Professional Documents
Culture Documents
D Internet Myiemorgmy Iemms Assets Doc Alldoc Document 2594 Go
D Internet Myiemorgmy Iemms Assets Doc Alldoc Document 2594 Go
i
=o
x
1-
E
ocd
=
E(1 - :)
(1 + :)(1 - 2:)
E
Su
rc
E
ocJ
rc
= (
1 - :
:
)
m
(1 - 2:)(1 + :)
(1 - :)
SAND m= 0.5
v ((1-v)/v)^0.5 (1-v)/((1-2v)(1+v)) E
ref
50
/E
ref
oed
0.2 2.00 1.11 1.80
0.25 1.73 1.20 1.44
0.3 1.53 1.35 1.13
0.33 1.41 1.50 0.94
0.35 1.36 1.60 0.85
0.4 1.22 2.14 0.57
0.45 1.11 3.79 0.29
0.49 1.02 17.11 0.06
SILT m=0.75
v ((1-v)/v)^0.75 (1-v)/((1-2v)(1+v)) E
ref
50
/E
ref
oed
0.2 2.83 1.11 2.55
0.25 2.28 1.20 1.90
0.3 1.89 1.35 1.40
0.33 1.68 1.50 1.12
0.35 1.59 1.60 0.99
0.4 1.36 2.14 0.63
0.45 1.16 3.79 0.31
0.49 1.03 17.11 0.06
CLAY m =1
v ((1-v)/v) (1-v)/((1-2v)(1+v)) E
ref
50
/E
ref
oed
0.2 4.00 1.11 3.60
0.25 3.00 1.20 2.50
0.3 2.33 1.35 1.73
0.33 2.00 1.50 1.33
0.35 1.86 1.60 1.16
0.4 1.50 2.14 0.70
0.45 1.22 3.79 0.32
0.49 1.04 17.11 0.06
Modulus E
50
u
from Undrained Triaxial Test
E
u
50
= 3G
50
E
50
u
=
2c
u
s
]
E
50
u
=200c
u
if
vf
= 1%
Modulus E
50
u
from C
u
and Plasticity Index
E
u
50
=
15000C
u
I
p
%
For NC Clays
E
u
50
=
15000C
u
I
p
%
For NC Clays
2nd Question to Audiences:
Is E
u
50
a stress-
dependent parameter ?
Summary for Soil Stiffness Assessment from
Laboratory Test
- Always be coupled with the knowledge of basic soil
properties, particularly on moisture content &
stress level & plasticity index (for fine-grained soil)
- Loading and unloading steps are equally important
- Cross-check using different tests e.g. Oedometer
and Drained Triaxial Test or Undrained Triaxial Test
- Cross- reference with typical range of soil stiffness
for various soil types
Non-Linear Soil Stiffness
Soil Stiffness Non-linear Stress-Strain Behaviour
(after Atkinson, 2000)
Soils are packed with
collection of grains
with grading,
mineralogy, shape and
texture.
Soil Stiffness Yielding and Plastic Straining
=
e
+
p
p
related to
y
by hardening law
(after Atkinson, 1993)
Soil Stiffness Rigidity and Non-linearity
(after Atkinson, 2000)
-Rigidity = E
o
/q
f
=1/
r
-Non-linearity =
f
/
r
-
r
is a reference strain
Soil stiffness is principally related to
peak strength and both of them
increase with effective stress and
overconsolidation
Rigidity and Non-linearity for some common
materials
(after Atkinson, 2000)
Rigidity
Non-linearity
Characteristic Stiffness-Strain Behaviour
(after Atkinson, 2000)
(after Atkinson & Sallfors, 1991 and Mair , 1993)
very small strain
small strain
large strain
Variation of Stiffness with Strain, Stress & OCR
(after Atkinson 1993)
0
o
p
u
= A(
p
i
p
u
)
n
R
o
m
(State parameters A, n, m varies for different soils
Parameters for Current State (Isotropic stress)
(after Atkinson, 2000)
volume state
stress state
Variation of Stiffness with State Parameters for
Reconstituted Kaolin Clay
(after Viggiani & Atkinson 1995)
n = 0.65
A=2000
m=0.2
Variation of Stiffness with State Parameters for
Carbonate Sand
(after Jovi i & Coop, 1997)
n = 0.58
A=4000
Material Parameters for G
o
(after Viggiani & Atkinson 1995)
All these parameters A, n & m are related to plasticity index
Typical Values of Strength and Stiffness of Soils
(after Tatsuoko & Shibuya, 1992)
All these parameters A, n & m are related to plasticity index
80MPa
600MPa
80kPa
400kPa
Variation of rigidity with state and plasticity index
(after Atkinson, 2000)
Variation of Failure Strain with State
(after Atkinson, 2000)
Non-linear Stress-Strain Expression for Soils
(after Georgiannou et al. 1991, Coop et al. 1997, Cuccovillo & Coop 1997 &
Atkinson 2000)
E
t
E
o
=
1 - (
e
]
e
)
1 - (
e
]
e
o
)
o
= 0.0005% for low plasticity silts
o
= 0.005% for high plasticity clays
o
= 0.0001% for unbonded coarse grained soils
o
= 0.02% for bonded soils and soft rocks
r = 0.1 to 0.5
o
= 0.001%
= 0.1%
E
s
/E
o
= 0.2
E
s
/E
o
= 0.5
Variation of E
s
/E
o
with rigidity and non-linearity
(after Atkinson 2000)
= 0.1%
E
s
/E
o
= 0.5
E
s
/E
o
= 0.2
Application of Non-Linear Stiffness for Design
(after Atkinson, 2000)
(Settlement of model foundation on
sands and clay)
(Stiffness-strain curve from triaxial)
Summary for Non-linear Soil Stiffness
- Soil stress-strain behaviour is highly non-linear
- Non-linear behaviour can be characterized by
rigidity and degree of non-linearity
- Very small strain-stiffness is measurable from field
shear wave velocity or bender element test
- Peak strength and failure strain measurable from
routine laboratory test
- Stiffness is related to its composition and to its
current state
Conclusions
- The objectives of assessment for soil stiffness should be clear
particularly for the range of strain level for the targeted
application (dynamic or static, small strain or large deformation)
- Basic information e.g. particle composition, unit weight, moisture
content, Atterberg limits and fluctuation of ground water table
should be gathered for the assessment of soil stiffness
- Always cross-check the measured soil stiffness using different
tests or correlation to basic soil properties
Thank You for Your Attention