GENERATOR PROTECTION

PROTECTION CONCEPT FAULT TYPE COORDINATIO N

Generator Differential

Differential Between Primary and Secondary IDIFF=IPRIM-ISECON. IRES= IPRIM+ISECON./2 Slope= IDIFF/ IRES

internal faults

Stator Earth Fault

LOSS OF FIELD OR EXCITATION PROTECTION :

When the synchronous machine with excitation, is connected to the grid, it generates reactive power along with active power to the grid and the rotor speed is same as that of grid frequency.

4.NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OR CURRENT UNBALANCE PROTECTION :

when the generator is supplying an unbalanced load to a system, a negative phase sequence current is imposed on the generator.

5. OVER FLUXING OR EXCITATION OR VOLTS PER HERTZ PROTECTION:

Per unit voltage divided by per unit frequency commonly called Volts/Hertz is a measurable quantity that is proportional to flux in the generator or step-up transformer cores.

Loss of field or loss of excitation results in loss of synchronism Trip for between rotor flux & stator flux. Faulty AVR Some times it may be due to Pole Slip inadvertent tripping of filed from 50% breaker, open or short circuit of load field winding or loss of source to the exciter. The negative sequence current in the stator winding creates a magnetic flux wave in the air gap Backup which rotates in opposite direction Protection to that of rotor synchronous speed. Moderate over fluxing (105-110%) increases core loss resulting in increase of core temperatures AVR maldue to hysterics & eddy currents functioning loss. Long term operation at during Onelevated temperatures can line condition. shorten the life of the stator insulation.

6.OVER CURRENT WITH VOLTAGE RESTRAINT PROTECTION :

Normally generators are designed to operate continuously at rated MVA, frequency and power factor over a range of 95 to 105% rated voltage. Operating the generator at rated MVA with 95% voltage, 105% stator current is permissible. Operating of the generator beyond rated KVA may result in harmful stator over current.

A consequence of over current in winding is stator core over heating and leads to failure of insulation.

BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTIO N:

7 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION :

If a faulty phase winding connected to ground, the normal low neutral voltage could rise as high as line-to-neutral voltage depending on the fault location. Although a single ground fault will not necessarily cause immediate damage, the presence of one increases the probability of a second. may cause serious damage.

. Here are two over lapping zones to detect stator ground faults in a high impedance grounded generator system, the two zones are put together cover 100% stator winding for earth faults. A fundamental frequency neutral over voltage relay covers about 095% of the stator zonal winding for all faults except those near the neutral. Another third harmonic neutral under voltage relay covers remaining 96-100% of the stator zone 2 winding on neutral side. two or more ground faults in the winding will cause magnetic and thermal imbalance plus localized heating and damage to the rotor metallic parts. . Upon the detection of a phaseto-phase or phase-to-ground fault in the winding, the unit to be tripped without time delay.

A second fault even if detected by differential relay,

8.ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64R) :

Any rotor field winding of the generator is electrically isolated from the ground.

inter-turn fault followed by localized heat

9.RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:

In this protection will examine the internal 15-20% windings neutral side.

internal faults

10.BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION:

As in name implies, it is used to protect the generator from supplying the over loaded or faulty system.

Temperature Builds in the winding

It is backup protection of the generator over current protection Synchronies will fail

11.LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION

The generator will not develop output power when turbine input is less than the no load losses and motoring action develops on the turbine Motoring of a generator will occur when turbine output is reduced such that it develops less than no-load losses while the generator is still on-line, the generator will operate as a synchronous motor and driving the turbine. The LBB protection is energized when the breaker trip is initiated after a suitable time interval if confirmation of the confirmation of breaker tripping

The generator is able to generate power, usually 55 to 10% of generator capacity, within predetermined time after closing of 220KV breaker steam turbine can be harmed through over heating during synchronous motoring if continued long enough the result can be a single phasing and negative phase sequence currents inducted on the rotor. The generator can tolerate moderate over frequency operation provided voltage is within an acceptable limits. The machine operated at higher speeds at which the rotor material no longer contain the centrifugal forces imposed on them resulting in serious damage to the turbinegenerator set.

12.REVERSE POWER PROTECTION:

low forward protection If any one of the breaker fail to operate it initiated Bus-bar protection

15.LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP PROTECTION:

17.OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION:

For a generator connected to a system, abnormal frequency operation is a result of a severe system disturbance.

18.UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION:

under frequency operation is a result of a severe system disturbance.

The machine operated at lower higher speeds causes severe over fluxing in the generatortransformer.

MAINTANENCE OF GENERATOR 9. RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION: Once the restricted earth fault protection operated, the unit can not be taken into service unless the transformer winding is thoroughly examined by the maintenance staff for any internals faults. 10.BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION: If the machine trips on the Backup protection, never take the machine into service until the temperatures of the generator settle down to its lower value. Resynchronize the machine to the grid after considerable time when grid & feeder parameters are within limits. 11. LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION: The unit trips on the low forward protection, Resins the machine and increase input power to the turbine as quickly as possible within low forward power time setting. Even after two to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same protection; probably the governor of turbine is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for rectification of the same. 12. REVERSE POWER PROTECTION: The unit trips on the reverse power protection. Resins the machine and increase the input power to the turbine as quickly as possible within low forward power time setting. Even after two to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same protection; probably the governor of turbine is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for rectification of the same. 13.POLE SLIP OR OUT-OF-STEP PROTECTION: The unit trips on the Pole slip protection, Resynch the machine after stabilization of the grid parameters

15.LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP PROTECTION: Once the LBB protection operated, the entire station is in dark. First restore all essential services to all units such as lube oil system and turning gear etc., from battery backup and. Checkup the faulty 220KV breaker and isolate the breaker from the system by opening the both side of the isolators. 16.BUS BAR PROTECTION: Once the Bus-Bar protection operated, the entire station is in dark. First restore all essential services to all units such as lube oil system and turning gear etc., from battery backup and 6.6/0.44KV Stage II reserve power supply. Checkup the entire 220KV switch yard for any wire snapping or equipment damage. After restoring all services from station supply, Close 220KV feeder breakers first and take all units into service one after the other duly co-ordinating with the DE/LD. Since it involves complex operation, it is necessary to get help from maintenance staff for restoring the normalcy in the station. Never attempt to restore the 220KV supply at switch yard in panic unless the entire system is thoroughly examined and satisfy yourself as it causes permanent damage to the equipment or injury/death to the person working at switch yard. 17. OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION: The unit trips on the over frequency protection, Resins the machine. Even after two to three attempts, the machine is tripping on the same protection; probably the governor of turbine is faulty. Inform to maintenance staff for rectification of the same. STATOR EARTH FAULT The usual method of detection Stator Earth fault is by measuring the voltage across the secondary of neutral grounding transformer (NGT).