng ct, tch Xc nh

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Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch?

Vic ly mu v x l mu ty thuc vo i tng cn nghin cu pt Bn cht, s tn ti v hm lng ca cht cn xc nh Loi mu Phng php phn tch Cc k thut x l mu KT v c ha kh KT v c ha t KT s dng l vi sng KT chit lng lng, rn lng, rn kh
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Ti sao phi ly v x l mu phn tch?

KT thng hoa KT chng ct KT kt tinh KT in phn tch cht

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Ly mu phn tch

Mc ch Yu cu i din ng cho i tng cn nghin cu p ng ng yu cu cn pt Khng lm mt hay nhim bn thm cht pt Ph hp vi phng php chn pt C khi lng phn tch Mu c l lch, ghi cc iu kin r rng m bo thc hin ng QA/QC

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Ly mu phn tch

Trang b v dng c ly mu Yu cu

sch Khng lm sai khc cc thnh phn trong mu Ph hp vi tng loi mu

Cc loi dng c: phn loi theo tnh cht ca mu

Mu rn v mu bt: giy, nilon, chai thy tinh, PE Mu lng: can, chai nha, chai l thy tinh Mu c cht phn tch d b phn hy: giy, chai c mu chng nh sng

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Ly mu phn tch

Tnh cht ca mt s dng c cha v ph mu

c tnh v ng dng Trong sut, chu nhit tt, dn d v, tng tc vi HF, H3PO4, dd kim. ng dng rng

Cht liu Thy tinh

Thch anh Trong sut, chu nhit tt (11000C), dn, gi thnh cao hn thy tinh, tng tc vi HF, H3PO4, dd kim S Ni Nhit c th ti 11000C, r hn thch anh, tng tc vi HF, H3PO4, dd kim Nung chy vi hydroxit kim loi kim v Na2O2. c s dng khi x l mu bng dd kim c. Khng dng vi HCl

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Ly mu phn tch
Cht liu Pt c tnh Hu nh khng b nh hng bi cc axit (HNO3, HCl, HF, H2SO4). Gi thnh rt cao; c kh nng to hp kim vi cc kim loi: Hg, Pb, Sn, Au, Cu, Si, Zn, Cd, As, Al, Bi v Fe. (khi nng d hp th H2 l tc nhn kh). Khng s dng nu nung mu vi Na2CO3 Gi thnh r hn Pt, chu rt tt HCl, c th chu c HNO3, H2SO4 50%; H3PO4 60% 1000C; c th nung chy vi NaOH; khng nung vi NaNO3, HSO4-. Thng c ch to dng hp kim: 98% Zr, 1.5% Sn, vt Fe, Cr v Ni. Khng s dng vi KF hoc HF

Zr

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Ly mu phn tch
Cht liu Al2O3 PE c tnh
Chu c axit v kim nng chy, tng tc vi bisunfat nng chy, dn d v. Thnh bnh phi dy. Thng s dng cha mu v thuc th. Tng tc vi HNO3 16M v axit axetic ng bng. Bt u mm v bin dng 600C. Tn ti nhng l trng c kh nng mt 1% v th tch khi cha Br2, H2O, H2S, HNO3. Tr hu ht vi cc hp cht v c v hu c (tr F2). C t l trng hn PE. S dng an ton di 2500C, b phn hy 3000C. Kh to hnh dng (gi thnh cao). Dn nhit km (i hi t di tng nhit mu) Ch s dng vi dd axit < 0,1M; dn d v
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Teflon

PS
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Ly mu phn tch

Mu khng kh, bi - TCVN 5704 - 1993

V tr ly mu Phi t u ly mu cha b phn lc cao 1,5m so vi sn nh khi ly mu ti ngun pht sinh. Phi t u ly mu cha b phn lc cao 1,5m n 2m so vi sn nh nhng v tr khc nhau trong phn xng nh gi mc nhim chung Phi t u ly mu cha b phn lc ti vng th khi nh gi mc tip xc

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14

Ly mu phn tch

Thi gian ly mu

Phi ly mu lin tc trong mt ca lm vic (480 pht) tnh gi tr trung bnh ca ca lm vic. Ni c nhiu bi c php ly mu gin on lm nhiu ln, mi ln t nht 30 pht, tng thi gian ly mu khng c t hn 240 pht sau tnh gi tr trung bnh Cho php ly mu ti ngun pht sinh v cch nh gi nhim mi trng chung cho tng ln, mi ln 30 pht, t nht phi ly 3 mu tch gi tr trung bnh. Phi ly mu bi trong khong thi gian t 5 n 10 pht khi xc nh hm lng bi cao nht trong mt ca lm vic, phi ly t nht 5 mu sau tnh gi tr trung bnh
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Ly mu phn tch

Mu phn tch nc

Vic ly mu ph thuc vo iu kin ly mu, i tng ly mu, v tr ly V d: Mu t h thng phn phi nc t thnh ph: vi nc cn c x trong mt thi gian (3 5 pht), r st trong ng c loi b Mu nc ngm: trng hp nc ging, nc mi bm ln cn x t nht 10 pht. Lu lng bm ly mu cn st vi lu lng bm thc t Ngun nc sng, knh, rch: ly mu theo su, v tr so vi b, khong cch vi ngun nc thi, iu kin thi tit vo thi im ly mu, lu lng dng chy, thy triu, Ngun nc ao, h: ch : cht lng nc thay i theo ma, lng ma, tc gi, su, thi gian trong ngy
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X l s b khi ly mu

Ti sao phi x l s b? Cc loi mu cn x l s b Cc phng php x l s b Phn tch kim loi v anion Phn tch cc cht hu c Cc i tng sinh hc

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Cc cch ly mu phn tch

Cc kiu ly mu Ly mu n Ly mu lp, mu song song Ly mu hn hp Ly mu c thm cht chun Cch ly mu Ly mu theo thi gian

Chng trnh thi gian lin tc Theo nh k Theo xc sut

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18

Cc cch ly mu phn tch

Ly mu theo tng, lp

Trung bnh cc im Cc im theo v tr trn b mt Theo su

Ly theo vng, mt ct hay im cn quan st Ly theo hng gi Mt s v d

Cch ly mu t

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19

V d: ly mu t

Ly mu Ty theo mc ch nghin cu v kho st la chn cc phng php ly mu khc nhau

Mu c bit c ly mt v tr xc nh (theo tng phu din) Mu hn hp: c trn t nhiu mu ban u to thnh mu chung i din cho mt phm vi t c kho st

Ty theo hnh dng v a hnh mnh t cn ly t nht 5 im phn b u trn ton din tch theo qui tc ng cho, ng vung gc hay ng zigzac

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V d: ly mu t

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V d: ly mu t

Cc mu ban u c gom li thnh mu hn hp chung c khi lng t nht 2kg T mu hn hp chung, chn thnh mu hn hp trung bnh bng cch bm nh t, trn u v loi bt theo nguyn tc ng cho gc. Mu hn hp trung bnh c khi lng 1kg
1 2 3 4

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22

V d: ly mu phn tch phn bn

Mu ban u Cc mu c ly ngu nhin, i din cho cc v tr trn, di, gia Trnh ly cc mu c bit, c th (bao b rch, sn phm b m) S ln ly ti thiu l 5, khi lng mi ln ti thiu l 200g Mu chung: gp tt c cc mu ban u nh gi Mu trung bnh: c ly t mu chung

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V d: ly mu phn tch cy trng

Mu ban u: Ly t cc b phn ca cy hoc theo khm c ly cng mt thi im Cc mu nh gi mc dinh dng ca cy thng c ly 1 b phn ti mt giai on sinh trng Mu chung Mu trung bnh: mu cn c ra, sy kh, nhanh chng x l v phn tch.

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24

Ghi chp v lp h s ly mu

a im V tr Thi gian iu kin thi tit Loi mu Cch ly Khi lng Ghi r cch x l s b (nu c) Ngi ly

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25

Chuyn ch mu v PTN

Yu cu phng tin chuyn ch m bo nhanh Khng gy h hng, xo trn m bo tt iu kin gi mu Sch, khng gy nhim bn mu Thc hin ng QA/QC trong vn chuyn mu

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26

Bo qun mu phn tch

Yu cu ring tng loi, l, nhm Mi trng thch hp Cht khng phn hy, sa lng Nhit m bo khng xy ra phn ng ph Cc phng php bo qun Trong iu kin thng, khng kh sch Trong t lnh Trong t m Trong tuyt cacbonic Trong mi trng kh tr
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Khi nim QA/QC trong ly mu phn tch

Quality Assurance (QA) Quality Control (QC)

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28

Chng 2:

Cc k thut x l mu phn tch

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2.1 Yu cu chung ca k thut x l mu

Yu cu chung Ly c hon ton, khng lm mt cht phn tch Khng lm nhim bn thm cht phn tch vo mu Kt qu x l ph hp vi phng php phn tch chn Cc ha cht m bo tinh khit Khng a thm cc cht gy nh hng vo mu Tch, lm giu cht phn tch (nu c th)
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QA/QC trong x l mu phn tch Khi nim v QA Khi nim v QC Ni dung QA/QC trong x l mu phn tch

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2.2 Phn loi mu phn tch

Phn loi theo ha hc phn tch Nhm mu c nn l v c Nhm mu c nn l cc cht hu c v sinh hc Phn loi theo trng thi tn ti Trng thi kh Trng thi rn v bn rn: kim loi, t, , cy Trng thi lng: nc, ru, bia, xng Phn loi theo nhm ngnh Mu nng nghip Mu cng nghip Mu sinh hot Mu t nhin
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2.3 Trang b x l mu phn tch

Yu cu ca trang b s dng Cc loi dng c n gin Cc loi trang b hon chnh

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Extraction of peppermint leaves with hot water

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2.4 Khi qut v bn cht cc k thut x l mu

XLM l qu trnh chuyn mu thnh dng c th phn tch c bng mt phng php thch hp Mt qu trnh x l mu c th c cc giai on

Ph v cu trc t chy cht hu c To mui tan Kt tinh, thng hoa

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2.4.1 K thut v c ha t (wet digestion)

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2.4.1 K thut v c ha t (wet digestion)

Sn phm sau khi x l bng phng php tro ha t

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V c ha t s dng dung dch axit c

Nguyn tc Cc loi axit thng dng Thi gian phn hy mu Cc qu trnh xy ra

t chy cc hp cht hu c Cc phn ng oxy ha kh

u nhc im ca phng php Kh nng ng dng

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11

V c ha s dng dung dch kim c

Nguyn tc Cc loi axit thng dng Thi gian phn hy mu u nhc im ca phng php Kh nng ng dng

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K thut ph mu trong l vi sng

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13

Cc v d

V c ha t mu trong l vi sng xc nh mt s cation (Al, Ba, Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, As, Sb) trong cc i tng bn, trm tch, t hoc du Mt s lu :

Thit b: l vi sng chuyn dng cho cc PTN Cc bnh phn hy mu: 0,25g thng s dng trong bnh 120ml, p sut c th t ti 7,5 0,7 atm Cc acid c s dng phi c tinh khit cao (thng qua mu trng loi tr) Cn mt lng mu: khng qu 0.5g cho mu bn, t, trm tch; 0.25g cho mu du
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Qu trnh ph mu

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Thm 10ml HNO3: nu mu cha nhng cht d bay hi hoc nhiu hp cht hu c th c th mu phn hy trc khi cho trong l vi sng (gim khi lng mu) Nhng mu bit trc c hm lng cht hu c 5 10% thng c phn hy ngoi 15 pht S phn hy thng 175 1800C trong thi gian 5 pht Sau thi gian phn hy, mu c ha tan trong dung dch axit long Mu c th c li tm, lc m bo ng nht trong mu

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15

V d:

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2.4.2 K thut v c ha kh (dry digestion)

K thut v c ha kh thc cht l k thut nung (c th c trn thm cc ph gia) K thut nung khng ph gia:
Nhit cao

Mu

Dng d ha tan

S tro ha, t chy cht mn, hu c Ph v cu trc tinh th Qa trnh oxy ha, bay hi

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V d: tro ha mu khng dng ph gia

Tro ha mu rau xc nh cc kim loi (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb)
Mu (5g) Sy kh chm Nung 500 5300C

Mu tro trng

Ha tan mu = HCl

Ch : mt s kim loi (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) d b mt (10 15%) do bay hi

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2.4.2 K thut v c ha kh (dry digestion)

K thut nung c ph gia

Nhit cao + ph gia

Mu
S tro ha, t chy cht mn, hu c

Dng d ha tan

Ph v cu trc tinh th Qa trnh oxy ha, bay hi S tng tc cht ph gia

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2.4.2 K thut v c ha kh (dry digestion)

Cht ph gia v bo v: Cc axit mnh Mui Peroxit Hn hp kim + peroxit Vai tr cht ph gia: gim nhit nung, thi gian nung, ph mu trit , khng lm mt cht

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K thut v c ha kh t kt hp
+ dd axit Mu Nung Ha tan

u im: Lng axit s dng t hn (= hoc 1/3 lng axit dng trong s l t) Thi gian nung gim Gim thi gian ui axit d Thch hp cho phn tch kim loi v cc anion Cl-, SO42-, Br-
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Mt s v d
+ 10ml HNO3, 5ml Mg(NO3) 5% Nung 500 + 10ml HNO3 , 5ml Mg(NO3) 5%, 2ml H2SO4 5500C

Mu rau

Tro trng

Ha tan tro

Nung 500 5500C

Mu sa

Tro trng

Ha tan tro

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22

2.4.4 Cc k thut chit

L thuyt chung v k thut chit: da trn s phn b ca mt cht vo 2 pha khng trn ln H s phn b

C X ( A) K CY ( B )

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23

Qui trnh chit

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24

Liquid-liquid extraction

Mixing or contacting

Phase separation

Collection of separate phases

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V d

Chit vitamin A t sa:

+ 20 ml ru etylic + 5 g Na2SO4 khan

10 ml sa mu

+ 10 ml n-hexan

Tch lp

Lc

Hn hp

Dd nc

n-hexan + vitamin A

Xc nh Vitamin A = pp HPLC

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Chit pha rn - SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION

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27

Chit pha rn - SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION

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28

Solid Phase Extraction cartridges

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Various sorption techniques:

centrifuge positive pressure

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Large volumes:

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C ch chit pha rn

Chit theo c ch hp ph pha thng

Pha tnh: silica trung tnh, b mt phn cc + RX

Cht pt

Mat OH
Cht chit pha tnh

{Mat OH}.RX
Cht pt b hp ph ln pha rn

Dung mi ra gii cht pt thng l cc dung mi hu c khng phn cc, c kh nng ha tan tt cht pt tch c hon ton cht pt khi pha rn (gi l pha ng)

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polar non-polar

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V d: chit thuc tr su trong mu nc

Mu ( lc b cn) c di qua ct chit vi tc 4 ml/pht Cht hp ph trn ht LaSiOH Gii chit bng dung mi diclometan

Ct chit c cha cc ht LaSiOH

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Cht pt tan trong dung mi

34

C ch chit pha rn

Chit theo c ch hp ph pha ngc Pha tnh: silica c b mt khng phn cc

+ RX Mat (CH2)17CH3.RX Cht pt hp ph ln pha rn

Mat (CH2)17CH3 Cht chit C18

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C ch chit pha rn

Chit theo c ch trao i ion

Adsorbents

+ +

+ +
Bound molecules

- - - -

+ + + + +
Anion exchange

+
Cation exchange

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37

Cation exchange: Lysozyme separation

Egg white proteins Egg white proteins Other egg white proteins Lysozyme + NaCl

+ NaCl

Cation exchange adsorbent

Adsorbent + lysozyme
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Cation exchange adsorbent

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38

on exchange
A + NaCl

A v B

+ NaCl Anion exchange adsorbent Anion exchange adsorbent

http://hoahocsp.tk

A+ adsorbent

 ch chit pha rn

Chit theo c ch sng v ry phn t

Ra gii

Ion c kch thc ln ra trc ri n cc ion c kch thc nh

Sau khi hp ph

http://hoahocsp.tk

thut chit hp ph dng kh

kh He Dng kh tr nng He to waste

Ct hp th

http://hoahocsp.tk

H thng phn tch GC

c k thut chit
+ +

Partition chromatography
Separation is based on solute partitioning between two liquid phases.

on-exchange chromatography

aration is based on exchange of ions ween surface and eluents.

Adsorption chromatography

Size-exclusion chromatography
Separation is based on molecular size. http://hoahocsp.tk

aration is due to a series of adsorption/ orption steps.

it Soxhlet (Soxhlet extraction process)

http://hoahocsp.tk

it soxhlet

http://hoahocsp.tk

it soxhlet
Dung mi khng phn cc (du, ete, hexan) s ha tan cc cht khng phn cc (cht bo) Dung mi phn cc (metanol, etanol, nc) ha tan cc cht phn cc (mui, ng) i lc ca cht tan trong dung mi hu c c th tng khi s dng mt hn hp cc dung mi

Qui tc chn dung mi

http://hoahocsp.tk

n hp cc dung mi
O------------H-O-CH2-CH3 In ethanol -R-C O-H O In acetone R-C

Example: solublization of an aliphatic arboxylic acid in ethanol, acetone and a mixture of both.
O R-C OH O=C CH3 HO-C2H5 (ethanol) CH3

Hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond
O-H---------O=C

CH3 CH3

(acetone)

In a mixture of acetone http://hoahocsp.tk and ethanol

thut chit siu m

K
2

Sng siu m S phn b li cht phn tch trong 2 dung mi

http://hoahocsp.tk

4.5 K thut chng ct

Nguyn tc: da theo im si Cc kiu chng ct Chng ct thng thng Chng ct li cun (hi nc) Chng ct di p sut thp Chng ct trong mi trng siu m

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

ng ct thng thng

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

http://hoahocsp.tk

Chng 3.

X l mu xc nh cc kim loi v phi kim

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t vn

i tng phn tch: cc kim loi v phi kim

Cc k thut c th dng x l: Hu ht cc k thut hc Phn loi mu chn cch x l: Mu nn v c: hp kim, qung, t, cc sn phm cng nghip Mu nn hu c: thc vt, ng vt, thc phm

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3.1 X l mu v c

Mt s hng phn tch Xc nh cc ion kim loi di ng Xc nh tng hm lng ca mt s cht trong mu Xc nh mt s anion, kim

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X l ly cc ion kim loi di ng (trao i)

y l ch tiu thng c xc nh trong i tng: t, phn bn Cc ion kim loi ny d dng trao i s dng mt dung mi thch hp chit cc ion kim loi vo dung dch

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X l ly cc ion kim loi di ng (trao i)

1. Di qua dd mu NH4+ 2. y NH4+ bng K+ 3. Thu v xc nh NH4+

Mu t bao gm cc cation trao i Ca, Mg, Na, K, H, Al

Mu c bp ha vi NH4+

t + K+ NH4+

Hn hp cc ion
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X l ly cc ion kim loi di ng (trao i)

Xc nh CEC: lng d (NH4+)

Cation trao i

Ct

Xc nh ion kim loi trao i: xc nh lng mui to thnh sau khi di qua mu dung dch cation trao i

t + Ct

Ct Bng

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X l mu ly hm lng tng kim loi

Nhn xt: Ch tiu phn tch: tng kim loi trong mt i tng Phng php x l thch hp:

V c ha t Kt hp x l kh + t Chit

Mt s v d (GT)

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3.2 X l mu hu c

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Chng 4.

X l mu xc nh cc cht hu c

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Ni dung
4.1 Khi nim v phn loi mu hu c 4.2 Cc k thut x l mu xc nh cht hu c

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4.1 Khi nim v phn loi mu hu c

Mu hu c l mu m cht nn ca n l cc cht hu c Cht hu c rt a dng, d b phn hy hn cc cht v c V vy ngoi nhng yu cu chung, cn c cc yu cu ring cho vic x l phn tch cc cht hu c Kh tch cht ra khi mu u Khng bn d b mt do phn hy Phi c nhiu trang b Cn s dng nhiu dung mi Khng ch nghim ngt cc iu kin
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4.2 Cc k thut x l mu xc nh cht hu c

Nguyn tc chung Chuyn mu thnh dng thch hp phn tch Ly mt lng nht nh phn tch bng cc phng php: chng ct, chit Cc phng php, k thut x l K thut chng ct

Chng ct thng Chng ct chn khng Chit lng lng Chit dng lin tc
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K thut chit

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K thut sc k V d

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SINH VIN THUYT TRNH

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Chng 5.

X l v phn tch mu mi trng

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Ni dung
5.1 Khi nim v mu mi trng v phn loi 5.2 Cc phng php x l mu v v d 5.2.1 Nc, nc thi v phn tch chng 5.2.2 X l cc loi mu b thi 5.2.3 X l mu khng kh, khi v bi 5.2.4 X l mu t bn v trm tch 5.2.5 X l mu rong ru trong nc

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5.1 Khi nim v mu mi trng v phn loi

Thy quyn Kh quyn a quyn

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Ly mu v bo qun mu nc

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GII THIU CHUNG

Ly mu l thu thp mt phn vt cht trong mt th tch y , x l v vn chuyn v phng th nghim kp lc khi cht lng mu cha thay i. Ngi ly mu phi chu trch nhim v cht lng mu cho n khi mu c gi n phng th nghim phn tch.

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NHNG IU CN LU

Mu phi c bo qun trnh mi ngun nhim bn hoc s phn hy c th xy n trc khi a v phng th nghim. Phi sc ra t nht hai n ba ln bnh ly mu bng chnh ngun nc trc khi ly mu, tr trng hp bnh c x l bng ha cht bo qun hay cc cht kh clo.

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NHNG IU CN LU

i vi nhng mu phi vn chuyn xa, khng nn ly qu y m cha li 1% dung tch bnh, khong trng ny phng h s dn n nhit. Tuy nhin iu ny ty thuc vo cc xt nghim cn lm. Mu tiu biu cho nhiu ngun c th c to t vic pha trn cc mu ly thi im khc nhau hoc tng a im khc nhau.

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NHNG IU CN LU

c cht l lng v cht kh c, nhng thay i ha l do thng thong hay xy ra trong qu trnh tn tr l nhng yu t quan trng nh hng n kt qu Tt nht nn ghi r mu lc hay cha lc Phi ghi chp nhng chi tit lin quan n vic ly mu. Cn ghi chp y , r rng tn ngi ly mu, ngy gi, nhit nc v km nhng d liu khc nh thi tit, mc nc, dng chy, trm quan trc thi im gi mu

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NHNG IU CN LU

Ch th a im ly mu r rt trn bn , tt nht nn nh du cc v tr bng cc, phao hay m t cc c im hay b ngi khc d nhn din li d dng lc cn m khng phi vn dng li tr nh hay ln tm qua li hng dn. Nu mun ly mu t h thng phn phi, nn x vi chy t do trong mt thi gian ngn m bo mu th hin ng cht lng ngun.

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NHNG IU CN LU

Cch ly mu hn hp ty thuc vo tnh cht, lu lng v ch thy lc ca dng chy. Nu ch cn ly mu bt k, nn ly mu su trung bnh ti v tr gia dng. i vi mu cc h v hm cha, khi ly mu phi lu n tc ng ca ma, lng nc chy trn b mt, gi, yu t phn tng theo ma tt c u c th gy nh hng n cht lng nc.

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NHNG IU CN LU

Trnh cc vng xo trn mnh v d lm tht thot cc cht d bay hi trong c c cht c. Thng thng, mu c ly vng tnh, di mt thong. Nu c yu cu v mt hn hp, phi thn trng i vi cc thnh phn d tht thot khng phi do qu trnh ly mu m v vic x l khng ng cch. Ch s dng cc mu thch ng vi cuc kho st (hoc nhng mu nm trong chng trnh ly mu), khi ly mu nhng iu kin khc nn ghi chp li r rng v y chi tit.

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BIN PHP AN TON

V trong mu c th c nhng thnh phn c cht nn phi p dng nhng bin php phng hu hiu trong sut qu trnh ly v x l mu. i vi cht hu c d chy, cn phi p dng cc bin php an ton thch nghi. Khi cha tin tng vo mc an ton, mi bin php phng u rt cn thit, phi quan tm n vn hun luyn v an ton lao ng. Ty ngun nhim bn m c bin php phng h y t ngh nghip khc nhau.

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MU BT K (MU C BIT)

Khi mu c ly ti mt thi im, mt v tr nht nh, ni cho ng mu y ch th hin c mt cht lng ngun nc vo thi im v v tr ti m thi. i lc phng php ly mu bt k cng c p dng cho c trng hp nc thi. i vi ngun c bit r l cht lng lin tc c thay i theo thi gian, nhng mu c bit c ly trong tng khong thi gian thch hp v phn tch ring s cho d liu v nhng bin i trong phm vi gii hn. i vi cht mn, bn v nc thi, bn ven b cn phi cn phi cn nhc khi chn phng php ly mu.

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MU HN HP

i vi nhiu trng hp, thut ng mu hn hp c dng din t s trn ln cc mu c bit ly nhiu im khc nhau trn cng 1 v tr. Mu hn hp thch hp cho vic kho st cc hm lng trung bnh, th d nh trong cch tnh ti trng hay hiu qu ca cng trnh x l nc thi. nh gi nhng hiu qu, bin ng ring bit hay cc lu lng tht thng th cng ch cn ly mu hn hp trong sut thi gian xy ra cng .

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MU HN HP

Mun xc nh thnh phn hay cc yu t ch th nhng thay i thng gp trong hm cha th khng nn dng mu hn hp. Trong trng hp ny, cc mu ring l s ph hp hn. Tm li, loi mu ny thng c dng cho vic xc nh thnh phn t thay i trong iu kin ly mu v bo qun mu.

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MU HN HP

Vic trn mu c thc hin trong mt bnh ln c dung tch 2 3 lt phn tch cc thnh phn trong nc cng, nc thi, hoc t ng thot nc. Khng nn s dng cc dng c ly mu t ng tr khi p dng c y cc phng php cch bo qun. Tt c dng c phi c ra sch hng ngy trnh s pht trin sinh hc v cc cht lng ng khc. Thnh thong cng cn phn tch trn mt mu ring l nu xt thy cn.

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PHNG THC BO QUN

Ch tiu phn tch
cng Calci (Ca2+) Chloride (Cl-) Floride (F-) dn in acid, kim Mi Mu
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Phng thc bo qun

Khng cn thit Khng cn thit Khng cn thit Khng cn thit 40C 40C 40C 40C
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Thi gian tn tr ti a

28 gi 24 gi 6 gi 48 gi
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PHNG THC BO QUN

Ch tiu phn tch
Sulphate H2S DO COD Du v m Carbon hu c Cyanide Phenol
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Phng thc bo qun

40C; pH < 8 2 mg/l zine acetate

Thi gian tn tr ti a
28 ngy 7

(0,7 ml H2SO4 + 1 ml NaN3)/300 8 ml; 10-200C 2 ml/lH2SO4 2 ml/lH2SO4, 40C 2 ml/l HCl, pH < 2 NaOH, pH >12, 40C H2SO4, pH < 2, 40C
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7 28 7 24 24
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PHNG THC BO QUN

Ch tiu phn tch
N-NH3 N-NO2; N-NO3 Phosphate Fe, Mn

Phng thc bo qun

H2SO4, pH < 2, 40C H2SO4, pH < 2, 40C 40C HNO3, pH < 2, 40C

Thi gian tn tr ti a
7 ngy Phn tch ngay 48 gi 6 thng

Thi gian phn tch cng sm cng tt

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MT S THIT B O TI HIN TRNG

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh

Ly mu khng kh mc ch nhm xc nh mt cch chnh xc nng cc cht nhim sau:SO2, NO2, O3, bi l lng, ch bi . bi vt vic quan trc phi tin hnh nghim tc, chnh xc theo ng quy nh ban hnh.

Nhn vin quan trc phi c trnh chuyn mn, tay ngh cao v phi c kh nng s l cc tnh hung Chun b quan trc phi chu o bao gm cc cng vic sau:

Pha ch dung dch hp th ti hin trng, chun b v cn cc phin lc thu mu bi. Chun b cc bnh cha dung dch, ng nghim ng mu, cc mu i chng. Cc my ly mu phi t yu cu k thut nh chun xc v n nh v lu lng. u thu mu, ng hp th, cc my quan trc thi tit phi m bo cc yu cu t ra Cc bng biu, nht k cng tc Cc thit b bo qun vn chuyn mu Cc thit b ph tr: my pht in, pin

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh

Nguyn tc ly mu: Bm khng kh c cha cht nhim qua dng c cha dung dch hp th hoc phin lc hoc ng hp th, cht nhim b gi li cn khng kh th i qua.

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Chun b ho cht, dng c v thit b ly mu:

Pha ch, bo qun dung dch hp th hoc giy lc bi theo cc phng php tng ng Kim chun thit b v tin cy, chnh xc v lch chun ca lu lng. i vi my ly kh c thng l cc bm ht c lu lng nh 0,55lt/pht; Chun lu lng trong khong 0,5- 1 lt/pht khi ht qua dung dch hp th. Cc my ly bi tng s phi c lu lng ln 20- 30 lt/pht; Chun lu lng theo ch dn ca my.

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh

u ly mu: Cc my mua mi u km theo cc u ly mu. Khi ly mu bi phi chn giy lc dng si thu tinh c kch thc trng vi kch thc u ly bi. Khi ly mu kh, ng hp th thng c dung tch 10ml, 25ml hoc 100ml c hoc khng c mng xp phn tn dng kh. Nn dng loi nh v ni tip hai ng c cha dung dch hp th m bo cht nhim c hp th ht. i vi CO ly mu bng chai, chai ly mu phi m bo khng thot kh mu thot ra ngoi hoc khng kh bn ngoi thm nhp vo. t u o cch mt t 1,2- 1,5m .
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Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh

S h thng ly

u ly mu Lu lng k Mng lc bo v

S h thng ly mu kh, bi
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ng ni

Phng php ly v bo qun mu kh

Mu bi ng trong bao kp bng giy can k thut c th bo qun d dng v lu di nhit thng, nhng ni chung khng nn qu ba ngy. Cc mu kh ly song phi bo qun trong bnh lnh c nhit 5 C v vn chuyn nhanh v phmg th nghim. Mu O3 sau kh ly phi phn tch ngay ti ch cng nhanh cng tt. Kh ly mu bng ng hp th, ly mu xong rt mu vo l thu tinh c nt nhm hoc ng nghim c nt chc chn, t trong bnh lnh v vn chuyn ngay v, nu cha kp phn thch th t trong ngn mt ca t lnh (phi phn tch ngay trong 24h). i vi chai ng kh mu CO, chai ng mu phi nt v gn kn gi trong cc thng g hoc tn c chn xp trnh v. Nu c mu lu, cc mu lu khong ba thng, nu khng c iu g nghi ngi th c th lp bin bn hu mu.

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu t

Ly mu Ty theo mc ch nghin cu v kho st la chn cc phng php ly mu khc nhau

Mu c bit c ly mt v tr xc nh (theo tng phu din) Mu hn hp: c trn t nhiu mu ban u to thnh mu chung i din cho mt phm vi t c kho st

Ty theo hnh dng v a hnh mnh t cn ly t nht 5 im phn b u trn ton din tch theo qui tc ng cho, ng vung gc hay ng dch dc

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu t

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu t

Cc mu ban u c gom li thnh mu hn hp chung c khi lng t nht 2kg T mu hn hp chung, chn thnh mu hn hp trung bnh bng cch bm nh t, trn u v loi bt theo nguyn tc ng cho gc. Mu hn hp trung bnh c khi lng 1kg
1 2 3 4

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Phng php ly v bo qun mu t

Nhng mu t xc nh dung trng, t trng v xp c gi nguyn trng thi v c ly bng dng c ring Trnh ly mu nhng ni c th: ni bn phn, vi, v tr gn b, qu cao hoc qu trng Mu t c cho vo ti vi hoc nha, ghi k hiu mu ngy ly mu, su, a im Nhng mu phn tch cc ch tiu d bin i nh: NH4+, NO3-, Fe2+ cn phn tch mu t ti, bo qun lnh, trong ti kn, phn tch ngay Nhng mu phn tch cc ch tiu thng thng u c xc nh bng t kh
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Phng php ly v bo qun mu t

Hong kh t: Chuyn ton b t vo khay nha sch, kh trong khng kh ni thong mt, sch, khng c cc kh nh H2S, HCl, NH3 Khng phi trc tip ngoi nng Nhng cc t ln c p nh hoc ct thnh lt mng ri u ra khay t c hong kh trong khng kh gi l t kh khng kh

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