RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS (2)

Prabal Talukdar
Associate P f A i t Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in

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Irradiation
Intensity of incident radiation: It can be defined as the rate at which radiant energy of wavelength is incident from the ( ) direction per unit area (,) direction, nit of the intercepting surface normal to the direction, per unit ,p solid angle about this direction, and per unit wavelength interval d about Radiation incident from all directions gives the irradiation
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Irradiation
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Spectral irradiation G() = p ( ) Total irradiation

I
0 0

,i

(, , ) cos sin dd

G = G ( ) d W / m 2
0

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Radiosity y
Radiosity accounts for all the radiant energy leaving a surface
Emitted and reflected part
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J=
0

I
0 0

,e + r

(, , ) cos sin ddd s

= I e + r
For a surface which is diffuse emitter and diffuse reflector
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Spectral Quantities p

Integration of a spectral quantity for all wavelengths gives the total quantity.

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Blackbody Radiation y
A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more energy than a black body Although the radiation emitted by a blackbody is function of wavelength and bl kb d i a f ti f l th d temperature, it is independent of direction. That is blackbody is diffuse emitter Th t i bl kb d i a diff itt
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Characteristics of an isothermal blackbody cavity

Complete absorption

Diffuse irradiation For an interior surfaces Diffuse emission from an aperture

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Planck Distribution
The spectral distribution of blackbody emission is given by Planck as
2 2hc 0 I , b (, T ) = 5 [exp(hc 0 / kT) 1]

where, where Planck constant h = 6 6256x10-34J s and 6.6256x10 J.s Boltzmann constants k = 1.3805x10-23 J/K speed of light in vacuum c0=2.998x108 m/s

C1 E ,b (, T ) = I ,b (, T ) = 5 [exp(C 2 / T ) 1] (
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Planck Distribution
The emitted radiation varies continuously with wavelength At any wavelength the magnitude of the emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature
A significant fraction of the radiation emitted by the sun, which may be approximated as a blackbody at 5800K, is in the visible region of the spectrum. In contrast, for T<800K, emission is predominantly in the infrared region of the spectrum and is not visible to the eye

The spectral radiation in which the radiation is concentrated depends on temperature, with comparatively more radiation appearing at shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases
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Wiens Displacement Law p

C1 E ,b (, T ) = I ,b (, T ) = 5 [exp(C 2 / T) 1]

Differentiating the above equation with respect to and setting the result equal to zero, we get maxT = 2897.8 m.K According to this law the maximum spectral emissive law, power is displaced to shorter wavelengths with increasing temperature The emission is in the middle of the visible spectrum ( = 0.5 m) for solar radiation, since the sun emits approximately as a blackbody as 5800K
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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
C1 E , b (, T ) = 5 [exp(C 2 / T) 1]

Total Emissive power

C1 Eb = 5 d [exp(C 2 / T) 1] 0 E b = T 4

= 5 67x10-8 W/m2K4 5.67x10 Since this emission is diffuse, the total intensity associated with blackbody emission Ib=Eb/
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Radiation in certain wavelength g

On an E b - chart the area chart, under a curve for a given temperature represents the total di ti t t l radiation energy emitted itt d by a blackbody at that temperature
We are often interested in the amount of radiation emitted over some wavelength band. g For example, an incandescent lightbulb is judged on the basis of the radiation it emits in the visible range rather than the radiation it emits at all wavelengths
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The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody per unit area over a wavelength band from 0 to is determined from

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Surface Emission
Emissivity is the ratio of radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature Spectral directional emissivity ,(,,,T) of a surface at the temperature T is the ratio of the intensity of the radiation emitted at the wavelength and in the direction of and to the intensity of the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same values of T and . I ,e (, , , T) Hence
, (, , , T)
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I , b ( , T )

Blackbody and Real Emission y

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Emissivity y
I e (, , T ) Total directional emissivity (, , T ) I b (T )
Spectral hemispherical emissivity
E (, T ) ( , T ) E , b ( , T )
2 / 2

I
/ 2

,e

(, , , T) cos sin dd i
,b

0 0 2 / 2

I
0 0

(, T ) cos sin dd

= 2 , (, , T) cos sin d i
0

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Total Hemispherical Emissivity p y

Total hemispherical emissivity Directional distributions of total diretctional Emisivity
In radiation analysis it is common practice to assume the analysis, surfaces to be diffuse emitters with an emissivity equal to the value in the normal ( = 0) direction.

E (T ) (T ) = E b (T )

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E (T ) (T ) = E b (T )

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Gray/Real Surface y

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A gray surface should emit as much radiation as the real surface it represents at the same temperature. Therefore, temperat re Therefore the areas under the nder emission curves of the real and gray surfaces must be equal.

Spectral dependence of Emissivity

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The presence of oxide layers may significantly increase the emissivity of metallic surfaces. surfaces The emissivity of metallic surfaces is generally small, as low as 0.02 for higly polished gold and silver The emissivity of non-conductors is comparatively large, generally exceeding 0.6
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The emissivity of conductors increases with increasing temperature; However For non-conductors it may be both way.