Reform: Germany & Switzerland

*Brother Martin (Luther) * A very complex figure: both shallow & deep *Deeply spiritual & shockingly vulgar *By some, revered and loved *By others, one of the great rogues *Hundreds of books written about him, fairly recently. *Hans Hillerbrand The Reformation: A Narrative History) *Heiko Oberman Luther: Man Between God and the Devil *Roland Bainton Here I Stand *John Dillenberger, ed. Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings *Preparation for Leadership *Born into middle class family (1483) *Sent to university to prepare for law *Became an Augustinian monk *Tormented by his inabilities before God *Vicar over 11 monasteries *Degrees in theology/ Bible : Professor at Wittenberg (1513) *Still tormented: *teach it until you believe it *Critical Teaching: lectures on Psalms and Romans *the just shall live by faith (Rom.1:16-17) * *Two Formative Moments: *a visit to Rome (1511) *the indulgence campaign by Tetzel * *The Testing Years: 1517 1521 * The 95 Theses (1517) mostly about indulgences & forgiveness *wide dissemination, objection, debates (1518-19) The famous doors *Critical Booklets: (1520) *On Good Works: all Christians are holy *The Babylonian Captivity of the Church *critiqued the sacraments as power tools *The Freedom of the Christian Man defining the life of faith, grace and Biblical truth *Address to the Nobility: *

*Excommunication, Trial & Condemnation: Diet of Worms (1521). *Protector: Frederick the Wise (Saxony) *Abduction! Frederick and his castle

*In the Wartburg: Confined but productive *Erasmus Greek NT becomes a German NT *Translations /revisions of the Mass *Catechisms : adults and children *Translated, composed and adapted much hymnody Peasants under the Bundschuh *The Peasants Revolt (1525) the appeal to Pastor Luther *Response: The Admonition to Peace *Neither the Nobles or Peasants listened *The Peasants began to terrorize *Appeal to Luther by the nobility: *Against the Murdering and Robbing Hordes of Peasants *100,000 peasants slaughtered *Results of the Peasants War: *Luther became suspectto the peasants *Lutheran church tied to the nobility *The Protestatio to the Diet, 1529-30 *A statement both of support and principles *Several northern princes, imperial cities Ulrich Zwingli & Zurich *Background: *Classical humanist education *Became a noted Biblical preacher, with an emphasis on the Gospels *Called to preach at Zurich Early modern Zurich the Great Church in Zurich *Reform with a Twist: *More moralistic than Luther (Gospels) *Disagreed on the nature of the Eucharist *Rejected the use of music and art in church *No new songs psalms *Plain churches

*A shift of resources: *From monasteries to compassion and new schools Luther annotated *Took a leading role in Zurich government: *Great conflict with Catholic authorities

New Testament annotated

*A food embargo, then war *Zwingli took the field, died at battle of Kappel in 1531. * *Martin Bucer, the peaceful reformer (Strassburg) John Calvin (1509-1564) *Educated in classics (Cicero!) and law *Well received in Paris aristocracy; holder of benefices *Father excommunicated in 1529 *A dissident in Paris, resigned benefices 34 *Early Career (1534-40) *Served in Basel, Geneva, Strassburg * The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1535 *Returned unwillingly to Geneva in 1541 *Profound and coercive (?) rule over the city *Highly intellectual and highly moral *Rigorously Biblical *Structures of Geneva: *Ordonnannces Ecclesiatiques *The Consistory: church and city together *The Academy *(a famous moment: Servetus) *The Reformed Churches: *Dutch, Swiss and German Reformed Churches *Presbyterian Church of Scotland *English Puritans and Baptists *French Reformed = Huguenots