Animals: The

Invertebrates
Part 2
Cone Snails
Cone Snail Radula
 Videos: Cone Snails

http://grimwade.biochem.unimelb.ed
u.au/cone/about.html
 Body Plan of a Clam

left mantle
mouth
retractor muscle

retractor muscle

foot
left gill shell
palps Figure 25.21
Page 429
 Cephalopods

Only the nautilus retains external
shell

Other cephalopods are streamlined,
active swimmers

All move by jet propulsion
– Water is forced out of mantle cavity
through a funnel-shaped siphon

Have large brains relative to body
size
 Cuttlefish Body Plan
Closed circulatory system with heart
and accessory heart
Figure 25.22 esophagus
Page 429 digestive kidney stomach
gland
brain

arm

jaw

mantle
reproductive internal
siphon ink sac heart accessory organ shell
tentacle radula anus gill heart
 Video: Unknown deep-sea squid
recorded by Tiburon

http://www.mbari.org/news/news_re
leases/2001/dec21_clague/Squid_clo
seup.mov
 Question 20

20.Name three characteristics of
mollusks.
 Answer 20

20. Name three characteristics of
mollusks.

Bilateral, soft-bodied, coelomate

Most have a shell or reduced version of

one

Mantle drapes over body and secretes
shell

Most have a fleshy foot

Many have a radula for shredding food

 Question 21

21. Name three classes of mollusks.
 Answer 21

21. Name three classes of mollusks.

Gastropods

Chitins

Bivalves

Cephalopods
 Question 22

22.What is torsion? To which class
of mollusks does it pertain?
 Answer 22

22.What is torsion? To which class
of mollusks does it pertain?

Torsion:
the rotation of the visceral
mass so that the anus is in a
“forward” position.

Gastropods (snails)
 Question 23

23. In bivalves, what does the “foot”
do?
 Answer 23

23. In bivalves, what does the “foot”
do?

It is used to “dig” into the substrate.
 Question 24

24.Which mollusks use” jet”
propulsion as a means of
locomotion?
 Answer 24

24.Which mollusks use” jet”
propulsion as a means of
locomotion? cephalopods
Annelids: Phylum Annelida
Segmented, coelomate worms

Class Polychaeta

Class Oligochaeta

Class Hirudinea
 Polychaetes
“jaws”

toothlike
structures

Most are marine pharynx
(everted)

Bristles extend antenna
palp
from paired, (food handling)
fleshy parapods tentacle

on each eyes

segment chemical-
sensing pit

Head end is
specialized
parapod

Fig. 25.24c
Page 430
Leeches - Class Hirudinea

Predators and parasites

Less obvious body

segmentation

Most have sharp jaws

 Leech Body Plan

http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/helmint/annelhom/hiru0100/ol654waw.htm
 Hirudin: Anticoagulant

“Hirudin: An anticoagulant ("bloodthinner"). Hirudin is the
active principle in the salivary secretion of leeches. The
name hirudin is from Hirudo medicinalis, the name of the
medicinal leech.

In 1884 John Haycraft in Strasbourg found that leeches
contained a substance with anticoagulant properties. This
anticoagulant in leech saliva was isolated in the 1950s and
found to be an antithrombin (an inhibitor of thrombin). The
primary chemical structure of hirudin was determined in
1976.

The anticoagulant drugs desirudin and lepirudin (brand
name: Refludan) are genetically engineered recombinant
forms of hirudin.”

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3762
Leech Toon
 Earthworm - An Oligochaete
No parapodia, few bristles per
segment
Dorsal blood vessel

Circular muscle
Longitudinal Coelom
muscle
Nephridium

Nerve cord

Figure
Seta (retracted)
25.25a Nerve cord
Page 431
 Earthworm Nephridium
bladderlike storage nephridium’s thin loop reabsorbs some
region of nephridium solutes, relinquishes them to blood

blood
vessels

body
wall

Figure
funnel (coelomic fluid external pore (fluid containing 25.25b
with waste enters here) wastes discharged here) Page 431
Earthworm Circulatory System

Hearts

Figure 25.25c
Page 431
 Earthworm Digestive System

Coelomic chambers

Crop Gizzard
Esophagus
Pharynx

Mouth

Figure 25.25d
Page 431
Earthworm Nervous System

Brain

Nerve cord Figure

25.25e
Page
431
 Non-Aging Worm, Aeolosoma
tenebrarum

“Shows no increase in mortality rates with aging.”

http://www.biotech.missouri.edu/Dauer-World/Aging/Oligochaete.html
 Kinabalu National Park

Kinabalu National Park - Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia
Wilson’s Promontory National Park
 Giant Gippsland Earthworm
Megascolides australis

80cm is common, but may be 5 m
long!
 Giant Palouse Earthworm
(Driloleirus americanus)

Driloleirus americanus is a large, pinkish-white earthworm as much

as 3 feet long, said to smell like lilies when handled. Threatened by
habitat loss (Palouse bunchgrass prairie) and non-native worm species.
During summer droughts, the worms dug burrows as deep as 15 feet.
 Question 25

25.To which phylum do earthworms
belong?
 Answer 25

25.To which phylum do earthworms
belong?

Annelida
 Question 26

26.What are three characteristics
that distinguish earthworms from
nematodes?
 Answer 26

26.What are three characteristics
that distinguish earthworms from
nematodes?

Closed
circulatory system,
segmentation, coelomate, setae
 Question 27

27.
What the three classes of
annelida?
 Answer 27

27.
What the three classes of
annelida?

Class Polychaeta

Class Oligochaeta

Class Hirudinea
 Arthropods: (Stop!!!!)
Phylum Arthropoda

The
phylum with the greatest
number of species

Four lineages:
– Trilobites (all extinct)
– Chelicerates (spiders, mites,
scorpions)
– Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps,
barnacles)
– Uniramians (insects, centipedes,
 Adaptations for Success

Hardened exoskeleton Do not

post on

Jointed appendages Internet

Fused and modified segments

Respiratory structures

Specialized sensory structures

Division of labor

Figure 25.26
Page 432
 Question 28
28. What is the name for the phylum
that contains spiders, crabs and
insects?
 Answer 28
28. What is the name for the phylum
that contains spiders, crabs and
insects? What does the term literally
mean?

Arthropoda “jointed legs”

 Question 29
29. Name two lineages of arthropoda.
 Answer 29
29. Name two linages of arthropoda.
– Trilobites (all extinct)
– Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions)
– Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, barnacles)
– Uniramians (insects, centipedes,
millipedes)
 Chelicerates

Originated in seas

A few are still marine: horseshoe
crabs, sea spiders

The arachnids are all terrestrial
Spiders Mites
Scorpions Chiggers
“Daddy longlegs” Ticks
 Body Plan of a Spider

eye brain heart digestive gland Malpighian tubule

poison
gland

book lung ovary silk gland anus

pedipalp mouth sperm receptacle spinners
chelicera
Figure 25.28
Page 433
 Crustaceans

Most are marine, Copepods

some freshwater, a Crayfish
few terrestrial
Barnacles

Head has two pairs Lobsters
of antenna, three
Shrimps
pairs of food-
Crabs
handling
Isopods (pillbugs)
appendages
Amphipods
Ostracods
 Lobster Body Plan

one of two fused segments of segments of

antennae eyes cephalothorax abdomen
(two pairs)

food-handling
appendages
(three pairs)

swimmerets tail
fin
first leg

five walking legs (five pairs total)

Figure 25.29a
Page 434
 Crab Life Cycle

Larval and juvenile

stages molt repeatedly
and grow in size
egg

Figure 25.30
Page 435
 Important Pond Crustaceans
Copepods (Phylum: Arthropoda)
Most have a single medial eye

The head and part of the thorax is covered

by a cephalosome

Most are free living and microscopic

The class, Copepoda, contains 10 orders

Copepods are primary consumers

 Typical Copepod Body Plan

http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/crust/copbiol.html
 Ostracods
These crustaceans live in freshwater,
brackish and marine environments

Ostracods are primary consumers

They have seven pairs of appendages

attached to a head and thorax

Their bodies are covered with a carapace,

similar in shape to a clam shell
Ostracod Morphology
 Ostracod Photos

Often called “Seed Shrimp”

 Decapods
These crustaceans have 5 pairs of
walking legs
Decapods include the freshwater
crayfish and shrimp

Refer to the “Lobster Diagram” for

morphology
 Video: Crayfish

http://agnews.tamu.edu/dailynews/s
tories/WFSC/video/Oct0801a.rm
 Question 30
30. Name two common pond
crustaceans.
 Answer 30

30. Name two common pond

crustaceans.

Crayfish (decapoda)
Copepods
Ostracods
 Question 31

31. Crustaceans have two/three
pairs of antennae and two/three pair
of food getting appendages.
 Answer 31

31.Crustaceans have two/three
pairs of antennae and two/three
pairs of food getting appendages.
 Millipedes and Centipedes
(Uniramians)

Segmented bodies with many legs

Millipedes
– Two pairs of legs per “segment”
– Scavengers

Centipedes
– Flattened, with one pair of legs per
segment
– Predators
 Insect Body Plan

Thorax usually has three pairs of

legs and one or two pairs of wings

Abdomen contains most internal
organs and specialized structure
for reproduction

Three-part gut

Malpighian
tubules attach to
midgut and serve in elimination of
wastes
Insect Body Plan
 Insect Headparts
Butterfly Mosquito
Grasshopper

antenna labrum

mandible

Fly

maxilla
palps

labium
Figure 25.32
Page 436
 Insect Diversity

The only winged invertebrates

More than 800,000 known species

Most successful species are small

in size and have a great
reproductive capacity
 Growth and molting
Types of
Insect
Development egg young adult

Incomplete metamorphosis
Different stages exploit
different resources at
different times
egg nymphs adult

Complete
metamorphosis

egg larvae pupa adult

 Unwelcome Arthropods

Poisonous
spiders

Disease-carrying
ticks

Venomous
Do not
scorpions post on
Internet

Agricultural pests Corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera)

Figure 25.38
Page 439
 Question 32

32. Insects and the two/three pairs
of legs and usually have two/three
pairs of wings.
 Answer 32

32. Insects and the two/three pairs
of legs and usually have two/three
pairs of wings.
 Echinoderms

Deuterostomes
Do not

Body wall has spines post
photos
on
or plates Internet

No brain

Adults are radial withSea urchin
bilateral features
Sea cucumber

Figure 25.39
Page 440
Brittle star
 Echinoderm Diversity

Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)

Sea stars

Brittle stars

Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars

Sea cucumbers
 Body Plan of a Sea Star

sieve
gonad coelom
plate
anus

upper
stomach

lower
stomach

digestive gland

eyespot

Figure 25.40a
Page 441
Water Vascular System

sieve plate

ampulla

Figure
25.40b
Page 441
 Question 33

33.To which phylum do starfish and
sea urchins belong?
 Answer 33

33.To which phylum do starfish and
sea urchins belong?

Echinodermata
 Question 34

34.What are three characteristics of
the echinoderms?
 Answer 34

34. What are three characteristics of
the echinoderms?

Deuterostomes

bilateral/radial symmetry

no brain

water vascular system

“spiny skins”
 Question 35

35.What are three types of
echinoderms?
 Answer 35

35. What are three types of echinoderms?

Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars)

Sea stars

Brittle stars

Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars

Sea cucumbers
New Zealand Giant Squid

Giant Lobster Invades Playground

 Not Kidding!
22 pounds!