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\nw I-1. A-eo-tS-bn-Wm I-a{-Wo-hmm I-a{-Wo
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N-co-^-an-Wm.
I-a{-Wo-hme-In A-e-In-f-t---Xm C-y
P-\-X--tS hn-n-Py-eo---P-\n-[o-]-Xy-h-a-c-jo \o-m B-eo--eo--Xn-Wm C-y-bo-td I-a{Wo-hmm 5-n-\w F-n-Wm. H- -n-1-Ind-t ue-ucn---m A-Xo-\m. In-d-b-j-eo
C-y P-\-X--tS eo-8-en-ue-fw hn-n-Py-eo--
tN-c-K-\o,I-jo, tXn-ko-dn-jo-e-K h-a-c-jo, I-g-I I-dn-]--jo, t]n-H-P-\n-[o-]-Xy
h-a-c--jo, hn--io-I ]-co-l-c-W 5-n-\-jo 5-I-S-an-bo-p-. C-e-bo-td G--=w ao-I=- B-;-I C-y I-a{-Wo-hmm 5-n-\-o
A-Wo-uN-. A--t\ C-y-bo-td I-a{-Wo-hmm
5-n-\w uZ-fp-b eo-uan-N-\ h-a-c-o--tS-bnm D--o-co---Xm; A-Xn-I-t hn-e-uZ-fp-b
hn-n-Py-eo---u]n-cn--o-t n-K-an-bo--.
H-nw udn-I-a-in---o--uf-gw eo-uf-go-w
C-Xn-bo-- hw--eo--Xm. C-Xo e-do-b an--tanw I-a{-Wo-hmm eo---u]n-w I-t-o-.
H-nw udn-I-a-in---o--uf-gw F--Xn-Wm
C-Xo 5-[n-\w. I-a{-Wo-hme-In uIn-j-\o-en-G
hn-n-Py-X|w F-p ]-Z- A---X-do--e-tc
an--ao-n- H-n-bo I-m 5-ubn-Ko- e-cn-c-m.
1917 td-\o I-t-K- H-n-Wm udn-Iw
-?-e H- N--d--t-w B N--d uIn-j-\oen-G--uS-w hn-n-Py-X|-en-G--uS-H-an-Wm F-w.
N--d--tS A-o-X|-u_n-[w A-u-i-o-\m \-ob-Xm an-Pw Gw-K-w a-e-an-tW-o-w -X-dnjo--cn-Py--jo-dn-!w eo-8-ew D-n-=-I-tb-
_n-d-]n-T-t td-\o X-t tIn-ujn-Wo-b
ho-n--o--tS a-n-o 5-Xo-~o-. c-nw uInr-o X-t-bo-H hw--eo-. N--d--tS H-S-=w H---=w -X-dn-jo-an--tS -o-dn-Wm F-
+xn 475 7
ho-n-w t]-n-jo-t-?-Xo td-\o. D+n-Z-u\n]n-[o-I-;w D+n-Z-\-_---;w X-o-- tte-[yw -Oo-%- cn-Py--jo&So I-S--u]n-!-
N--d-bo-td G--=w -_-d-an-b I-Bo-bo-dn-m,
A-Xn-b-Xm Xn-c-X-uay-\ ]o-n-w \o-- hn-nPy-X|-cn-Py--jo-dn-m, uhn-gy-do-hw B-Ln-Xua+o-%-I F-m a-\-o-dn-o-b td-\o 1917 td
H-u+n-_ e-h--o X-t cn-Py-t X-t
N--d t]n-o-m eo-P-bo-. P-ao-\o-bo-w ]n-cp-how d--\o-w N--d-I -_-d-a- F- -So
td-\o I-t-o. X-t -e--co-I-tj A-uiw Xo--o A-e--tS b-f--b-o. tXn-
N--d t]n-o-b-Xm ttN-\, eo-b-m\nw, tIn-lo-b,
I{-_ F-o-eo-S--jo-dn-Wm. A-tXn-t u]n-I-t
n-c-X-o-ud-m e-cnw \--m. ...-5n-Np-\ C-y
h--Zm ey-e---tS \-t-m #-go-bn-bo--...
F-n-Wm \nw ]-To-%- N-co-^w, C-\o-- I-a{Wo-hmm ]n-Tw [-o-u--Xn-Wm. ...-F-n
uZ-fp-b-=w A--uZ-fp-b-=-an-b en-Wo-Py-=w
eyn-]n-c-=w D-n-bo--; rn-a-ey-e-hn-b-,
fn-w, uPyn-Xo-fn-w, J-\-\w, udn-i-\oan-Ww, I-c-Iv-f-d-eo-Zy-I, hn-io-Xyw, hnw-ncw F-o-e-w eo-In-hw 5n-]o-o--. 5-[n-\
H-l--J--jo--tS I-b-e-a-Xo tN-o-- 5-[n-\
e---Z-o-uW-y-bo \o-- \p-dw, -K-e--, -K--ey--\-, !---j-Im,
c-U--;-I, -K-I, B-\-tn-m, N--\w,
h|-Ww F-o-e-w, _w-Kn-jo \o-w _-\n-lho \o--- !--aw, I--co F-o-e-w B-bo-. udn-i-, h|-Ww, te-o, ]-eo-kw, !-Xoc-I F-o-e-bn-bo-- 5-[n-\ C-l-%-a-Xo-I.
D-]--J-7-o-td C-Xo-in-h H-dy-an-b h--m
eo-eo-[ In-d--jo A-u\-Iw B-?-a-W-In-co-Itj B-I-go-. t]n-H-eo ]-l-n 1813 e-tc
C-y H- I-b-e-a-Xo cn-Py-an-bo--. ~o-p-i-Incn-Wm C-y-tb C-l-%-a-Xo cn-Py-an-o an-o-b-Xm...
C-eo-tS-bn-Wm C-Uy I-a{-Wo-hmm ]n-o CUy -X-dn-jo-|-t I-t-K--Xm. 1813
C-Uy ~o-p-gm uIn-j-\o-bn-b-uXn-tS N--dtb I-t-K-I-tb- a-i-n-b N-co-^-Zv-Xyw
-W-an-bo.
-c-n-a-Xn-bo [-o-u- \o-cp--W-an-Wm
...-n-c-X-o -rn-a-h--Zn-b hw-eo-[n-\-an-Wm
A-u\-Iw -n-1-I-jn-bo \o-o---Xm. hweo-[n-\-o Xn-km X-cw #-go-n-w rn-ap-W
ttI-tn-ko-In-w Pn-Xo--tS a-l-eo -g-W475 8 +xn
- [ Bg\nZw
o- eo-u[-b-cn-bo. B-cw G-?w -n-1-I-jodn-bo ^{-U ey-e--m ue-ucn---n-bo.

F-n A-Xo-t -]p-I-c-Ww --X In-dwtIn-n-Wm hw--eo--Xm. C-uXn-tS Pn-Xo-ey-e-
-V-X-c-an-=-I-w tN-. udn-I-o-td G--=w
h-p-W-an-b n-]-\--jo-tdn-n-Wm Pn-Xotb--Xo hw-f-b-ao-. c-nw \o-cp--Ww
eo-I-ho-%- X-dw [-u-b-an-Wm. eo-eo-[ Pn-XoI-tj eo-eo-[ X--I-jn-bo \o-d-\o-K- u[-Wp_--an-b H- ey-e--bn-W-Xm. H- Pn-Xo-bo-td
Aw-K--tj hw-ubn-Po-o-%--Xm tXn-ko-]-can-b -lm, t]n-H A--~n-\-, B-Nn-c-,
Pn-Xo-m !-l-K--e--an-bo eo-en-i-o-w unP-\-o--- eo-d-%-I F-o-e e-ko-bn-Wm.
I--f-=w an--ao-n--H-an-Wm Pn-Xo-u[-Wotb- ]-k-b [n-c-W C-m ao--en-cw F-n
]-7o-X-n-w Xo-c--co-o--m. -n-1-I-jo--tS
Pn-Xo-ey-e--bo
]-co-Wn-a--;-n-bo--m.
A-Xm an--o-\m eo-u[-b-an-bo--m. A-Xo -lo-
an--w -o-u----n-bo--m. Pn-Xo u[-Wobo No-d Pn-Xo-I D-b--I-ubn Xn-?-I-ubn
tN-o--m. F-n an--ao-n-tX \o-d-\o- H-
In-cy--m. h|-w B-[o-]-Xyw D-l-o- \o-K-Xo-w \p-o-tn-1-u]n-=--Xo-w -c-Wn-[o-In-coe-Kw Pn-Xo-ey-e--tb F-un-?w H- I--en-bo
I-o--t--Xn-Wm B In-cyw. N-co-^w e-j-tc
t]-t-m -]-tn--Xnw -n-o-td-K-.
C-n-d-t --X ^-d-5-Z-an-b Pn-Xo-5-n-\
-, Z|o-P-n-m Xn-tk-w A-bo--n-m
ua-td--- C-S-\o-d-Pn-Xo-I-;-an-bo _--t-Xn-Wm; A-e-co K-Wy-an-b F-Bw -=-S-a-I-;w
[-\o-I-#-go-n-w B-bo--; \-K-cn-[o-~o-X
eo-Zyn-h-- t--I-tj -wo-n C-S-\o-dPn-Xo-I-m I-ko-o--. a-in-cn-{-bo-w a-Zocn-fo-bo-w h-ep--I-jo-w t]n-H-hnw-n-co-I
Pp-eo-X-o-w ey-2-an-b ~n-1-Wn-[o-]-Xy--nbo--; C-Xm 19-nw -n-o-t A-e-hn-\-untS ~n-1-W-eo-- 5-n-\--jo-ud-m \-bo-.
~n-1-W-eo-- f-pw a-in-cn-{-bo B-Zy-anbo D-b-o-b-Xm 1870- uPyn-Xo-_n C-td-bnbo--... uI-c-j-o-t N-co-^ J-\-\w In-0.
...-uI-c-j-o-td 'A--fy-cn-b' -k-e-m ~n-1Wn-[o-]-Xy-t B-?-ao-n-w u-^-5-ue-fw
B-e-fy-t-Sn-w No-d h|-w B-Nn-c- 'hw-X-e--co-n-'- B-f-b-o-\o-nm
([p-\n-cn-b-W-Y- 1854-1928) 5-uNn-Z-\w d-o--Xm.
]o-p-Sm uI-c-j-o-td -k-e-co A-u\-Iw

u] I-a{-Wo-hmm A-Wo-I-jn-bo an-lo... C-\o--
N-co-^ ]n-T--jo n-c-X-o P-\o-o-- F-n
a-in-n-w I-a{-Wo-hme-I-jn-Wm F-m 5-Jyn-]o%--m. No-d I-dn-]--;-tS I-a{-Wo-hmm
n-gyw [-o-%-I. -en I-dn-]-=w (1799)
_w-Kn-jo-td \p-dw-h-a-c-w (1859-60) u_nw-t_-botd tU-n I-dn-]-w (1875) 1830-31- tta-co-td t_-Umu\n I-dn-]-w 1833-37- a-Zo-cn-fo
5-ho-U-ho-bo-td Yw-uh I-dn-]-w, 1846-47-
]n_otd I-Wn- I-dn-]w, 1848 - \n-Km-cotd ucn-io--I 1873-td tU-n-]n-xn I-dn]-, 1818-31-td o-I-dn-]w 1824 - u_nw-t_
5-ho-U-ho-bo-td uIn-jo-I \-S-o-b I-dn-]w,
1820 - c-P-!-n-\-bo ua-en--I-;-tS I-dn-]w,
1831-32 - uNn-n-\n-Km-co-td uin uKn-^n--tS h-a-cw. 1815-w 1832-w I-mKo-I-;-tS
I-dn-]w 1846 - H-lp-h--tS tJn-- I-dn-]w.
C--t\ H-S-m 1919 td a-d-_n-I-dn-]w e-tc
I-g-I-h-a-c--;w A-e-tb-nw I-a{-Wo-h-m
e-K-h-a-c-o-t 5n-Km -]--;-an-bo 5-Jyn-]o
--t-o-co-%-. C-Hw tX-o-\o-bo-td ]--!-Kw
X-o-td-m _--ta--u? cn-{-o-t N-co-^w
5-uXy-Io-m n-c-X-o-t N-co-^w B-co
\o-n-Wm ]p-V-\w G-e-en---tX-m \nw a-\-o

-dn--Ww. C-td-w \n-cn-b-W-Y--=w, N--o
-h|n-ao-I-;w, Sn-uKn-cw, Xo-d-I-w, dn-dn-Po-w,
h|n-ao eo-ue-In-\--w H-S-o-tb-n-e-w ]n-o
-uc-J-I-jo \n-j-t h-Jn--jn-Wm. F-n
n-c-Xp-b-m C-e-tc-nw tti--e \-uen-Qn\\nb-I-cn-Wm. C-e-bo C-\o ]-l-- u]--I
[-o-%-I -h-^ A-i--Zm, D-n-\o gv--m,
A-ap tti-Z Jn, _--K-, a- ô-uln-Zp, ap A-e---a-Pp-Zm, i--m uan-in-\o,
-i--Zm g-^p-m, i-dpw A-q H-S-o H-]o-So -pw u]--I-;-m. C-e--tS Pp-e-N-co-^w
]-co-ufn-[o-n -co-]-w u]-w -in-Po-c-Ijn-Wm. -pw \-uen-Qn\\n-b-I-c-... udn-Iw
-?-e tN-tn-So-w \--^-=w N---d-w
h|-]-\w I- eo-8-e-o l-gy--uS-w ttN-\-uS-w ]-cp--W H-S-eo-8-e-o ]- e-Wt an-^w an-o 5-Xo-~o-n, eo-8-e-o-t
Po-in--I-m h-an-[n-\w ttI-e-w F-w
!-\-en-bo--t-- N-co-^n-]-r-Y-\-o-ud-m
e-w In-d N-co-^-t -Wo-%--e, tX-o-\o
-bo-td uIn-dn-bo H- A-S-w ]-l---Xm \nw
uI-%-o-u, C-t-o \nw A-Xm uI-u-H-m...
()
Ncoôtd PweZ|p!w, ncXJ7=w, BcyneuZf=w Ct ]So ItKI

eoga Incya, B Itdo \m eof|nhw P\o%ItbXn=w eogaw. eouZfo
eof|ho%tXw eof|ho% cXpbm Incyw eun eouZfotS eof|nhw u]nw
cbneo. IncWw Aûbtl ASoa|new \tS a\o ejoco%. Au\yn\y,
Ao5nboX, ~1Ncyaon, ]T\]nTjon, eogbnh2o, Icw, ueZeoZytS udn]w,
^duPynXogw, XnZoI]Sfnw, Ppeooco% P\pbtc PontXw Ae ]lXm PpeoX
o ]IntXw acWaS Ikoun Ppeu\nSoco%unXt Aetc ttZeHdycnbo
5Xo~om D]nh\bncwo%I CXynZo Au\Iw lajnWm eouZfpbtS enGnen
IncWw. huinZc Xo Idio%un na\nb eouZfo a[y\nbo Na.
ainncXIYw \nw eoco? ]n7enuSw IvcenuSw bnZenuSw Dd\nfw
hweotXt\bm ain\nb eynh \m ]lXXo \ow \nw ]Too. Am AH
hweoH u]nIt B ucnKw CHetcw uZanboo. Cv bc cnh Fun eou]n!
taloeo. H ]u u[~cnb Fnetcw Jjo \oIo xJhnKco o
tnunw! !dw So, cnPyw \foo \pNcnb IvcetS wanKotS Cw hco
%XnWm \tS xJe\eo IncWw. Cv cnPucnKw \oSbo \om Aeu]n!en Cvf|c
hinbot. ainucnKw \o \ow FKtInm u]nIn=tXnw tIn1u]nbo
kooco% Fow Cun?w \tS cnanKw \untSnw Xtm. f|cInWyw
P\XubntSnw XtbntWm Rn Dlm eof|ho%. \n ueZtjw AXo \ow P\o
fnujw dyanb^w 5nNp\ Ego#XngyujntSw Anetb BNncynuSw
eoZ|nnuSw ngyuntSw eynJyn\untSw Ikobn=^ 5nuZfoIanbngbo
5Ncoo%Itb n\boudm \tS heh|=w Ao%ItbXo Ieo
atnw B f|cInWyo\nbo A~ouXo. AXnWm ncXot 2oanKw F
Rn Dl eof|ho%...
(h|. \ucg)
+xn 475 9
ueZngyw
bcmueZw
(b--ue-Z-o-t en-P-h-u\-bp-I-B-hw-io-X--tS
--n-a-[yn-b-o-t \--Xo-5o-b n-gyw-)
ueZ5Infm
ueZ
Infm
--nw A-[yn-bwHnw hoZn\uf|cnb \uan \ax
hKncwo f|c agy\m

a gy\m \Iob A]v
A]vugb
ugbn\w
n\w an\e
Ego]ccbotd BZygobnb ~1gobo
gobo Bcwo
Bcwo%.. HSm
Sm B Bg
]cc bnnNncy
bn nNncy etcw
etc w B\oIIndm
B \oIIndm B ]nccyw !dob
dob aigo
Zbn\hch|Xo, ]
]7om
om PbuZemeoZyndn, ]7om
] om ZnuanZchnX|udI
Foetcw,
Foetc
w, bnoIeogbo
bn
oIeogbo ]vcnWoI\nb hnbWnNncy, Bg
hap]\o aigo AceouLngm, eynJyn\ ttfdobo ]7om
] om
ueZ_ fa, ngyw Bcwo \uc
ueZ_
\ucg
g Auiot
Au iot Yncnb
ncnb
]7om
om PKZpgm N
Nfn
fno,o, h|nao ~1\o,
\o, ]7om
] om hXy5obfn
hXy obfnoo Foetc
ww 5nanWoIcnobo
nanWoIcnobo
ngyw aigo Zbn\hch|Xo
Zbn\hch|XotS
tS bueZ
b ueZ
ngytbnWm avdoIanbo ]o
]oHSoco
Soco%Xm
Xm. h|X
h|X ngnngyw. ]Zn
]Zn
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haWw
ngyw AXenWobnbo
A XenWobnbo anJenWo
an enWo tNncom
udnInabincoWobnbo eo%
eo A
AXn\abp
Xn\abp Abmm...
Hnw XnabnecZn
XnabnecZn ueZanXn5uNnZb
ueZanXn uNnZbnw
nw ]nean\p Z|oPn\nam
Z|oPn\nam.
Bx 5nWw
nWw 5Pnw
Pnw ]fqw Ip-cmXow eoWw
eoWw ~1ecm
ecmNhw aiyw ZX|n @PX
PX ~1udnI
udnIamam....
59
ugP F
F HS
aot
a ot
Egox _
_x,x, uZeXn x,x, Ox h|cnUm Knb^p,
Knb p, h|cx gUmP.
f|ch|]
f|ch|
] eW\bnWm ao
a o
u-g-P-a-ho u-g-Pw K-uef|n-b !--gn-b u-g-Pn-w. --Jw ua-gn-b ua-ttgy..

A\|bw: ugPam Aho ugPam Aho \x Kue Af|nb !
!gnb
gnb uagnb uattgy Jam
Jam.
]-Zn-Yw: A--ubn P-K-Zp-f|-cn A-m, u-g-P-nam

= F-n-eo-[-ucn-K--;-uS-w \n-f-In-c-Ww, A-ho
= B-!-, u-g-P-nam = ucn-K-In-c-W--;-tS \n-fI-w, A-ho = B-!-, \x = R--m, K-ue =
N-cn-N-c-K-a-\-In-c-W--jn-b-e-tb, A-f|n-b = f2-=w o-c-=-an-b K-a-\-t 5-Zn-\w-tN--,
!--gn-b = !-c-en-ho-I-jn-b a--gy-udn-I-o-\m,
10
475 10 +xn
- [ Bg\nZw
ua-gn-b = A-Pn-Zo-P--udn-I-o-w, ua-ttgy =

A-Pn-Zo-]-e-X-Pp-eo-I-%w, --J-am = -hv-Jy
-t 5-Zn-\w tN-n-w.
n-en-Yw: a--gy -J-t 5n-]o-%-en
C-o-%-. A-Xo 5-_-d-an-b eo-{- e-K-en f-2-an-b-Xm ucn-K--X-t-bn-Wm.
5-b-U-n \-w-an-In--Xn-Wm ucn-Kw. -f|-
c-#-]-bo-n-tX \-w-an-In--Xn-Wm ucn-Kw F-Yw. F-n ucn-K--;-uS-w A--I-\n-b -f|-c

X-t D-]n-h-I-t\ ucn-K-o \o- an-^-a-
c-o-%--Xm a-lo-m ucn-K-In-c-W--jo \o-
X-t- c-o-m ]n-do-%-. f-cp-c-=w a-\-w C-ob--;w a--gy-Pp-eo-X-o -J--;-tS 5-Xp-I-jn-Wm. F-n A-e ucn-K-c-io-X-an-tW-o
an-^-an-Wm A-f|-t-un-td -J-o-t hn-K-co-ud-m ]n---Xm. A-P-t-un-td fn--anbo h-i-e-ho-%--Xm. uKn-an-Xn-eo-t\-un-td
60
X-t !-d-t-w a-m !-d--uj-w ]n--c-o

hw-c-o-m e-wIn-d -X-d--l-I-tj \o-d-\o-K-Xm. A-Xo-\n A--ubn a-in tte-Zy-\n-b P-K-Zpf|-cn! \o-t D-]n-h-\-bn-Wm b-Yn-Y-ucn-K\n-f-o-- -g-[o-w A--Hw. A-Xm R--;tS f-cp-c-o-t-w C-o-b--;-uS-w N-cn-N-c-P-Ko-t-w ucn-K-t-an-^-a-, B-Zn-eo-t ucnK-In-c-W--tj-t \-w-an-o \p--an--
_--X-|-t n-]o- u_n-[o-o-%-. A-Xo\n B a-in-tte-Zy- \-a-n-cw
^bw_Iw
bw_Iw F- H--S-- a--o-t
E-gox eho~,
eho , uZ-e-Xnx -x, O-x eo-cn-Um ~n1pôx]m
]m, h|-cx tt[eX.
f|c Ft\ Xz
XzbX|w
bX|w \
\! Fm a--o- ]l.
]l
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+xn 475 17
17
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~n-1-W--;w ue-Z-o-t n-K-an-tW-w ue-Z-an-tW-w en-Zo-%--H-In--un-kn-Wm F-^
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fn-u2-b--tS Xn-o-In-N-cy-n--uS-w hn-in-byw uX-So h--i-o 5-e-o-. C----w
ue-Z-o \o-w A-I-m X--;-tS 5-e--\--m B-e-fy-- ]---tj h|p-I-co-m -u-lo.
_v--w ttP-\-w Nn-en-I-w Xn-o-I-w \o-ao-t-- hn--iy-?-a-o ue-Zw Pn-Xo--tS
ue-do-t-o--o -c-o-X-an-tb-o-w tte-Zo-I hw-n-cw F- B-Zo-an-\-e-hw--Xo A-Xo-t
an-\-eo-I-n-e-t D-u]-o-m Pn-Xo--tS e-uc-Wy-?-a-o 5-Xo-~o-an-bo. a-in-Zn--jn-b [p-#-w eyn-h-w ttP-ao-\o-w B-Zo-I-d-Kw [p-a-Zm f--cn-Nn-cy-h|n-ao-I a-[y-In-d-Kw a-i-go
Z-bn-\--w A-c-eo--w B--\o-I-In-d-Kw tte-Zo-I hw-n-c-o-t !-\--p-e-\-o-\n-bo
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20
475 20 +xn
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AXngyw
Xngyw
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H-co- ue-Z-\-ubn-tSn-n-tX-X-c-ao-. A-Xo--]-co \nw I-W-m ]-l-ub-o-e-co-I a--eo-t
u]-co n-c-Xp-b-]v-ucn-io-Xy-=w Pn-Xo-~n-1-Wy-=w In-o-&-o-b u]-&-K-I-n-bo-co-%w.
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h-a-bn-Zo-I-;-tS D-+-o24. In-dw In-d-eo--2pw-L

\--^n-Wo-r-inw --Yn.-h-co-Xx hn-K-cn-ttt -dnm
n m
h-an-\o-eo-g-an-Wo- N..25. X-u]n en-Nw c-Xow ttN-e In-aw N
uu?n-n-[ ua-e-N.--wow h-h-cmP ttNue-anw
-x-eo--o-anx 5--Pnx..-A-Yww:-:- ep-1w B ]-c-an-Zn-em, -x-am + C-=
-wo-n-- B-r-i-un-tS; In-dw=hw a-bw;
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n
e-X-; N=-SntX; h-an-\o eo-g-an-Wo=Do -X-=w \o--=-an-b
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N= X-]-hm; enWo-en-%m, 5-h--X; N=A-H-u]n-td; In-aw
u?n-n-[w G-e= In-au?n-[--tj; C-anw 5--Pnx=
nx
C h-a- 5-P-I-%w; -Sn-tX; C-anx -wo-am=
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e--X-I A--h-co-m 5-o--an-m.-
1. h---eo--w:-:- -en-]-c h---eo--w.21-nw u^n-I-o ue-Zn---d-an-b I-a-

eo-e-co-%-. A-X--h-co-m 26-nw u^n-I-o
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-W-an-o--ko-m ue-uZn-+-o-w I-a--;w
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A-hw-K-X-an-bo F--Yw.ttf-doo:-:- (1) -wo D-+-o--tS -e-eo-e-c-W
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A-Xo-eo--X-an-bo--t eyn-Jyn-\o-. F-n
_n-o P-U-e---tj-%-lo-m A-+-eo-e-c-W-ua
\--->. (1.19, 21). u^n-I--jo P-U]-Zn-Y--;-tS D-+-o-%m e-j-tc 5n-[n-\yw
\-o eo--co-m ]-l-o-co-%--H-[-u-b-an-m.
A-H a--eo-t ttf-do-%m eo-]-cp-X-=-an-m.
(2) eyn-Jyn-\-ttf-do -2o--2-an-m. F-o-w
A-eyn-o-uZn-gw -w-an-bo-n--. No-d ]-ZnY--tj -fo--I-S--u]n-!-. udn-w, uan-iw,
?-- H-S-o e-j-tc-b-[o-Iw e--X-I H-koen-bo-co-%- F--X-t-b- -N-\-I u]n-w
tIn--o-o-. -\o-Lo-X-an-b H- B-[n-cw eynJyn-\-o-do-t---Hm uZn-gw X-t-bn-m.
+xn 475 21
21
a--eo-t B-Jyn-\-ttf-do-bo -f-uZn-g-tjn-w D-n-eo-. A-H-tIn-1-X-t u^nI- a--eo-u-X-.3. f-p-5-ubn-K-=w C-Hm 5-o--ta- tX-jo-bo%-. 1/16, 18, 22 a--gy--tS-w a-e-Pp-eo-eK-o-t-w D-+-o eo-e-co-%-. A-Xo--uf-gw
ue-uZn-+-o-w, ue-Z-n-\-5n-o-w eyn-Jyn\o-%-. F-n u^n-I-o - w
wao
aomm
C-anw-5-Pnx F- ]-l-o-co-%-. C-un-kn-m
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--K-o \o-m --d-?-a-o -wo27. A-Wmueyn an-^n eo-\n-fo-u\yn

Z-fn-cm[n-\nw H bn --XnxXn-ox hn-cm[-ao-Zw h-cmew
hw--e-Xy---cme-fx
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--X--jn-m, bnx
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F- ]-l-b-t--. Xn-ox=
ox A-Xo-t, hn-cm[w=
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w h-a-A-e-tb ubn-Po-o-m, C-Zw h-cmew=
x ?-a-o -K-o
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f-co-b-. F--tIn-t-n1) I-cma-Wnw N eo-ue-In-cmYw:
w: u^n-I-o-uf-gw C-Xo-t ?-an--K-X-an-b In-cy- uNo-o-. A-Xo-\n 5-hw-K-w-K-ta- uZn-gw
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A-hw-K-X-an-bo. c-1 In-cy--;w 29-nw u^nI-o--uf-gw u^n-I-o-t D-]--2-n\w \o-b-X-an-%. ?-aw tX-o-tb--an-^-a-n-tX
u^n-Iw 5-o--a- F- ey-2w.
26. I-cma-Wnw N eo-ue-In-cmYw

[-cman-[-cmav ey-ue-N-b-Xm.-Z|-tt-c-ubn P-b-u-anx
--J-x-Jn-Zo-ox 5--Pnx-A-Yww:-:- N=-Sn-tX; ep-1w; I-cma-Wnw eo-ue-InYw= I-a-;
Yw
- -tS eo-ue-N-\--n-bo, [-cma-A-[cmav
v= [-an-[-a--tj, ey-ue-N-b-Xm=eo-Po-,
N=X-Yn; C-anw 5--Pnx=
nx 5-P-I-;-tS; --J-x-Jn
-Zo-ox Z|-ttx=
tx --J-x-Jn-Zo Z|-t|v
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Y-W--tj-w A-e--Itj-w ubn-Po-o-m,
A-ubn-P-b-Xm= hw--2-an-o.-A--X-a-\-\w:w:- [-an-[-a--;-tS eo--P-\-o-t
N- A-So-bo ]-l-- ue-Z-a--o e--.
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e-P-K-Xm -wn-en-b -f|-c,
h-Xyn--uX=
X G-tXn-n-uWn h-Xyw A-Xm [-aw;
G-tXn-n-uWn A-h-Xyw. A-Xm A-[-aw. A-e-tb
eyn-I-ucn-Xm= -f|-c X-t h-e--an-b
A-lo-=-tIn-1m #-Xy-=w f-co--an-b cp-Xo-bo
u\n-o--1m h-Xyn-h-Xy--tj ue-Xo-co-.-"F-n a--gy-%w F-n-un-?w h-Xy-o
an-^w [--w, A-h-Xy-o A-[--w D-nI-Ww. -f|-c 5-I-S-=w Y--=-an-b d--W-Pp-e-t I-a-ubn-Kw;- h-Xyn-h-Xy--tj a--gy-\--n-bo te-uFtl B-o. No--t A-[-a-o \o--I-o 28. bw H I-cma-Wo, b-o h \y--Mm2
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5--Y-aw 5
5x-x-. h XuZ-e h|-bw u-uP
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22
475 22 +xn
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-tS B-cw--o, bw H= G-tXn- 5n-Wo-un,

b-o I-cma-Wo=
o G-tXn- I-a-n, -Mm2w= H-S-o; !--\x !--\x=
x -ucn -wz-+-o
h-a-b-Kw (1.80) h= A-Hm ep-1w, --Py-an-\=
cNo Pw [co. X uZ-e= B I-a-t--t,
h|-bww= X--n, u-uP=
P 5n-]o-n H-S-o.29. iow-n iow-u --A-uc
[-cman-[-cman-?-Xn--uX.b-Zy-hy uhnfZuhn Z-[n-e-cmuK
X--hy h|-b-an-eo-f-Xm.-AA-Yw:w:- iow-+AA-iow-= iow-h (how-iw,
eyn-~w B-Zo) A-iow-h (-Kw B-Zo-bn-b-e--tS)
--A--c= Z-bn--2-=w, I-uTn-c-Xn--2-=-an-b; [-cmaA-[-cm-a-=A A--X-EE-uX
X= A-h-Xy=w h-Xy-=w,
b-hy=
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=w h-cmuK=
B ]-c-an-Zn-em [n-c-Ww tN-o--. X-hy X-Xm=
A-e-m B I-a- h|-bw X--n, A-eo-fXm= 5n--an-bo.-AA--X-a-\-\w:w:-
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a-i-go Z-bn-\--t te-jo-t----I.-uNn-Zyw:- -wo-tIn-1m ]-c-an-Zn-eo-m F-n-m
5-ubn-P-\w.-D--cw:- 5-j-b-o---- -wo-bo-td Pp-enZn--%m I-a-^-d-a--h-co-- ]n-]-!-Wy \--en -f|-c-t\--t\ I-ko-w -Sn-tX
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-X-dn-b A-c -K--;-tS P--=w a-e No-d-Xo-m
an, ]-I -X-dn-b -K--;-tS P--=w, #-ao, Ip-Sw,
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tN-n-tX P-w \-o-bn A-H-]--]n-X-an-!w.
(h-Xyn. 8-nw h)
30. b-Y-cmH dow-Kn-\y-s-X-ex
h|-b-ua-e-cmH-]-cy-ub.h|n-\o h|n-\y-o-]-Zy-u
X-Yn I-cman-Wo-uZ-io-\x-A-Yw:w:- b-Ynn=A-H-u]n-td, E-X-ex=
x E-H-,
E-H-]-cy-ub=
b E-H-]-co-e--\w D-n-!-un,
h|-bw G-e= X--n, E-H-dow-Kn-\o=
o -ucn
E-H-No--o-w= e-h--o !---;w ^-d
--;w D-n-!-; A-o ]-Zy-u= 5n-]o-%-.
X-Yn=
n A-5-In-cw; uZ-io-\x=
x f-cp-c-[n-co-I-jn-b
5n-Wo-I; h|n-\o h|n-\o I-cman-Wo=
o A-e-c-e-tS I-a--tj 5n-]o-%-. A-Xn-b-Hm A-e-c-e(H--S-w)
-tS I--ey--jo -?-!-.-
[-a-t e-o-o-%-I-w A-[-a-t \-fo-o-%-I-w tN---e [-\y-c-u^.

[-\w, _--P-\-, e-b-hm, u[-~-an-b I-aw, D--a-an-b eo-Zy C-e A-w an-\y-X--tS n-\-jn-!-. F-n C-e-bo [-\-u-n D--aw _--=w, _--eo-u\-n e-b-w, e-b-ou\-n h-XmI-a-=w, I-a-u-n ]-eo-^-an-b eo-Zy--j-j-bn-;w H-o-t\n-m A-[o-Iw _-*-an\-t A-io-%-. e-b-n-b-H-tIn-un, -So \-c--te-;--H-tIn-un, e-do-b [-\-en-\n-b-HtIn-un, D-b- X-l-en-o P-\o--H-tIn-un H--e a-in-\n-!-o-. ]-To--tIn-1w n-\w
tIn-1w \--tS C-S-bo e-do-b-e-\n-ucn A-e-\-u^ a-in-!--g. ~n-1-W n-\w tIn-1w,
-ô-b _-dw tIn-1w, tte-fy [-\-[n-\y--uj-tn-1w, J- Zp-Ln---tIn-1w en-Iy-t 5n-]o--. X-d--So te-;--H-tIn-1 an-^w H--e ?--\n-!-o-. A-lo-=-j-j-bn-jo-t\bn-Wm eo-Z|n-n ?--t\- ]-l---Xm. eo-Zyn-yn-hw tN-o-o-n--e a-cw tIn-1-n-o-b
B-\-tb-un-td-w uXn--tIn-1-n-o-b an-\o-t\-un-td-w Cv udn-I-o a--gy-\n-tW-
\n-a-an-^-an-bo ]-l-b-t--. A-Xo-\n eo-Zyn-yn-hw tN-m, eo-Z|n-w [-an-Zn-=-an-bo uZ|-gw -SntX h-I-d Pp-eo-I-%w h-n-Kw D-]-uZ-fo--Ww. h-Xyw D-]-uZ-fo-m [-a-t e-o-o-%-I-w
A-[-a-t \-fo-o-%-I-w tN---e [-\y-c-u^.
+xn 475 23
23
eoueIUnaWo
eoueI
UnaWo
B. ]--P-e-o, --Shw-hn-c-hn-K-cw, -e-hn-K-cw, -en-to F-t-nw

]-l---Xo-\-Yw H--X-t. -5-[n-\-an-b H-
-wn-w -o-n-Wo-%--Xo--ue-o-bn-m
Pp-eo-X-t hn-K-c-un--]-ao-o-co-%--Hm. P-\\-a-c-W--;-tS-w -J-x-J--;-tS-w A-d-I
H-o--]o-l-tI H-n-bo hw-hn-c-o D-n-=-Iw t]n-do--I-w tN---Xo-\n-dn-m A-Xo-t\
hn-K-c-ta- eo-jo-%--Xm. I-S-do-t uIn-jo-j--tj-nw A-Xo-t -I--c-o In--
5-Xo-n-h--jn-m. B-k-o A-d-I-tjn--ao-.
h--un-]-co-X-d-o H-o--]o-l-tI H-n-bo
Xo-c-an-d-I e- t]n-do- u]n-!--H-u]n-td
Pp-eo-X-o 5-T- H-o--]o-l-tI H-nbo H-S--tIn-o-co-%-. H- _--o-t
!---ko-%-un-uk-%w ue-tln- _--o-t
!--o-t]--u]n-!-. C-Xo-t\-bn-m A--5-X F- ]-l---Hm. \--tS X-t No-c-]-co-NoX--jn-b h--+--jn-m C--t\-- A-So-a--n-%--Xm F--I--Xo B-e-o-n-e-o-
h-an-[n-\w I-t-K--Xn-m D-]-co-X-\-X|w. a-\ho-t-K-Xo-tb ep-1w ep-1w A--5--X-bo\o-w D-]-co-X-\-X|-o-ud-% an-e--tX--t\tb- ]-To-o-%- fn--an- ubn-Kw. A-Xo-m
D-Zo-%-I, t]n-do--I F- c--e--bo-n-tX
D-o 5-In-fo-%- B-Z-Zp-]-t ey-2-an-bo
I-1-tIn-o-co--Ww. A-Xn-m h-ay-ImZ-f-\w.-P-K-K 5-Xo-^-do-%--Xm hn-K-ucn-]-co-Xdw-u]n-td N--dn-Z-I-an-bo-n-m. A-H-tIn-1m
an--- f-cp-c-o C-o-b--tj B-[-bo-
e--o-Xo-I-tj I-1-tIn-o-co-%--e A-?-a-an-bo-e-- -ucn h---o-w -?-Io-un!--H h|n-n-eo-Iw an-^w. F-n _n-iy-u5c-W F-tn-t-bn-bn-w a--gy-m A---J-X
e-j-K-en-- A-W-X-I-c-an-b f-2o--m.
A-H-u\---Xo-\n-bo -e-_--eo--2-\n-I-Ww.
-u^n-Iw 10
-hh-y-hy h-cme I-cman-Wo475 24 +xn
24
- [ Bg\nZw
(HS)
--e-_--eo--2-ub-b-Xy-Xnw ]-7o-ttX-cm [p-ttctc

-cn-Zn-yn-h-D-]-o-ttXx-]-Z-u--Zw:w:- h-y-hy h-cme I-cman-Wo -e-_--eo-2-ub b-Xy-Xnw ]-7o-ttXx [p-ttcx B-Zn-ynh-D-]-o-ttXx.-AA-\|-bw:w:- B-Zn-yn-h-D-]-o-ttXx [p-ttcx
]-7o-ttXx h-cme-I-cman-Wo hw-\y-hy -e-_-eo--2-ub b-Xy-Xnw.-AA-Yw:w:- B-Zn-yn-h-D-]-o-ttXx = B-Zn-ynh-o D-l--e-w, [p-ttcx ]-7o-ttXx = [p-cn--an-b ]-7o-X-n-cn, h-cme-I-cman-Wo hw\y-hy = F-n I-a--tj-w D-u]-o-o-m, -e_--eo--2-ub b-Xy-Xnw = hw-hn-c-_--o
\o-- -2o-%-ue-o 5-b-Uo-u--Xn-m.-A-u\-Iw I-a- -o--o \o-d-%--Xnm [-i--t Pp-eo-Xw. A-5-In-c-- H--e-m
hw-hn-c-_-w eo--Io---Xo-m I-a-hw-\yn-hw
tN-u--H-m F-m C-eo-tS ]-l--. !-w-_=-an-bo X-t _-o-%- h-e I-a--jo
\o-w -2-\n-I-Ww F--Yw. hn-[n-c-W-n%m A-^-t]-t- hn-[o-%--X- I-a-Xyn-Kw.
A-Xm B-Zn-yn-h-o--l- [p-c-n-w ]-7o-Xn-w B-b-e-n-m hn-[o-%--Hm.-B-Zn-eo-t\-w A-\n-Zn-eo-t\-w \o-c-cw ue-Xo-co--lo---Xn-m B-Zn-yn-hw.
B-Zn-eo-t h|--]w h-o-Xn-\--an-m. -
In-d--jo-w (-Xw, e--an-\w, n-eo) \n-f-ao-ntX \o-- D-E-bn- h-m. A-Xm B-Z-n\-an-m. \o-c-u]--an-b A-lo-=-an-^-ua B-Zn-\-an-!-->. \--tS -e-]n-w I-1-tIn-oco-%--e-tb-nw D-n-bo \o- a-l- u]n-!-e-bn-m. A-H-tIn-1m A-e-tbn-t A-h-nm. A-h-m A-\n-Zn-en-m.No--o-t h|-n-ew an-ln-tX \o--
n-\-an-m. \nw -J-ta--I--H- ao--eo-gbn-h-2o-I-;w I-- x-J-o-ud-% \-bo-%--
e-bn-m. A-eo-tS-w \o-c--c-an-b B-Z-eo-Nn-cwtIn-1m en--e-o-- B-\--t -J--]-jo-\o-w ue-Xo-co- In-W-Ww. C-5-In-cw
a-\-\w tN-- B I-c-X-dn-a-d-Iw (D-w-I-otd t\-o-) u]n-td B-Zn-eo-t\ Z-fo--tIno-co-%w. A-un an-^-ua A-\n-Zn-eo-ud-%m
B-I-go--t-Sn-Xo-co-&. B-Z-e-o-tIn-1X-t B-\n-Z-n-\w an-lo-un-!--Xo-\n
I-aw tN--en-- Xn-+-cyw A-bn-jo-\o-m
Xn-u\ H-ko--u]n-!-. A-un F-n I-a-;w hw-\y-ho-o-co-%- F- ]-l-bnw. B
\o-d-bo F-K--H-e-tc I-aw tN-u--H-1m.
I-aw No--I-o D-n-%- F-m A-- u^nI-o ]-l--.
(b-Xy-Xn-w F- ?o-bn-]-Zw. a-d-bn-j-n-gbo e-N-\- c-m - G-I-e-N-\-=w _-*-e-N\-=w. F-n hw--X-n-g-bo - e-N-\-;-1m - G-I-e-N-\w, Z|o-e-N-\w, _-*-e-N-\w.
G-I-t (H-o-t\) !-lo-%--Xm G-I-e-N-\w.
Z|o-X|-t (c-o-t\) !-lo-%--Xn- Z|o-e-N-\w.
- -X -I-jo-ud-%- hw-Jy-tb-!-lo-%--Xm
_-*-e-N-\w. c-1m F-m In-Wo-%-en hw-X-n-g-bo 5-uXy-I-e-N-\w (Z|o-e-N-\w) D-t-Xn-m 5-uXy-I-X. G-I-e-N-\w - H--e, Z|oe-N-\w - C--e, _-*-e-N-\w - ]-d. D-Zn:- !-o,
c-1 !-o-I; !-o-I. !--Iw, c-1 !--I-,
!--I-. ?-w, c-1 ?--, ?--.
]-o, c-1 ]-o-I, ]-o-I. \-Zo, c-1
\-Zo-I, \-Zo-I. uPn-do, c-1 uPn-do-I, uPndo-I. C-eo-tS I-a F- en-o-\-Yw uPn-do.
G-I-e-N-\w I-a, Z|o-e-N-\w I-a-Wp, _-*-e-N-\w
I-an-Wo. h-cme I-cman-Wo = F-n uPn-do-I-;w)-u^n-Iw 11
-NoNo--hy I--ub I-cma-\ H e--]-d-t-ub-e--ho-o-cmeo-Nn-uc-W-\ Io-o-Xm I-cma-uIn-So-ox-]-Z-u--Zw:w:- No--hy I--ub I-cma \ H e--]-dt-ub e--ho-ox eo-Nn-uc-W \ Io-o-Xm I-cmauIn-So-ox.-A-\|-bw:w:- I-cma- No--hy I--ub -e-Xo. e-]d-t-ub \. e--ho-ox eo-Nn-uc-W -e-Xo. I-cmauIn-So-ox Io-o-Xm \ -e-Xo.-A-Yw:w:- I-cma- No--hy I--ub -e-Xo = I-aw
No--o-t I-o-%-ue-o-bn-!-, e--]-d-tub \ = e--eo-t D-]-d-to-%-ue-o-b-, e--
ho-ox eo-Nn-uc-W -e-Xo = e--eo-t dn-w eo-Nncw-tIn-1m D-n-!-, I-cma-uIn-So-ox Io-o-Xm \-e-Xo = uIn-So--W-o- I-a--tIn-1m A-+wu]n-w D-n-!-o-. I-aw No--I-o-%-ue-ob-n-tX e--dn--o--ue-o-b-. A-H eo-Nn-cw
tIn-1m D-n-!--Xn-m.-F-n ?-o-I-;w D-n-!--H No--odn-m. a-\-m, e-o, No-w, A-i-n-cw F-p
\n-dm A-x-I-c-W--jo a-\-m hw-f-b--]-o--Xn-!-. B-m?, G-Xm?, F-m?, F--t\?,
F--tIn-1m?, F-un F-o--t\ u_n-[o D-b--e-- uNn-Zy--tj B-[-bo-n-m
A-x-I-c-Ww 5-e-o-%--Hm. uNn-Zy- a-\o D-l-o-o-S-%- en-h-\-I-tj D-W-K-.
-en-o-X hw-n-c-t D-tn-=--Xn-m
-en---e--;-tS -c-W. A---c-Ww B-
No--o-t h|-n-ew. No-w I--an-bo--ot-o e-o-% 5-an-Zw hw--eo-%w. a-\-w
e-o-w A-i-n-c-=w No--o-m A---d-an-bXo-\n No--I-o-tb F-n-bmun-?w D-n-otn-o-co--Ww.en--e-o D--Xo-t\-bn-Wo-eo-tS e-
F- ]-l-o-co-%--Hm. en--e-o---Xm
B-Zn-en-!-. B-ttZ-Iy--n-!--Xo-m bntXn--X-c-o-- I-a-=w h-in-bo-%-o-.
B-ttZ-Iyw f-co-bn-b eo-Nn-cw-tIn-1 an-^-ua
D-n-!--1m. I-a-ubn-Ko I-a-^-d-o A-hwK-\n-bo-co-%-un an-^-ua -2o-%m A-i-\n-bo
-eo-%-->. X-t D-o e-ho-%- -f|-c
F-n-o-w X-t \o-ao--an-o-bo-co-%-I-bn-m
F- eo-Nn-cw D-n-bo-co--Ww. A-eo-tS-w Ia-t I-a-ubn-K-o-- h---an-%--Hm ubnKo--tS h-ay-ImZ-f-\-an-m. A-n-tX I-a-a-.
(e- + D-]-d-tox = e--]-d-tox)-u^n-Iw 12
-h-ay-K|o-Nn-cx ho-n-c--X-|n-e-[n-c-Wn-n-uynyn-Zo-X-a-in-h-cm--b-x-J-eo-\n-fo\p.-]-Z-u--Zw:w:- h-ay-Im eo-Nn-c-Xx ho-n c--X-|n-e[n-c-Wn n-uyn-Zo-X-a-in-h-cm--b-x-J-eo-\n-fo
\p.A-\|-bw:w:- n-uyn-Zo-X-a-in-h-cm--b-x-J-eo-\n-Afo\p -c--X-|n-e-[n-c-Wn h-ay-Im eo-Nn-c-Xx
ho-n (-e-Xo)A - Y ww::-n-n- u ynyn- Z o- X - a - i n- h - c m- - b - x- J - e o- A+xn 475 25
25
\n-fo-\p = n-o-bo \o--n-b a-in-h-o-\o--n-b -b-x-Jw \-fo-o-%-, c--X|n-e-[n-c-Wn = c--eo-t f-co-bn-b-u_n-[w,

h-ay-Im eo-Nn-c-Xx=
x h-ay-n-b eo-Nn-cw-tIn-m,
ho-n (-e-Xo) = ho-o-%-.-B--\o-I-fn--o
]-cp--W--tj
h-Xyw tX-jo-bo-%-en-- an-K-an-bo I--Xobo-co-%--H-u]n-td-bn-m ue-Zn--o D-]-aI-tj I-W-n-o-bo-co-%--Hm. -n-1-I-jn-bo
ue-Zn-w X-|n-e-[n-c-W-o-\n-bo A-u\-Iw
-wn-- D-]-ubn-Ko- u]n---1m. A-e-bo
5-[n-\-t- No-d-Xn-m c--eo In-- hw, I-S-do In---Xo-c, a---ao-bo In--
a-cp-No-I, -K-o-o-bo In-- te-o, I-jo-aBo In-- !-Sw, e--o a-l--u]n-!-
-dm, eo-o \o--e-- a-cw H-S-o-b-e.-
C-eo-tS f--cn-Nn-cy tIn--o-co-%- -wnw c--h--o-u-Xn-m. I-b-lo-t\ I-1m

]n-t- I--Xo -b-t---Hm ao-Yyn-n-\an-tW- n-]o-%-en-\n-m f--cn-Nn-cy
[-ao-%--Hm. ]n-m P-K-Xm eo-dn-h-o-t-w
I-b ~-1-o-t-w 5-Xp-I-an-m. c-h-
-n-o-tb -K-an-bo ]-co-ufn-[o-%-un -]hn--fyw-tIn-1w B -]-un-Sm D--S-an-bo
_--t-o-co-%- -b-ta- en-h-\ D-o-do-co%--H-tIn-1w -e--Xo-tb e--]-co-ufn-[-\
-Sn-tX 'C-H ]n-m' F- [-co--u]n-!-. ep-1w
X-t A---e-t ]-co-ufn-[o--u\n-%-un
C-H ]n-- I-b-ln-m F- Xo--o--l--Iw tN-w. e--eo-ue-N-\-o-m eo-ue-In---Xo
(H--S-w)
D-n-I-Ww F- hn-cw.
\-ep-\-ue-Zn-w -E-go Z-bn-\- wobo

obo
Pp-e ~-1w F-o-e H-n-tW-w P-K-Zo-Yybn-tW----Xm f--cn-Nn-cy--tS h|-w a-X-antW-o A-X-^ \- a-X-a-. ttP-\o-I-tj
J-7o-n ue-o A-Xm h|p-I-co--Xn-tW-o
\-m. \yn-b-fn-w ]-To-o-- [p-a-Zm f--cn-Nncy X--fn- \o-b-a-5-In-cw ttP-\o-I-;-tS en-Zt \o-cn-I-co-%--Xo-\n-bo h|p-I-co- an-Kw
A-u-i-o-t ]o--l-n-cn-b ttP-\-fo-gy
A-u-i-o-t X-d-bo-tI-o-e--I-bn--n-bXm. \-ep-\ ue-Zn-o-I-;-tS a-Xw F-n-Wm F- \-m H- ]-co-ufn-[o-nw. P-K-m h|-+w u]n-tdw, I-b-lo h-w u]n-td-w No-o-un-So
te-o-u]n-td-w, -K-J--bo P-dw u]n-tdw C--Pn-d-o K--e-\-K-cw u]n-td-w
P-K-Xm ao-Yy-bn-Wm. ~-1w an-^-an-Wm
h-Xyw. \-ep-\-ue-Zn-o ]-l---Xm C-n- e-
D-t- 5-Xp-X-an-!--Xo-t\ ao-Yy-tb-n-Wm.
C-Xo-t\ A-[yn-ucn-]w F-w ]-l-w. F-n
\--m uNn-Zo-n---Xm, C-n--Xn-Wm e-te-o A-tX--t\ 5-Xp-X-an-!w? F-n-Wm.
X--fn-w ]-l---Xm ue-tln- ]-Zn-Y-o
a-tn- e--eo-t\ B-ucn-]o-%--Xn-Wm A-[ynucn-]w F-w A-Xo-t\ \o-cn-I-co--dn-Wm A-]en-Zw F--an-Wm. C-H c-1w tIn-m 5-]-c-io-X-~-1-o 5-]---]o-bn-b P-K-m
eo--co--t--. A-Xo-\n-bo ]-l-- D-Zn-i-cW--jn-Wm -I-jo 5-n-eo- P-K-Kw h|-+-=w
I-b-cw ]n-w No-o-w te-o-w a-ew. C-eo-tS
26
475 26 +xn
- [ Bg\nZw
[-o-u--H-m. I-b-lm e--en-tW-w h-w

A-e--en-tW-w I--H--H-tIn-n-Wm \nw
Cv eo--a-o t]---Xm. c-1w D- e---jnWm, I-b-cw ]n-w. A-H-tIn-n-Wm \nw -a-ot---Xm. C-F-Bw I-Wo a--gy, No-o-unSo te-o -X-dn-b-e--tS 5-Xp-Xo-tb A-lo-bWw. h|-+-o-w G-tX-nw e---;-tS 5-XpXo D-n-!--uen A-e-tb-nw ue-tl-eo-tS-tbo-w D-m. hw-n-cw B-Zn-eo--m. A-Xo-\n
h|-+-=w e--eo A-e--eo-t B-ucn-]-Wo- h-an-\-an-!-o-. h|-+-o-t In-cy-o
--X I--X B-e-fy--m In-c-Ww H-co-w In-Wn--Hw uI-n--Hw hw--eo-n-Hw h|-+-o In-- F-w \nw eo-Nn-co-
u]n-!w. X-t fo-c-m t]n-o, Xn I-c-tIn-o-co-%-.
P-d-[n-c
-I-jo-ud-tn-?!-. C-e-tbn-t F--t\ h-Xy-an-!w? F-
uNn-Zy--n-!w. C--l- ho-n--=w \-ep-\ue-Zo-I-;-tS ]-w n-]o-%--X-. In-c-Ww
In--I-w uI-%-I-w tN-n-tX hw-n-cw
D-n-=-o-. hw-n-c-ao-n-tX -Xo-w, -Xobo-n-tX h|-+-o A---e-=w D-n-=-I-bo-.
B--tS-tb-o-w X-d-t]n-o-tb-un, A-e-t
h-uin-Z-c-u\n ]o-Xn-uen a-n-tc-o--uan I-c--te-un B-tc-o-w ]-l- uI-%-I-ubn
In--I-ubn P-dw -I-jo-ud-tn-?-!--H In-I-ubn tN--un A-Xo-t hw-n-cw A-e-t
-Xo-bo- D-n-!-.
Uo. Iadnnbo
n epcy=w,
nêpcy
w, tt[cy=w,
tt[cy w, IwXIjo
I XIjo \o
\ow,
w, eo
eo{jo
jo \ow
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cpXobo Dbot?un
Dbot unww f2oejn
f
ejnmm ptb
ptb ueZw Dlo
Dlo
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]l
pInbo ueZw \
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eoeco
m.
a--=w A-Y-=w H--S--bn-bo en-bo-%--Xo-\n-m a-i-go Z-bn-\-

a-n-Y-=w So--Wo-w 5--uXy-Iw p-p-]--ta-w D-gn-]--ta-w n-gyw
tN-o-co-%--Hm. eo-f-Z-]-T-\w B-r-io-%--e-%-ue-o-bn-m eo--P-\w.
A-u--i-o-t A--r-i-=w h-uef|-c In--Wy-=w, B-Nn-cy-Po--tS !--Wy-=w
tIn-n-m ue-Zw p-p-I-% \-o-bo-co-%- a-i-n-b ]-Z-eo C-^-tb-o-w
F-?-Xn-\-nb-Hm. P--\n ~n-n-1-W-\n-bo-- Z-bn-\- ue-Z-\o-ug-[-o-w
Pn-Xo-ey-e---ta-Xo-tc h-o-bo-n h-a-cw \-S-o Pp-e _-do-b-o-.
A-u--iw h|-+w I- B-g-n-c-X-o-t K-co-a udn-I-o---o
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31
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D-n-!-? G-tXn-o-t eo-In-c-an-Wm? G-H
?-a-o 5-I-S-an-!-? C-Xo-t e-j--m
In-c-W-ta-m? F--tIn-m D-n-!-? F-tIn-m D-n-In-Xo-co-%-? F--tIn-m \-fo-u]n-!-? F--tIn-m eo-#-X-an-bo-un-!-?
Cv uNn-Zy--t-nw D--cw A-u^-b -K-en
A-lo-ue-f a-i-go-m eo-e-co- tIn--%--m.
]-I|-X-bn- a-\--n-!-en -Fo-I-an-b Cv
No--I-tj-&-So eo-f-I-d-\w tN---Xm ?-Yn-eo-dn(H--S-w)
=-I-bo-.-
ue-Z-, a---Xo, E-go-5-Wp-X--jn-b fn--, h--\--;-tS B-Nn-cw F-o-e----d-=w

B-Zn-eo- 5-h--X--j-en-%--Hw, -bw, f-,-d- F-o-e- In-c-W-an-In--Hw B-b Ia- A--~o-%--Xn-Wm D-No-Xw. I-w ]-l-bn-u\n uan-wo-%-en-u\n H--e-\m uXn-o-bn H-w,
-bw, f-, d- F-o-e-w Xp--bn-w A-e-t D-o D-n-!-. A-Xo-\n A--cw 5-?o-I tN--en tIn-=-I-bo-. ue-Z-eo-io-X-=w, ue-Z-eo---=-a-n- -Xo-I-jo ]-l-o--jj-e--an-b [-a--j--~o-%- a--gy C-i-udn-I-o Ip-o-ub-w a-c-Wn-\--cw D-Xm#-w
hv-Jy-u-w 5n-]o-%-. ue-Z--tj \-Xo F-w [-a-fn---tj -Xo F-w ]-l--. C-ebo \o-n-Wm I--eyn-I--ey--tj-tb-nw \o-B-bo-u--Xm. ue-Z--uj-w ue-Zn---dan-b B--r---uj-w A-]-an-\o-%- ue-Z-\o--I-\n-Wm \n-o-I.
32
475 32 +xn
- [ Bg\nZw
Cv-fn-en-hy-o-t
Zn-f-\o-I-X-d-
-F.-eo. cn-[n-#--tte-Zo-m
I-a--;-tS hnw-K-Xy-t-%-lo-n-m h-Zn

-fn-e-uhyn-]-\o-g-Km a--gy-tc -ao-o-%-Hm. a--gy-t I-a a-7-d-o-t B-Zp-b
]-co-I-o [-o-n-tX B--\o-I ho-n--
I-a-K-Xo--tS dv-Io-I-e-f--tj uI-e-dw A-|n\-o-t ]p-To-I-bo-tn-1-e-- F--Hm vXp-I-an-b u\--an-bo-n-m \--%m I--H-en-\n-!-I;
]-u B-Z-Z-f-\w I-a--;-tS 5-uNn-Z-\-t
D-Kw-K-an-b H- X-d-o-ud-n-m \-bo-%-I.-I-an-Wo F- ]-Zw c-n-a-t a--o
5-n-eo-%--Hm I-a-]-Y--;-tS B-Zp-b
]-c-X-tb u5n-do-o-%--Xn-bo-n-m. I-aw
F-un-tk-o-w a--gy-[-a-o-\o-w ey-XoN-do--t---un? I-an--~n-\w a--gy-t
h|n-X-yn-e---tS 5-[n-\ n-K-an-tW-m n-cXp-b-Z-f-\w udn-I-t ]-To-o-%-.n-\-I-a h-a-\|-b-an-m Pp-eo-Xw F--lo--Xn-m 5-h-2o. ]-u c--e--bo-w a-gy-t uNn-Z-\ G-H-e-ko Xo-c-t---W-ta-m \o_-o-%--1m. I-a-t eo-m n-\-=w n\-t eo-m I-a-=w H-co--w B-Z hw-ubnP-\-o-t ]n-X-bo-td-K-o-. B-Z-h- Ia-o-w n-\-o-w 5-In-fo-%-. C-e-bo-tS u\-- -f|-cyw \o-d-\o---Xn-tW-m
en-a-uZ-e a-i-go b--ue-Z-o-t 36-n a-[yn-bo -o-n-Wo-%-.-II-bn \-Lo-^ B --e --Xo-h-Zn-?-[x h-Jn-I-bn f-No-~-bn-?-Xn
(b.ue.36.4)"A-Xo-a-i-n-b I-a--j--~o-%-en a--gy-h-i-o A-e-t (-wn-eo-t) a-i-X|w e-go%-." I-a 5-en-iw -f|-c-No--X-t-bntW-m B-Zo-a E-go -X B\oI aiK
e-tc \-t D-Zmu_n-[o-o-%-. I-a-o-t A-h{-X-an-b 5-en-iw -wo-bo uc-J-t--o-bo-
(HS)
-1m. 5-]--uc-J-bo-td A--fy-an-b _o--

I-a-]-Y--j-t^. I-a-o-t x-L-co-X-an-b
^-d-an-m B--\o-I udn-Iw C----eo-%--Hm,
C-Xo-\n-bo -L-co-X-an-b I-a-^-dn--n-e--;-tS
h-a-r-an-b H- 5-Xo-ucn-[ 5-en-iw D-n-uI-obo-co-%-.--f|-c-t -wo-bo I-an-I-a-^-d-
]-d-X-c-o---e-bn-m ]-u [-a--2-an-b
I-a-t hw-_-o-m en-a-uZ-eE-go ep-1w
\-t -ao-o-%--Xo--t\-bn-m '--Vn No-Zn--uP-e-' [-a--2-an-b I-a-^-dw F-t-w
-f|-cy-t 5-Zn-\w tN-m \o-d-\o-- F-m
E-go -ao-o-%-. 5-]--o I-aw tt\-cI-bn
-cy-h|-n-e-an-tW-m E-go-I ]-l--. "Iun-n-J-y B-c"
c F--t\-bn-m \o-t -Po-%-e-n-bo \p h-un-g-t \---Hm?
uNn-Zy-o \o- I-a-K-Xo -f|-c-h-i-P-an-b
5-?o-b-b-n-tW-m \nw In--. a--o
\ I-cma-do-]y-uX \-uc
c' F--Xo I-a]-l-- '\
o-d-S-o-b ^-ud- D-u]-o-%-en uZyn-Xoo-%-. H--]-u e-co-I-jn-Inw -K-e-ZmKpX-bo I-a-^-ud--D-u]-o-%-en -K-en
\o-u-fo-%--Xo-t 5n-t-]w.-I-cman-Wo Po-Pp-eo-ug--X-Mmh-anx-I-aw tIn-1m 100 e-gw Pp-eo (a--gy)-%-en\n-r-io-%--te-o, A-bn -L-co-Xn-en-bo
I-a--tj A--~o-n-td-n-bo-co-nw ^-dta-m -n-a-t a-w h-an-[n-\w \--.hyn-uin-Zyn-b h|n-in-hyn-I-uN-h|n-in
-F- b--ue-Z a--n-K-Km I-a-eyn-]n-cw a-i\p-b I-o---Xn-I-Ww F- \o-_--Z-f-\w
(\o-_--\, \o-u-fw) In-Wnw. C-eo-tSbn-m
5-?-o A-Y-en b-Pm [n-H-eo \o-w \o--an-!- I-a-n-Kw b--ue-Z-an-bo an-c- tte-Zo+xn 475 33
33
ueZ5Infm
ueZ
Infm
(]7om [p~ocapanwhItS ngy#XotS h|X Xa)

A-[yn-bw H-m
-
-B-Z-u\n _-d-a-n-b [-cman-cmY-]-co-e-cmPo-X-am.-A-d-y-ao--tt-l-cmay--V-e-o-co-uin-Ny-uX.. (1.43)
-B-Z-_-d-t A-lo-bn-tX, A-uX--o No-o-n-tX, [-cman-Y-c-io-X-\n-bo

A-d-y-an-b -f|-cy--tj 5-b-U-c-io-X-\n-bo B-r-io-%--e-tc
a--e-o-I-tj-m udn-Iw eo-jo-%-.
-]-Zn-Yw:
w: - B-Z-\x = h|-w, _-d-am = f-2o,
A-n-b = A-lo-bn-tX, [-cman-cmY-]-co-e-cmPo-X-am
= [-an-Y-c-io-X-an-bo, \o-l-cmayn-Xm = b-U-c-ioX-an-bo, -AA-d-y-am = 5n--an-In--e-bn-b -f|cy--tj, C--\m = C-o-%--e-tc, --V-e-ox =
a--e-o-I-tj-m, C-i = udn-I, D-Ny-uX = eojo-%-.::- h|n-ao-n-e-t-bn-Wm u^n-I
o- -m te-jo-t--o-b-Xm, @--\n-=-I-tb-Xm a--gy-co h|n-ao-n-e-t A-lo-bn--e-co
hw--eo-%- uZn-g-an-Wm u?n-[w. X-t \o-b-W-o---Xn-Wm F- eo-f|n-h-an-Wm B-%w
h|n-ao-n-e-t \---Xm. F-n B-Z-_-d-
t-b-lo-bn-tX, h|-w f-2o-tb--o u_n-[y-aon--e, X-t _-d-ip-\-X-tb--o-b-lo-bn-tX,

[-a-c-io-X-\n-bo B-b-Xo-\n--t A-Y-cio-X-\n-w A-d-y-an-bo-co-%- -f|-cy-t
B-r-io-%-. 5-b-U-n B-o-u--XnWm n-\-=w [-a-=w, F-n a--gy-ucn A-loeo-t A-n-e-n h-an-Po-%--Xm A-[-at-w. A-Xo-\n-X-t -f|-cy-t A-e-t
5-b-U-c-io-X-an-bo d-y-an-%-en B-r-io-%-.
e-o-an-\n-b a--gy-t [-\-o-t eo-uf-g-Wan-Wm -f|-cyw. B -f|-cy-o-t \o-Zn-\w
[-a-=w. [--n d-o-%--Xm A-Y-=w. Ina-=w uan--=w. B A-Y-n P-\o-%--Xn-
Znf\oIXd ((HS)...
S)...
I-Z-f-\-ey-e- ey-2-an-!--Hm. 'Pp-ue-a f-c-Zx

f-Xw' F-m tNn-o B-fw-ho-%-un f-cp-cw,
a-\-m, e-o, 5n-W F-o--t\-- ttPenw-K--tj hw-e-K-an-o-bn-m I-a-o-m
5--2-an-%-en 5n-Yo-%--Hm. 5-f--an-b
!--g--2w A-e-udn-I-\w tN--un h-W-an-w -f|-c-ttN-X-\y-o-t I-a-_--X
5-]--o-td--t\ -fy-an-!- F-m ]-l--1m.!--g-G-ue-Z-Mm h-cmew b-Zm-Xw
b-n-eyw- -D-Xn-X-X|-uhy-fn-u\n
b-Z-u-\n-Xo-ucn-i-Xo
- a--o-td -X, e--an-\, -eo-gy-Xm
5-ubn-K-o \o-k-do-%- -f|-c-t A-Xp-X
v-aoI I-a--tj E-go--tS Z-f-\-o No-dun v-a-5-Xo-n-h-an-w 5-Xy--t---te-
34
475 34 +xn
- [ Bg\nZw
-Hm Z-f-\-o \o-w ey-Xo-N-do-n-

In-ey-N-a-n-c-an-bo---Xo-bn a-Xo.-I-a-_---;-tS N-c-So-dn-m 5-]--tun-o-W-o-bo---Hm. E-uK|-Z-o-t 5-Y-aa--n-K-Km A-lo-tb E-X|o-Im B-bo No-^p-I-coo---Hm I-a-_---;-tS B-tI-K-I-tb
\o-b-o-%-- f-2o _ow-_-an-bo-n-m. b-w
I-a-an-bo-n-m In---Hm (b-un-tte-I-cma)-ubn en-] I-cma-I-ucn-Xo h G-e- -X-uhyn
-]-Nn-cw ue-Z, ta-m f-X-]-Y-~n-1W-w
-I-a-K-Xo-I-tj eo-uf-go-o-%-. e-o-bo
I-aw \o-u-]o-o-co-%- F-w, ep-cyw I-aan-tW-- tte-eo-[y-eo-uf-g-W- ~n-1W--jo 5-Xo-^-do-%-. I-a-o-t A-\-an-b K-Xo [-a-t-un-td K-i-\-=w Kw-p-c-=-antW-m n-c-Xp-b-Z-f-\- \o-u-fo-%-.
e-Ww. eo--c A-Xo-\n-dn-Wm [-cman-cmY-]-co-e-cm

Po-X-am F- 5-ubn-Ko--Xm. -f|-cy-o\n-bo
I-aw A--~o-%--e, [-a-t-bn-Wm B-Zyw
5-e-o-o-u--Xm. A--t\---e A-Yo-t, [-\-o-t h|n-ao-bn-=-. [-a-n
B-Z-_-d-t e-o-o-m, [-\-t B-Po--ecn-Wm -f|-cy-en-n. A-n--e-ucn -V-n-tcm A-lo-b-t--. A-e 5-b-Uo-n-tX [-anY-c-io-X-cn-bo A-d-y-an-b-Xo B-r-i-t \o-lm -V-n-cn-bo e-o-%-.

. (1.44)
Aubn cnPnue! BcnuWn cotSn ubnKycnetc con [ao%Xm,
ubnKubnKyanXot\ D]nho%en [ao%Xm, \pNntc uheo%Xm
Ae VNotcloI.
]-Zn-Yw:
w: - A-fo-gyw
y = ubn-Ky-c-n--e-tc, fn-o
= -co-%-I, bx = B-cn-uWn, cn-P-\m = cn-Pn-ue!,
bx = B-cn-uWn, N = -Sn-tX, J--\y-am = J-\y-Xub, C-n-o-t\, D-]n-h-uX = D-]n-ho-%--Xm,
I-Z-cy-am = \p-N-n-tc, -P-uX = uh-eo-%--Xm,
bx = B-cn-uWn, X-a = A-e, --V-uN-X-h-am =
-V-e-o-I-tj-m, B-*x = A-lo--I.:-:- -\p-Xo-fn---jo-td eo-[ u^n
I- eo-eo-[ eyn-Jyn-\--m e-ko-tbn-%-. J-\y-am F- en-m a-in-n-c-X-o
5-ubn-Ko-o-co-%--Xo-\m ]-d-eo-[-o-- eynJyn-\--m C-S-\---m. eo-uf-go-w J-\ye-n-Zo-I-jn-b N-en-I-]-w J-\y-e-n-Zo-I-jn-b
an-bn-en-Z-n, A-Xo-t\ H-S- e- D-]-an-\-enZ-n-cn-b _v- H-S-o ]-d-w u^n-I-t
X--;-tS en-Z-t hn--I-co-n D-]-ubn-Kt--n-c-m. A-Xo--In-c-Ww J-\y--]n-h-uX
F- 5-ubn-K-an-Wm. A-Xo--]-co -co-n ubnKy-cn-b P-\-t-%-lo-n-Wm u^n-In-cw-w. fn-o
A-fo-gyw, -co-n I-ko-bn--e-tc -co-%-I
F- Zyv-Xyw G-t--%--Xm e-o-ip-\-X-bnWm. C-eo-tS cn-Pn-=w 5-P-w ]-c--cw -c-I-an-Wm
F-n-Wm eo--c-]-w. 5-P-co-n-\--e-Zo-%-
cn-Pn-=w, cn-Pn-eo-t -c-Ww h|p-I-co-%- 5-Pw J-\y-X-tb D-]n-ho-n--e-w, \p-N-n-tc
uh-eo-n--e-w B-Wm F-n-Wm H- en-Zw.
J-\y--P-tb- en-- 5-ubn-K-o, D-]n

-h-uX F- X-t-bn-Wm. D-]n-h-\--i
-f|-c an-^-an-Wm. D-]n-h-\-m ubn-Ky-an-b
H--an-^-an---Xm A-ttZ|-X-h|--]-an-b -f|c-an-^w. a-t-nw J-\y-an-Wm, an-w tIn-m
C-n-Xn-!--Xn-Wm. A--t\ C-n-Xn-!--Xo-t\
-Po-%--e -V-n-cn-Wm. A-Xn-b-Xm A-\n-Zo
X-|--jn-b -f|-c, Pp-en-Zn-em, 5-#-Xo
F-o-e-bo J-\y-an-b-Xm Pp-en-Zn-=w 5-#-Xo-an-Wm. h-Xm No-Xm B-\- h|--]-an-b -f|-c
-\o-dn-Wm D-]-n-h-\n-^-d-an-b B-\-w \o-d-\o--Xm. h-n-b 5-#-Xo-bo-udn h-XmNo-mh|-]-an-b Pp-en-Zn-eo-udn B-\w J-\y-an-bo
\o-d-tIn-=-. A-Xo-\n Pp-en-Zn-en-b F-t-t-bn-Wm Rn D-]n-ho-%--Xm F- I-H--e-w, 5-#-Xo-bo-td P-]-Zn-Y--tj D-]nho-%--e-w J-\y-X-tb D-]n-ho-%-. I-c-Ww
D-]n-h\
- b
- n d-o-u-X
- o-t u]-cn-Wm B-\
- w.
A-Xm uI-e-dw -f|-c-\o an-^w e-ho-%-Xn-Wm. h---o-td a-eyw h---o-dn-Wm
F-n A-Xm H-co--w h---a-, h---an-=-I-ao-. (eo-g-b-_n-iy-an-b-Xo-\n --X- eo-f-ZpI-co-%-o-) J-\yw F- ]-Z-o-\m C-Xo -SntX \o-to-b-X|w, ---Sn- tIn-n--Xm, ey-oNn-co-I H-S-o-b-eyn-Jyn-\--;w \-o-bo--m.
.
.. (1.45)
BcnuWn ejtcb[oIw [\=w hKw eoZyw u\So f|cyt 5n]oow
deudfw AincaontX eo\buntS 5?o%Xm
AecnWm eoZ|nntcm AlobtXm.
]-Zn-Yw:w:- A-Yw = [-\-t, a-in--am = A-Xy-[oI-an-bo, eo-Zyn-am = eo-Zy-tb, -f|-cy-am = -f|-cy-tj, B-hn-[y = B-Po-m 5n--an-o-b, G-e
= uf-g-=w, eo-N-c-Xo = t]--an--o, ey-e-in-co, A-h---x = A-iw-n-e-c-io-X-an-bo, bx
= B--un, hx = A-e, ]-7o-Xx = ]-7o-X-tcm, D-Ny-uX = eo-jo--t--.::- -B-cn-uWn [-\-o-t-w eo-Zy-

tS-w -f|-cy-t 5n-]o-o-w A-iw-n-e-uan
A-i-n-c-uan X-t t]--an--o In-Wo-n+xn 475 35
35
-Xm A-e-cn-Wm ]-7o-X-n-tc-m A-lo-b-t--Xm. [-\w tIn-m Uw-m, eo-Zy-tIn-m !-w,

-f|-cy-o A-in-cw F-o-e B-ucn-Ky- f-cp-c-o-td ucn-Kw u]n-td-bn-Wm. [-\-=w
eo-Zy-w -f|-cy-=w X-t A-[p-\-X-bo X-u-
Xn-bo Xn e-j-o-tn-1-e--Xn-Wm F-
I--H--e I-hy[-\w F- uNn-Zy-t
a-l-%-I-w A-iw-n-eo-I-jn-bo Xp--I-w tN--
A-e-cn-Wm -V-n, A-Y-en e-o-an-n-cn-en
A-e-m I-ko-bo-.-
Ju\yn]nh\w Nod uNnZy;w...

: - h|n-ao eo-ue-In-\- ]-l---H uI%-I. -J-=-c-tbn-w -Sn-tX ]-l-b-t. n-c-Xo _-*-ttZ-e-en-Z-ao-. F-n u-^--jo-w
B-cn-[-I Cv-f|-c-t eo-eo-[ Y-W-I-a-h|-n-e-tj en-N--Hw, h-F-eyn-]-I-X-tb Ip-o-%-Hw [-o-%--e-% uI-nw. ]-k-o \om a-cw A-lo-bnw. eo-r-in-cn-[-I-tc- eo-jo-%-e-co [n-ao-I-X-w B-yn-Zo-I-X-w hmu\-i=w \o-l--H-;-- a-i-K--tj Rn I-o-m. a-t-w A--c-n-tc I-o-o-n--HtIn-m H- Xo-co--\o-m Rn uNn-Zo-%-;
]n-]-o \o-m ]-co-I-o D-V-eo-%-uan? io-
eo-\m eo-r-in-cn-[-\ a--gy-\m 5n-W-en-
-u]n-td-bn-Wm. 5n-bw tN- H-cn-jo-\m ttf-f-euan bv-e-\-uan H- ]n-]-an-tW- ]-l--en
I-ko--uan? io- H-co--w eo-r-in-cn-[-\-tb
F-Xo-%-o-. eo-r-in-cn-[-\ \o-c-Y-I-an-b
-o-Xy-a-. u\-uc-a-lo-m D--X-an-b B-[yn-Zo-I
X-|-t r-io-%--Xo-\m A-e-I-h-oX-a-\-
tN-- 5-b-U-an-Wm. (Vivekanands paper on
Hinduism) h|n-ao-Po eo-r-in-cn-[-\-tb Aw-Kp-Ico-%---un?- :- -h|n-ao-I Xo-I-w f-co-bn-Wm A--jot-o-co-%--Xm. A-u-iw ]-l--Xo-t -c-fX-an-\-=w Aw-Kp-I-co-%-en B-cn-Wm a-So-%-Xm? eo-r-in-cn-[-\ ]n-]-an-tW-m io---jn-w
]-l--o-. \-c-_-do -X-dn-b ]n-]--jo-ud-m
A-Xm \-bo-%--te-u ]-l-->. A-Fw
a-i-K--;-n-!--H-u]n-td, A--Fw ]n-]o-Itj-w A-H -wo-%-. -co-]--an-I-t, h|n-aoI ]-l---H-u]n-td X-t ?--cn-In-tX fo-I
--jn-bo I-ko----. A-eo-I-ho-X a-\-hm H-co-w eo-I-ho-n-tX I-co-tan-n-bo I-co-u]n-!-.- -h|n-ao-I a-in-e-o-an-\n-bo---Xo-\n,
]n-Ln-Xy-ucn-Sm C--t\ ]-l--Xn-Wm. A-e eor-in-cn-[-\-tb ]n-]-ta-m eo-jo-%-I-w, B-ynZo-I-an-bo H-w Hv--Xyw 5n-]o-n-tX-bo-co-%-
36
475 36 +xn
- [ Bg\nZw
I-w tN---e-cn-I-bn, h-y-an-b n-g-bo

eo-r-in-cn-[-\-tb F-Xo-K-te-u-->. A-eoI-ho-X-a-\- tN-- 5-b-Uw F- n-Kw
[-o-%-I. D-o-~-X! Pn-r-X! d-yw 5n-]o-%-I
F- D-]-\o-g-Z|-N-\-o-t\ -n-en-Iy-an-o-b B
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Xn I-o-o-n- ---t\--o, --t A--t\--o, ]o-t-w !-l-uIn-m, tXnSo--tS ]o-]-l-o-td B-do-uNn-o h-Xo-I-;-tS Zp-]n-cn-[-\-ub-n-t\-o-b ]o-J
-]-c--c-tb--o. X-\o-o-co-%-un, X-\o-
\-S-%-un, ]-lo-%-un, \n-hn-r- J-UmK-;-ua-o--k--tS tX-jo-te--o tN-c-a-ey F-un ]-dn-b-\w-tN---Hw D-e-u\n-o
I-ao-T Io-S-%-un, A-un-tkn-t-w X-t
]o-J--;-tS u-iw X-t -?-I-w A--t f-po-w A--t en-%-I-jo-w ]o-J- X-un-Sm
hw-hn-co-%-I-w tN-. ep-1w Xo-co--u\nn uXn-o: B e-o-n-j-tb (-u]n-n-Wm
I-Y-bo) e-o-n-c ep-1w -A-So-%-.
"u\n-&, A-n!" !--Bo uNnZo, "B In-ujt\
A-So--W-Xm I-un?" A- ]l, "I1,
c-1 In-j-I-tj D-Bo I--o-u? Aebo
[-o-un-<, e-d-t In-j-bmn A-So -?-e-w,
e-d-t ttI-bo-d-u e-o-n-c-t e-So."
!--Bo uNnZo, "e-d-m F-w H-uc In-j
-X-t-bn-uWn A-n?" A-uX uan-u\! "A-X-u\ e-. A-Xo-t I-aw G-m en-n A-Xeo-tS--t e--u ]-f?" B A-So-tbn-t
I-1w tIn--Kw x-Jo-w I-Y-]-l-w I-Yen-bo-w \--m Pp-eo-nw e-d-H In-j-tb
ugn--So-o-%-e X-t h-i-Pp-eo--tS C-S-H
X-d-un-lo ugn--So-o-%- H- X-w -So
A--~o-%--m F--Xo- tX-jo-en-Wm uNnZyw. u]-So-o-%-en ]-l-- I-Y-b- C-Xm. C-tXnt In-Wn-w x-Jo-n-w H-w tN-n I-ko-bo-un F-un-m C-eo-So--t\ I-ko--en--ua
C-un \--tS I-a-K-Xo \-u A--e-Zo-&. C-Xm
I-m \nw x-Jo-%- a--gy-tc-o-w B-bn a-Xobn-bo--. c-ao-%- B--cp-?-o-bo \o-w
uZ-e-bn-\-o-ud-%- X-S-- ep-kn-tX-- H-
475 40 +xn
40
- [ Bg\nZw
Xo-c- u\n-w. A-eo-tS \nw ]-co-No-X--J--tj

In-Wn-tX- u]n-I-t F--Xn-e-t \--tS 5n-Y\. Z|o-]-uZ fw N-H--uX. C--In-do-I-%w \n-ndo-I-%w \--H e-c-u... F-m ue-Zw. A-{yn
Kv F-w ue-Zw. uKn--tj tIn---uX F-Yw. A-uX ue-Z-o ]-l--5-In-cw R-
-co-o-Sn-eo-t \-e-Z|n-c- tR-o-o-So-m e-]-m ubn-K-u-aw D-n-%w F-m 5-Jyn-]o%- tte-Zo-I-Pn-Xo-~n-1-W, _p-^m D-d-ow Io-S-o-w I-ko-m tti--e B-ucn-Kyw
u\-So-bn A-Xo-t ]n-]w Rn G-e tIn-nw
F-m A-o-\-e-eo-uen-uIn-Z-bw eo-j-- h-ynho-an, In-j--tS e-co--S-m u]n-o-t X-d-bo
!---j-Io H--5-ubn-Kw \-S-o-bn f-hw-in-cw hw--eo-%w F-m eo-f|-ho-%-
Xn-o-I. eo-[n-Nn-cy-n--tS -o t]-SntX A-m ugn--So-o-%- In-j-n-c-t
In-I-?-Io e-o-m Xo-co--u\n-o X-S-ep-kn-tX e-ko c--t]--tIn->...\--m A-m
A-eo-tS In-Wnw...
? -I-=m h-n \o-K-I-bo-. \-- e--an-\-anW-t^!! !--I-d-e-do-w X-ttY-e. A-un B-ucnKyw B-N-co-%--Xo-\-Yw?
-I-=w !-I-e-do-w I-w-t- fp-do--Ww. f-cp-cw
I-w-t-Sn-tX fp-do-%- H--m en---Iyw,
A-Xm F-oF- uXn--un \nw A-u\|-gon I-t-n--Xo-t u]-cn-Wm B-ucn-Kyw
F-m. _n-d-yn-e--bo-w bv-F\-o-w a-[y-eb-o-w ?--co-w en--yw 5-Xy--t-Snw.
?-n-e--bo-td en--Iyw B-ucn-Ky-o-t
5-Xp-I-an-Wm. a-t-nw ucn-K-o-t-w. C-m
F-nw ey-e-hn-b-an-Wm, I-=w I-n-=w ey-ehn-b-an-Wm. B-ucn-Ky-hw-c--W-=w ey-e-hn-ban-Wm. a-- ey-e-hn-bo-I ucn-Ko-I-tj I-m
h-un-go-%-. I-=w I-n-=w eo---e
B-ucn-Ky---e-tc-tn-m !-So-o-w e-do-o-w
h-un-go-%-. h-n-cn-I-t G-e--uS-w
u-a-o-\n-bo 5-?-o-%-, a--ey-e-hnbo-I-n-bo ucn-Ko-I-tj I-t-o \-!-,
I-=-In-%w I-n-=-In-%w B-ucn-Ky--e--tS C-S-bo tte-Io-t-n ]-co-]n-So-tb-m
A-u\|-go-m I-t-o u-^--;-uS-w ]-oI-;-uS-w -;-I-;-uS-w \-S-bo X-t hn-[-\w
]-d-\o-l--jo a-W--jo F-o-m tIn-%-. u]n-dp-ho-t\ In-e \o-o -Xo-m
B-ucn-Kyw hw-c-o-%-, A-]-I-Sw H-ko-en%-. !-So-n- a-o-an-tc B-ucn-Ky-o-\n-bo

F-ttO-hm F- F-Om-tth-m G-+o-%-. Hn-Wo-w ?o--a-o-w !-H-e-e-c-o-w 5-Xofp-g-e--an-\-o-t F-^ C-c-o -ucn-ey2o-w a-Zy-o- No-d-en-o-tb-m I-t-o
In--Wyn-udn--lo h-n-\o-%-. --uIn-So
a-d-bn-jo-I-jo 5-Xp--ubn-tS H-c--Xm f-X-an-\w
ep-1w e-c--hw-n-\-o-t 5-Xp-Xo P-\o-o%--m F-n-Wm !-Xo-b ]-T-\-, A-e-co
-&-tS tte-Io-m F-n ]-co-]n-So? F- h-Kn-u\|
-g-W-t F-o-n-td-n-tW-n-Wm hn
X-d-o No-. uIn--bw uI-c-j-o-td B-Zy-t
h--W-hn--c-Xn-\-K-c-w F--Xot\n-w
]-Z-eo-w u\---Xm I-o-u \n-tan-t I-B-S-&.
F-n-tW--u? h--W a-Zy-]n-\o-I-;-tS \-K-cw.
uI-c-j P-\-X--tS 50 f-X-an-\w e-- e-\o-X-I
a-Zy-eo--2-cn-bo-co-%--Xm h-n-co-t\ A-h|-t--K--m. In-c-Ww e-gw H-ucn-w
I-ko-un uI-c-j-o \o-w I-b-e-a-Xo-tN- 8n-hmo-m In-do-%-o-I-;-tS eo-d uIc-j-oud-m C-l-%-a-Xo tN-- A-co--tS (uI-c-jo B-e-fy---Xo-t ]-Xo-\- f-X-an-\w
A-co-an-^-an-Wm uI-c-j-o D-Xm]n-Zo-o-%--Xm.)
eo-d--tS -o-c-o-bn-Wm. o-co-o-t a-W--
ttZ-e- h|-W-&-Sn-cw ]-Wo-m u-^-jn-b u-^- uXn-cw tIn-m \-S-o--o-du A-Zm-X-->. A-eo-tS A-e 5n-Yo-%--Xm
F-n-en-\n-Wm hn-[y-X? ttZ-e-ua A-m R-;-tS en-a-n-K--tj-&-So -c-n]n-\-o-t
hv-Jyw fp-do-o-n-w, ]-eo-kw tIn-m A--tS -h-o-[o R- A-d-co-m ?-o-bn-%wF-n-Wm. C-tXn-t-bn-Wm B--\o-I B-ucn-Ky
eo-Nn-cw. eo-Nn-cw h-y-bo-td-o-w
A-e-hn-\o-%--un, \nw A-^-ua n-Ky-en-nucn F-n-Wm Kv-X-a-\m C-un hw-f-bw. A-HtIn-m a-tn- uNn-Zy-o-- B-udn-N-\n-h|nX-w \-n-tX \--m B-ucn-Ky-a-w D--eo-tIn-u-bo-co-nw tte-Io-m F-n ]o-co-]n-So...
...D--a-o-w a-y-a-o-w 5--Xo-~...
~...
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? ]-c-I-cn-a-\n-m 108 fo-en-d-b--;w 108 -Kn-d-b-;w uI-c-j-o 5--Xo-~o--tX-m ]-d 5--n-g-In-n-w u-^--jo \-S-n-c- 5--n-g-W a-uyy
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tN--e-t^!! A-Hw uû -Xn--K-o-td n-Kecn-a

]-c-I-cn-a! Kv-X-a F- ]-l--? eyn-h
-]-c--c-u]n-td ]-c-I-cn-a]-c--c-bo-td \n-a-
d-y-an-uWn?
= Kv-X-a F--]-l-bn-\n-Wm, u-^-o-td
5-n-g-W--m Kv-X-a-w u]-n-In-c-m, C--t\
]-d-Hw ]-l-bn-c--m, A-eo-tS eo-f|n-h-a-u F-nw.
A-Xo-t\ an-o-\o-o-bn u^-Xn--K-o-td
u-^-=w 5-Xo-~-w eo-f|-ho-n I-ko-bn-
-e-bn-Wm. u-^--;w 5-Xo-~-w X-o-- X-]-c-an-b _-w B-cw-o-%--Xm _v--ttP-\In-d-o- uf-g-an-Wm. u-^- _v- ttP-\
-eo-in-c--jn-bo-- F- N-co-^-In-c-n--tS
ep--W-t Kv-X-a Aw-Kp-I-co-%-un X-t
_v--ttP-\-eo-in-c--m -m u-^
- F-n-bo-- F-m A-e ]-l--o-
F- uJ-Z-=--m. uI-c-jp-b tte-Zo-I h--Zn-bo-dn-I-t C--]-Xnw -n-o-t A-e-hn-\-]n-Zo-dn-Wm Z-o-Wn--o-tb- uZ-e-t\ B-tco-w F-eo-tS-tb-o-w 5-Xo-~o-%--Xm. (1984
Xo--e-\--!-c-t uhn-a-bn-K-o) C-w
\o-d-\o-%- G--=w ]-k-w tN- [v-X-hweo-[n-\--jo-tdn-n-Wm uI-c-j-o-td A-louwn-a-=w, uhn-a-bn-K-=w, A-lo-w. 1984 e-tc
bn-tXn--eo-[ 5-Xo-~-I-ujn Xn-o-I-eo-[o-I-ujn
-m b--hw--I-jo-w I-S- e-o-o- F---Hw A-Xm I-S- e--Xm \--tS
I--o-dn-tW-w F-^-u]-m A-lo-bnw?
eo--w \o-~n-en-n--an-b bn-o-I an-t F-Xo-o-- F- u]n-w C-m \nw
a-l-o-co-%-. 1975 td ]o-w-]-I-eo-t I-S--ec-=w C-H-u]n-td-tbn- X-n-K-aw X-t. u-^-P-bo ]-t--o-- fn-o-n-c tte-ZoI-t Xo----t ]--a-\n-bo--, !-Wyn-iw
I-ko-m A-I-m 5-ue-fo-u--e-cn-bo--. ue-Zn[y-b-\w F- [-\w tte-Zo-I-\o \o-w In-d=w A-e--tS I-a-cn-io-Xy-=w F--K-tIn-m
u]n-b-un, X-n-K-aw ]-c-I-cn-a-t\-tn-1w
tte-Zo-I-tc-tn-1w D--a-o-w a-[y-a-o-w
an-^-a- ]n-Z-o-w I-ko-bn-=o-S-t-nw 5-Xo~-\-S-o -t-w B-bo-c-t-w ]-Xo-\n-bo-ct-w ttf-e tte--e fn-u2-bn-d-b-
Xp-K. C-Xm A-+w N-co-^-u_n-[-un-tS Ko-cpf-t A-cp-un-So- -ew (J-J, ]n-d-n-Sm,
a-d--lw, uIn-ko-un-Sm Po--I-jo Pp-eo-%-
5n-b-- tte-Zo-I-ucn-Sm) A-u\|-g-Ww \-S-o+xn 475 41
41
bn a-\-o-dn-n hn-[o-%w. n-c-X-o-td

B-Zy e--a-Xn--bn-bo-N-?-e-o-bn-bo N-co-^w
uc-J-t--o-b A-ufn-I-N-?-e-o--tS In-dw
-X 5n-Np-\ tte-Zo-I h-y-X--tS \n-fw -Wan-bo. ue-Z-]-T-\-uI---tj (tte-Zo-I ]n-T-fn-d-Itj) _v--eo-in-c--jn-w ttP-\o-I-jn-b cn-Pn-n--tS cn-Py-t ue-Z-]-T-\-uI---tj ttPe-eo-in-c--jn-w an-o-tb--K. ]o-p-Sm F-nw
-n-o D-n-b tti--e \-uen-Yn-\-In-dn-Wm _v-- ttP-\-eo-in-c--tj-nw tti--eu-^--jn-bo ]-co-W-ao--Xm. ]o-p-- -hmjpw
B-?-a-W-o A-e-bo No-d-e a-hmPo-Zn-bo
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]v-cn-Wo-I ]-c-I-cn-a-t \n-a-o C-un-ko-,
\o-_--e-o---e \n-tj I-t-o-&-Sn-bo-. Kv-X-am \o-_--e-o B In-cy-o
C- F--Yw.
...a-c-Wn-\--cw...
-[p. Ko-cp-gm A-cp-un-Sm, -[p. cn-Pp-em B-\o-n-Sm
? -a-c-Wn-\--c N-S--I-%-uf-gw e-- 5,
5, 7,
16, 41, hw-e-e-cw F-p Zo-\--%- fn-]-c-an-b- -5n-[n-\yw F-n-m?- -]-Xo-\n-lm hw-n-c F-n-Wm a-c-Wn-\--cw ]-Xo-\n-lm Zo-e-hw
\-S-K- _-do--tS A-Y-ta-n-Wm?
- eo-g-b-o fn-w [-iy--^--jn-Wm.
\-Xo--tS ]-c--cyw N-H-ue-Zo-bo-\o-w ô-ueZo-bo--tS Z|o-ue-Zo-bo-td-o G-I-ue-Zo-bn-bo A-euf-go--un n-\w In-d uZ-f-u-Z--m eou[-b-an-bo. -Xo-w H-w [v-X n- [-iy
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B-d-hy-n-ew, c-uPn-Y-W-5-[n-\-an-b eo-Zynw-KK-ue-g-W-K-Xo-bn-w,
h-X|-Y-Wn-[o-Iy-n
hw--eo-%- I-a-!-f-d-Xn-cn-io-Xy-n-w eo-Zy
475 42 +xn
42
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--tS h-a-r-Z-f-\w \-w-t--I-w ]-co-Wo-X-^d-an-w a-m ]-d-In-c-W--jn-w C- In--

Pn-Xo--tS 5n-Km -]w P-w tIn-1. ]-Xo-\n-lm
hw-n-c--jo B-Zy-]n-Z-an-b K-n-[n-\w -X
\n-a-I-c-W hw--n-cw e-tc---e-bo X-t
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A--~o-%--Xm.- 3. hp-a-w G-knw an-h-o
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tN---Xm (t]n-w uX-w e-b-w \-)- 5.
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B-Zy-t (v-cw) X-d--So-te-m. 1 -X 3 e-bo-\-Iw.- 9. I-W-ue-[w In-H-!-. - -X
A- e-b-o-\-Iw- 10. D-]-\-b-\w 5 -X 8 e-bo-\-Iw (eo-Zyn-cw-w)- 11. ue-Zn-cw-w 5 -X 8
e-b-o-\-Iw (uI-fn-w)- 12.-h-an-e--\w _o-Z-[n-c-Ww (25 e-b-o-\-Iw) (n-X-I-X|w)- 13. eoen-iw !--g-\m 25w p-m 18w uf-gw. 14. en\-5-w ]v-^ D-n-b uf-gw (50 e-b-o-
uf-gw)- 15. hw-\yn-hw ]v-^-t eo-en-i-o-uf-gw (75 e-b-o- uf-gw) 16. A-uy-wo -f-ehw-n-cw- a-i-go Z-bn-\- hw-n-c-eo-[o-bo
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A-u\|-go-n I-t-o-. ]o-t tN-n-=-Xm ]-d-X-c-o-- eyn-Jy-n-\--jn-Wm. eyn-Jyn-\-m fn-w \o- X-co-t-o ]-d-X-c-o
fn-w D-m F- en-Zo-m eyn-Jyn-\w \-S-K-I-an-enw. n-c-X-o-t hnw-n-co-I G-Ip-I-c-Wo-ud-m F-o-\m an-\-e-hw-n-c-o-t eo-f|an-\-eo-I-X-bo-ud-%- 5-bn-W-o-ud-m \-u
\-bo-u- e-ko-eo-j-%-I-jn-Wm ]-Xo-\n-lm hw-nc-. A-eo-tS 5,7,16,41 hw-e-e-c-=w, ]-Xo-\n-lm

Zo-e-h-t _-do-w an-^-a- fn--]-c-an-b 5n[n-\yw uX-uS--Xm. a-i-go Z-bn-\--t hw-nc-eo-[o-tb- r--o-ud-n-Wm Kv-X-a
uNn-Zy-I-n--tj \-bo-%--Xm. ASobo
Zbn\ hnioXy hnIdyw Fm ro

hwnceo[o 5hopIco%m.
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C--t\ u]n-bn?
= Sob
Sob P\hwJy !lw,
w, han[n\w Dn!w.
Dn w.
--n-go-X-hn-K-cw
h-n-Z-I: i-co-#--n-c-Xo-o
[n-cn-jw fo-gy-n--1m. A-Xo-tdn-cn \--I-f-uIyn en-c-bo-Hw P-ud-\ *--X --Im
-\n-m. hn-i-ho-I--an-m. A-bn H- B-\-O-u^--W --cyn X-u]n%-o-tb A--a-bn-bo e-j-K--n-bo--.
-\n-uK-unn \o-fo-Xn--uf-\ h-a-uZnA-X-lo- u_n-[o-h-X| A-bn-tj eo-jo- ]-l-Z-u7--\ Kv-cmK-cm-x "e-en \n-ta-nw h-yn-hw h|p-I-co--e-cn-eyn-[o-cm u-g-P hw-r-tti-L eo-eo-tt[-cmm dv-Io-I-an-b u-i-_-- \--% ]n-So-.
-a--5-ubn-ttK-cmeo-gwan-^-a-, B-\ h|-uX A-]-I-S-In-co--an-m.
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e-j-K--e-tc--t
\-fo-o-%w.
--cmJ-hy \n-yv-g-[w.-A-Yw:w:- A-lo-tb P-dw tIn-1 tI--n I-ko- A-un ]o-t a-e--e--tS In-cyw ]-l-bn-w, !-S-tIn-1m -cy-t -w X--nw, a-Z-bn-\-tb un? C-eo-tS-bn-tW-o H- ]n-Sm B-;-I-;-1m
uXn-o-tIn-1m \o-b-o-nw. e-So-tIn-1m ]-I-eo- B-tc-bn-m A-e D-]--eo-%--tX-m ]-l-bnu\-w I-?-X-ub-w ]n-do-nw. a---I-tIn- \n-eo-. A-H-tIn-1m B-\-%-o-tb D-u]-o-%1m ucn-K-t f-ao-o-nw. a--5-ubn-K-n -Xn--No-Xw. ]-u fo-gy D-]-uZ-fw h|p-I(B-udn-N-\-bn) eo-g-a--tj a-lo-I-S-nw, F-n- co-o-. A-bn ]-l- "-ao--Ww Y-ucn F-\oo-w fn--eo-[o-5-In-c-- ]-co-in-c--;-1m. %m B B-\-%-o-tb D-u]-o-n-\n-eo-."
F-n -J-n-m (x-w-P-\--%m) a--o-.- "f-co A--t\-tb-o A--t\ X-t ]-u
-Xn-+-cyw:yw:- Pp-eo-X bn-ô-bo--n-!- G-H tte- \o- C-Xo-t ^-dw A---eo-n-\o-co-%-g-ay-u-w a--gy-5-b-U-n X-c-Ww tN- uX-->." C--t\ u_n-[o-h-X| hw-n-g-Ww
n-=--Xn-m. h-ue-f|-c A-lo-eo-t -wo A-e-hn-\o-o-.-A-bn e-j-tc u-i-un-tS B-\-%-o-tb
\-S-p-n-m e---;-tS -wo \-S-o-b-Hm.
u]n-o e-j-o !-ul-n-d-o--o A-tXn-
A-Xo-\n A-]-co-in-cy-an-bo H--ao-. F-n,
H- e-do--- tIn--n-\-bn-bo.Pp-en-Zn--%m A--e-Zo-o-- I-a-h|n-X-ue-\-n-dw e-. A-- a-k-n-d-uyw A---eo-%- a--gy tX-o-t ]n-X-bo%- In--Io-k--I-;w a-e uf-J-co-n-\n-bo
-tS h--co-m x-w-hw-h-K-n x-w-e-o- h-yn-ho-an-tc-nw In-o-ud-% u]n-bo. B-[-abn-bn ]-co-i-co-%-en B-cn-w hn-[y-a-. o B---n-bo--o-. A-un-uk-%w B-\I-a-^-d-o h|n-X-y-ao-n--Xo-\n A-Xm m n-o-t d--Ww I-1-H-S-o. B-Zyw A-e
A---eo-u-a-Xo-bn- h-i-Pp-eo-I-ujn-m In--Wy- B-[-a--tj-nw A-So- X-I-K. ]o-t A-e
ao-n--e -J. anw-h-Zn-io-bn-b-e -J. In-o-ud-% I-S-. B-Zyw e--Xm B-\-tb e-jA-\n-fn-hy Pp-eo-Xw \-bo-%--e -J. ]-cn- o-b h-yn-ho-bn-m. A-bn In-o \o-w
?-ao -J. -J-n-tc fn--o B-X-Xn- uf-J-co- eo-uf-g-t- In--Io-k--I B-\-
bo-I F- ]-l-bn-c-1m. C-e eo-Nn-c-W-b-io- tIn--n-\n-bo A-Xo-t A--u-% tN-.n- e-[n-i-cn-W-m fn-w "H--e--Io--
-]-u B-\ t]-t-m A-bn-tj H-o-ttfo--I-1m H-cn-bo-cw u] A-S--" A-H-tIn- tIn-1m I-S--]o-So- --o-tb--Km. A--K-
n-m a-in-Zn--jn-b cn-a-w #--w -J-n- a-c-o X-t B--So-. A-bn ]-d I-gtc \o-r-io--Xm. \-n-n hn-[y-a-. A-Xm h-- W--jn-bo No-X-lo-t-lo- ep-.- -C-H I- a-ei-o-m n-c-an-m. "-cmJ-hy \n-yv-g-[w"
fo-gy-n u]-So-un-So u_n-[o-h-X|-t A--t-I-Yn--Xw:w:- B-\-tb e-j-o-b h-yn-hoo. \-S--tX-nw A-lo-bo-. A-un A-u-iw
-u_n-[o h-X| io-an-d-b-o H-cn-[-aw n- ]-l-.]o-m 5n-Y-\-w [yn-\-=-an-bo I-ko--I-bn-m.
"hwhw-h-cmKn uZn-g-Y-Wn -e-o"
+xn 475 43
43
u^n-n-I-]-co-N-bw\nb uc
uc\nYm
\nYm
#--Xo : D-an-uI-c-jw
D-> F-hm. ]-c-ua-f|-c---eo-g-bww:: uI-c-j-o-t a-u\n-in-co-X?--w : an-do-\o'\\-\-a-b--K-ta-o---Ww-an-do-\o-%m'
-A-d-n-cw : uu^--gw, -wn-w
t\-So-b-a-d Io-k-%w, u\-tc-kn-n-ko-ua-%w,e-So-eo-td--I-bn-bo--o-w e-o-\n-uS!-A-So-b-\o-X-lolo-bo-n-a-to-In-o-%-\p-ub,--So-\--eo-eo-j-w --Jy-an-Wo-Iy-c-Uw.]-Zn-Yww:-:- u\-tc-kn- = A-H-dy-an-b, ua-%m =

]-So-n-cm, F--I = A-Xo-m, X--I = ufn-o%-I, o-Xo tN--I, A-to-In-o = h---an!- A-c-n-Ww, e-o-\n-Sm = Xo--eo-Xnw--B-f-bw:w:- eo--X-an-b h-iyn-o Io-k-%w, A-Hdy-an-b h--w ]-So-n-cw A-S-- a-u\n-i-can-b A-Xo--I-ujn---So-b e-o-\n-uS, A-So-b
(Rn) A-lo-bo-%-I-bn-m, \p -ao--tS -So\-
-eo eo-j-- -Jy-an-Wo-Iy-c-U-an-m (-Un-cU-an-m). uI-c-j-o-t efycanb anboI
InGIjo a\w a-b-o-b I-eo X-t H-S--e-co-I _-*-e-W-No-^--u]n-td B-ud-J\w tN-o-co-%-. "A-So-b-\o-\o---nw-P--tan-d-tX-nw A-So -X -So-ubn-jw \o-o-dn-e-t-
..............
CXoinhIYn]n^\nauInfw
CXoinhIYn]n
\nauInfw
hnZI - [paXo.
paXo. ueZcWo
ueZc
1. Aw-K-e-i::- -[o-~o-c cn-P--bw \-S-ob-un B b--o ]-t--n _-d--au\n-tSn-w F-o-b H- ?-o ew-f-P. (a. n.
h-n-]-ew A-[yn-bw 34 u^n-Iw 16)2. Aw-Kn-c-I:- how-io-I F-w u]--m. eo-#-Xan-b -J-=w, e-Y-in--Jw u]n-td-- en-ubnw -So-b p-I-c -]o-Wo-bn-b cn--ho-bn-bo
en-8p-Ip cn-an-b-W-o No-^p-I-co-o-co-%-.
d--w Z-o-W-n-c-X-o-w C-S-- h--o-dn-bo-- en-hw. h---o- ap-uX h-co-%--e--tS \o-k ]o-So-m X-o-ud- B-I-
44
Xn-tb" tb- 5n-Yo-o--1m. uI-c-jw ttZ-e-ot \n--X-t!r--]-co-N-bw-:-:- -I-eo-^-b--jo 5--J-\n-bo- a-in-I-eo D-> F-hm. ]-c-ua-f|-c---tS
'D-an-uI-c-jw' a-in-In-ey-o-td 18-nw h-K-o
uI-c-j-o-t a-u\n-in-co-X-tb--o e-Wo-o-co%- ]-Zy--jo H-n-m ua D--co-o-co-%-Hm. Xo--eo-Xnw- cn-P-ew-f-N-co-^w C-Xo-?--anbo h|p-I-co-m \-e-Bn-o-%m ttf-do-bo c-No-
#-Xo, n-gn a-in-In-ey--;-tS A-ro-a-n-\w
A-d--co-%-. a-in-I-eo-I-jn-bo-- A-k-I-K]-Z\n--%-c-m, e--un \n-cn-b-W-ua-\-e,
uI. ho. uI-f-e-]o-, !--In-em an-
X-c-I H-S-o H-u-tl 5--J a-in-In-ey-
c-No-o--t-o-w A-e-tbn-w DanuIcjw
u]ntd ,ZbnePIanboo. A--en-N-I-a-\-I-%m D->-co-t en-uen-c-Wo A-\o-e-N-\p-bD-|-d-fan-b A---Xo 5-Zn-\w tN--H-tIn-1m "Dpn-n-Vy"
y F--u-iw A-lo-b-t-. X-ao-kmew-f-P\n-bo-- I-eo Bn-ho-%m ]--]n-Xo-w H-wX-t a-d-bn-j-n-gn-N-co-^-K-ue-g-I--an-bo--.
uI-c-j-hn-io-Xy-N-co-^w A-m n-K- c-No-t--Hm F--K ]-l-ub--Xn-m. D-an-uI-c-jw -SntX I-W--g-Ww, ]ow-K-j, aw-K-j-a--co, -PnuXn-Z|n-i-\w N-, a-Wo-a--g H-S-o 23 ud-tl
I-eo-Xn-h-an-in-c--;w A-u-i-o-u-Xn-bo--1m.
Xo--eo-Xnw--lo-t Np-^m th-?--lo-bn-bo uh-e\w A--~o- D-> P-\o--Xm (1877 -) N\n
ubcobo. a-c-Ww 1949 -Wo-w.go-m B-jo-t\ X-t A--K e--K- eo-Zy
Aw-Kn-c-I-m A-lo-bn-an-bo--. hp-Xn-u\|-gW-o-\n-bo, d--bo-ud-%-I-S-n [-ao-%-
i--an-t\ Aw-Kn-c-I B-?-ao-. -b--c -]oWo-bn-b cn--ho-tb \o-dw-]-co-fn-o-buf-gw i--an bn-^-H-S-. [en-8p-Ip cn-an-bWw --c-In-7w (1-nw h-Kw 178-186)]
3. Aw-Kn-c::- 5n-Np-\-n-c-X-o-td H- cn-Pn-em.
C-g|n-!-ew-f-o-td an-n-Xn-eo-\n Aw-Knc tIn--t-. (fn-o-]-ew 29:89,90)4. Aw-Kn-c-I::- e \o-l-un-Sm -So-b-e
F-m en-o-t A-Yw.- -(1) -cy-t ]-cyn-bw
(e-\-]-ew A-[yn. 3, u^n-Iw. 17)- -(2) tNn-Fn-ri-o-m Aw-Kn-c-I F- u]--m -(3) hvep-c-uZ-f-t H- cn-Pn-en-bo--. P-b-Y-t
A--N-c-\n-bo--. (e-\-]-ew 265:10)- (H--S-w)
Printed and published by N. Vedaprakash for Narendrabhooshan Smaraka Prathishtapanam & Arshanadam Trust from
Dayananda Bhavan, Narendrabhooshan road, Chengannur 689 121 Kerala and printed at Southern Printing House,
Kottayam. Chief Editor : Kamala Narendrabhooshan. Editor & Publisher : N. Vedaprakash.
X-w an-^-a- e--a-X-u-un-w

tte-Zo-I-In-d-o-w -u ]o-te-o-%- e-o In-Wn- H--m,
\-ep-\ ue-Zn--o-t B-Zo-5-enN-I-\n-b f--cn-Nn-cy--tS Y--eo-t
Y--en-b Kv-U-]n-Z _v--ho-n--jo 5-n-eo-X-\n-bo-- F--Xm. _v---tS J-\y-en-Z-o-\m
tte-Zo-I--]w \-Io A-ttZ|-X-en-Zo-\m Pp-e tIn---X-u-i-an-Wm.
Arshanadam Malayalam Monthly A-u-i-o-t an8-Iy-In-co-I-bo
The only vedic-philosophical journal in malayalam td ]-d In-co-I-I-;w A-Y-]-c-an-ubn
Vol - 39 No - 5
2013 JANUARY 10 f-p-]-c-an-ubn _v--r---jo
D-m. f--cn-Nn-cy--tS n-gy-
-tjn-ko-en-o-tn-m C-Xm A-[y-b-\w tN-n, Kv-U-]n-Zn-Nn-cy e--t e-do-b
-2-\n-bo--t- r-io-nw. hnw-Jy-5-e-N-\-n-gy-In-c-\n-b eo-n-\-o-E \-ep-\
ue-Zn-o-I-tj 5---_v--tc- eo-jo--Xm te-c-uX-b-. hnw-Jy-5-e-N-\ n-gy-o-t
H-S--o ]-Zma-!-cn-W-o-\o-m G-Xn-\w u^n-I- ]-I-o-bo--m. A-Xotdn- u^n-In--an-Wm an-bn-en-Zw A-h-Zm fn-w 5--w _v--ua-e N F--Xm.
... \ucg ...
Regd. News Paper 20060/70 INDIA
Postal Registration No KL/TLA/3/2012-14
WPP No: KL/TLA/WPP/137/2012-14
Single Copy ` 20/Annual Subscription ` 240/POSTED AT THIRUVALLA RMS
ueZjoudm aSoun=Ib, ueZjoudm aSoecoIbnWm \nw...
\ucgWot dyanb #XoI

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NHueZhwioX (anJao) ------------------- 2600.00

Zufn]\ogm ngn ngyw (Uo.ho.eOm) -- 1200.00
hXynY5Infw---------------------------------- 725.00
KpXncihyw (anJao) --------------------------500.00
Aubn[ybotd [pcna (Uo.ho.eOm) -------- 150.00
iouXn]uZfIYI (anJao) ----------------- 130.00
D]\b\w Fm? Fo\m? ----------------------- 120.00
ico\naIp\w (anJao) --------------------- 90.00
]cudnI=w !\P=w (Uo.ho.eOm)---------- 90.00
ubnuKf|c\nb [p# (Uo.ho.eOm) ------- 90.00
D]nh\---------------------------------------------- 60.00
NoUNo\w ------------------------------------ 50.00
aX=w 2ow ------------------------------------- 50.00
[a]nT ---------------------------------------- 40.00
BcyntS BZouZfw --------------------------- 35.00
ainXzbw -------------------------------------- 35.00
[in[aw F h|Kw ----------------------- 35.00
D]\ogmIYI (Uo.ho.eOm) ---------------- 30.00
Radical Variation ------------------------------------- 25.00
Bg\nZw 5hopIcW
1 Ambedkar Veda & Origin of Caste --------------- 270.00

2 X|aho \oXy\otS ------------------- 50.00
Zbenbo [onw
B-g-\n-Ze-co-hw-Jy, r--eo-d, hw-n-e-\ C-e

u$-m _n-m Hn-^m n-e--lot GXm fnJbow
ASnw. ]-Ww AS-uf-gw eoecw Alobo%
em A-- 5-?-o- Zo-e-hw !--I-
h|-In-cy -X-]n-do--udn, X-]n-do--udn A-b---Xn-Wm.
(eco-hw-Jy a-Wo-ubn-U e-ko 12/-- -]-w,
_n-m e-ko 6/-- -]-w A-b--nw.-)
-_n-o \-uI- eo-e-c-
State Bank Of Trvancore, Chengannur
S.B. A/c - 57030732684
N. Vedaprakash, Saraswathi Vaidika Gurukulam
For internet transfer :

IFSE CODE - SBTR0000085 MICR CODE - 689009052
ueZw an^-anWm 5anWw, ueZnw 5N-co-o-%

eoc2o F Ppeo-X-\o-ug-[o \ow ao-ubn A-cnKw fpdo-o-% ueZ[-a-o-ud%
D]-\-b-\-anWm nc-X-ot 2o-an-Kw...eo--\n-cn-b-W-\--Xo-co
IkoInd ainbo hwfbw ue.

]t, ecn u]n!e X aicanboco%w...
Arshanadam
Zbn\e\w
\ucgulnUm tN 689121 uIcjw
u^n 0479 2452636 9446314343
www.arshanadam.org e-mail : arshanadam@gmail.com
tteZoI hnioXy
fnJm anânbo
haot
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adbnjotd GI tteZoI--Znf\oI anhoI

anJao eOm 5hopIco NHcmueZhwioXn5Inf\w

uZehy ]fy Ineyw \ aanc \ PpcyXo.

acme P\bnttZeyw P\am

uIn--bw ............. Kw-Kn-[-c-\n-b

\nhuXn eoZyuX nuen \nnuen eoZyuX hXx

E-gox- -^oXx. uZ-e-Xn--Alox. O-x - \o-N-s-X-m^o-x-]m. h|-cx-- tt[eXx.-

]ZnYw: Aubn an\euc, I-e-b-x = n\oIjnb IeoI, h-- = Gkm, a-cyn-Znx =

o-%--Xm h- a-cyn-Zx I-e-bx F- -- -d-jo-X

tc-bn-Wm \nw E-go-an-tc-m eo-jo-%--Xm. A-e

o ?-o-I-tj- I-j-tb e-j-cn-\--e-Zo-n-

tN--I, a-\-\w tN---Xo-t\ \o-W-bo-m X-t

t--K-en-- f-2o--m. uIn-S-Xo--tS C-St]-S N-co-^-uc-J-I-jn-bo \--tS -o--m.

_o-t-w _-J--uS-w A-go-go-t-w -~X--tS-w ttI-I-jo --w. A-X-eo-tS \-S-

o- eo-u[-b-cn-bo. B-cw G-?w -n-1-I-jodn-bo ^{-U ey-e--m ue-ucn---n-bo.

]o-p-Sm uI-c-j-o-td -k-e-co A-u\-Iw

\o-n-Wm ]p-V-\w G-e-en---tX-m \nw a-\-o

Nco^otd PweZ|p!w, ncXJ7=w, BcyneuZf=w Ct ]So ItKI

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

--nw A-[yn-bwHnw hoZn\uf|cnb \uan \ax

hKncwo f|c agy\m

u-g-P-a-ho u-g-Pw K-uef|n-b !--gn-b u-g-Pn-w. --Jw ua-gn-b ua-ttgy..

]-Zn-Yw: A--ubn P-K-Zp-f|-cn A-m, u-g-P-nam

ua-gn-b = A-Pn-Zo-P--udn-I-o-w, ua-ttgy =

c-#-]-bo-n-tX \-w-an-In--Xn-Wm ucn-Kw F-Yw. F-n ucn-K--;-uS-w A--I-\n-b -f|-c

X-t !-d-t-w a-m !-d--uj-w ]n--c-o

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

ubt\. Ppet fcpcw _-\-an-tWo

n-bo-co%w. AIt hnn h|bw _on-=-Hw !l-uXm A\ym n-=-Hw

uNnZyw: Cv-f|-c A--fy-\n-Wm. \---e-t\ In--en I-ko--I-bo- A-Xo-\n A-e-t 5-Xp-I

h|Kpb \-uc---g- -Bcwo ue-Z]-nT-\-w.

F-n Rn-b-ln-G-w SaontX HS.

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

-E-uK|-Zw H-nw a-7-dw 1 -2w 162-163-164 e-tc

]-c-a-h-Xy-an-bo-co-u A-c-Wy-o ]n- \-S%- Xo-j-- tIn-m B--uS-Xn-m? 163-nw -2

-p-I-c-W-o-m hw-e-e-c-]-cy-w F-n-m

F-m? F-o-m? F--t\?

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

h-a-bn-Zo-I-;-tS D-+-o24. In-dw In-d-eo--2pw-L

1. h---eo--w:-:- -en-]-c h---eo--w.21-nw u^n-I-o ue-Zn---d-an-b I-a-

-[[-aw-Aw A-[-aw, --J-x-Jn-Zo eo-n-Kw-

--K-o \o-m --d-?-a-o -wo27. A-Wmueyn an-^n eo-\n-fo-u\yn

26. I-cma-Wnw N eo-ue-In-cmYw

-tS B-cw--o, bw H= G-tXn- 5n-Wo-un,

-P-K--Zm]-o-5o -ubn-P-\-=w I-a-^-d-=w-h-Kn-cw--o 5n-Wo-I-;-tS I-a-o--X Inc-Ww -wo--tS c-N-\n 5-ubn-P-\-t-%-lo-m

[-a-t e-o-o-%-I-w A-[-a-t \-fo-o-%-I-w tN---e [-\y-c-u^.

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

B. ]--P-e-o, --Shw-hn-c-hn-K-cw, -e-hn-K-cw, -en-to F-t-nw

--e-_--eo--2-ub-b-Xy-Xnw ]-7o-ttX-cm [p-ttctc

\n-fo-\p = n-o-bo \o--n-b a-in-h-o-\o--n-b -b-x-Jw \-fo-o-%-, c--X|n-e-[n-c-Wn = c--eo-t f-co-bn-b-u_n-[w,

C-eo-tS f--cn-Nn-cy tIn--o-co-%- -wnw c--h--o-u-Xn-m. I-b-lo-t\ I-1m

\-ep-\-ue-Zn-w -E-go Z-bn-\- wobo

[-o-u--H-m. I-b-lm e--en-tW-w h-w

a--=w A-Y-=w H--S--bn-bo en-bo-%--Xo-\n-m a-i-go Z-bn-\-

(. 10. 86. 10)

ARSHANADAM 475 JANUARY - 2013

-an-J-K--o I-ko-- f-cp-c-]o-7-o-\m n-I--a-ujn [v-X-I--a--ujn A--~o-%-en

[n-H--;w u]n-g-I--;-a-S-o-b -Km[-an-bo-an-lo

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n-K-o -B-an-w ttdw-Ko-I Pp-eo-X-o-t

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I-a--;-tS hnw-K-Xy-t-%-lo-n-m h-Zn