Anten

1
Tel ecommuni cat i ons Progr am Tel ecommuni cat i ons Progr am
Anten
+ Khi nim v anten
Anten l thit b dng bc x sng in t ra khng gian bn
ngai cng nh thu nhn sng in t t khng gian bn ngai.
- Anten phi phi hp tr khng
- Anten phi c hiu sut cao
- Anten phi c bng thng ln
Blah

bl ah
blah bl ah
2
Anten
+ Phn loi Anten
- Theo mc ch s dng:
Anten thng tin (v tinh, viba,..)
Anten truyn hnh
Anten pht thanh
Anten radar
Anten thin vn,...
- Theo bng sng:
Anten sng cc ngn
Anten sng ngn
Anten sng trung, sng di,..
- Chc nng (thu, pht)
3
Anten
- Theo cu trc:
4
Anten
+ H phng trnh Maxwell (1874):
0
e
e
E
rotH J
t
H
rotE
t
divH
divE
'
r
r r
r
r
r
r
- i vi dng in - i vi dng t
0
m
m
E
rotH
t
H
rotE J
t
divH
divE
'
r
r
r
r r
r
r
5
Anten
- Gii h phng trnh Maxwell i vi dng in
t:
(iu kin ph Lorenzt)
e
H rotA
r r
0
e
e
divA
t
r
1
e e
e
E j A graddivA
j
H rotA
'
r r r
r r
0
0
divrotA
rotgrad
rotrotA graddivA A

r
r r r
6
Anten
- Gii h phng trnh Maxwell i vi dng in
Vi:
2 e e e
A k A J +
r r r
p
k
v

1
4
jkr
e e
V
e
A J dV
r
r r
7
Anten
- Gii h phng trnh Maxwell i vi dng t (mt cch tng t)
1
m m
m
H j A graddivA
j
E rotA
'
r r r
r r
2 m m m
A k A J +
r r r
1
4
jkr
m m
V
e
A J dV
r
r r
8
Anten
Nghim tng qut:
1
1
m e e
e m m
E rotA j A graddivA
j
H rotA j A graddivA
j
'
r r r r
r r r r
, ,
1
4
jkr
e m e m
V
e
A J dV
r
r r
Vi:
, ,
1
4
jkr
e m e m
S
e
A J dS
r
r r
, ,
1
4
jkr
e m e m
L
e
A J dL
r
r r
9
Anten
+ Qu trnh bc x sng in t
10
Anten
+ Qu trnh bc x sng in t (tt)
11
Anten
+ Qu trnh bc x sng in t (tt)
12
Anten
+ Nguyn l Huygen
n
E E E
+
r r r
n
H H H
+
r r r
e
s
J n H

r r
r
m
s
J n E

r r
r
- Mt dng in mt tng ng
- Mt dng t mt tng ng
n
r
E
r
E
r
n
E
r
H
r
H
r
n
H
r
S
13
Anten
+ Bc x ca dng in, dng t trong khng gian t do
V
dV
x
y
z
i
r
R
i
r
r
r
( )
, , M R
Ngun bc x c th tch V, mt dng kch
thch
khang cch O dV
R khang cch O M
r khang cch dV M
,
e m
J J
r r
V
jkr
m e m e
dV
r
e
J A
, ,
4
1
r r
14
Anten
+ Bc x ca dng in, dng t trong khng gian t do (tt)
- Min gn
- Min xa
2 2
2
2
2
2 cos
1 cos sin
2
r R R
R
R R

+
_
+ +

,
L
2 2
2
sin 2
2 8
D
k R
R

, , cos
1
4
jkR
e m e m jk
V
e
A J e dV
R

r r
15
Anten
, ,
1
4
R
jkR
jk i i
e m e m
V
e
A J e dV
R
r r
r r
t:
( )
( )
, ,
,
R
jk i i
e m e m
V
jkR
G J e dV
e
R
R
'
r r
r r
Hm bc x (vector bc x)
Hm Green
( ) ( )
, ,
1
,
4
e m e m
A R G
r r
16
Anten
0 0
0 0
( ) ( )
4
1 1
( ) ( )
4
jkR
e m e m
jkR
m e m e
jk e
E W G G i W G G i
R
jk e
H G G i G G i
R W W

1
+ +
'
1
+ +
1
r r r
r
r r
( )
( )
1
1
R
R
E
H i E i
W W
E
H i E i
W W
'
r r r r
r r r r
17
Anten
- Mt cng sut
( )
( )
( )
* * *
2
2
2 2 2
2
0 0 2
0 0
0
1 1
Re Re
2 2
1
2 2
2 4
tb R
e m e m
R R R
E H E H E H i
E
k
E E i i W G G W G G i
W W
W R

1 1
] ]
+ + +
r r r r
r r r
- Cng thc i h trc ta
( )
cos sin cos sin
sin cos
x y z
x y
G G G G
G G G
'
+
18
Anten
+ Hm phng hng
( ) ( ) ( )
, , ,
4 4
jkR jkR
jk e jk e
E f f i f i
R R

1 +
]
r r r r
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
,
e m e m
f W G G i W G G i

+ +
r
r r
( )
( )
( )
max
,
,
,
m
f
F
f

r
r
- Hm phng hng chun ha
19
Anten
+ th phng hng
rng th phng hng l gc hp bi hai hng, m theo hai hng
cng sut hay cng in trng gim n mt gi tr nht nh no
20
Anten
+ th phng hng (tt)
FNBW (First Null Beam Width) = 2|
m
-
01
|
HPBW (Half Power Beam Width) = 2|
m
-
1/2
|
HPBW
1/2
1/2
01
01
FNBW
21
Anten
+ th phng hng (tt)
60(eg) Peak
Peak - 3dB
Peak - 3dB
3dB Beamwidth
120(eg) Peak
Peak - 10dB
Peak - 10dB
10dB Beamwidth
V d:
22
Anten
+ Anten v hng, ng hng v c hng
ng hng V hng
C hng
+ Mt phng E, mt phng H:
Mt phng E l mt phng hp bi hng bc x cc i v vector
cng in trng (E).
Mt phng H l mt phng hp bi hng bc x cc i v vector
cng t trng (H)
23
Anten
+ Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x
( )
,
bx
S
P dS
r r
( ) ( )
max
, ,
m
E E F
Vi:
( )
2
2
2 2
max
0 0 0
1
, sin
2
bx m
P E F R d d
W

2
2
bx
bx
m
P
R
I
24
Anten
+ H s hng tnh v li anten
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
0 0
, , 2
4
,
2
bx bx
E E R
R
D
W P W P

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
0 0
4 ,
,
, sin
m
m
F
D
F d d

( )
max
2
2
0 0
4
, sin
m
D
F d d

( ) ( )
, ,
A
G D
25
Anten
+ Tr khng vo ca anten
R
S
X
S
V
S
I
A
V
A
R
A
X
A
A
A A A
A
V
Z R jX
I
+
Phi hp tr khng
( )
2
*
1 1
Re
2 2
S A
A A A
A S
V R
P V I
Z Z

+
2
8
S
A S
A
V
P P
R

Khng phi hp tr khng
( )
2
1
A S
P P
A S
A S
Z Z
Z Z

+
vi
26
Anten
+ c tnh phn cc ca anten
( ) ( )
, ,
4
jkR
jk e
E f i f i
R

1 +
]
r r r
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
, Re cos arg ,
cos arg ,
j t
E R t E r e E t kR f i
E t kR f i

+
+ +
r r r
r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , arg , arg , E E f and f

xc nh phn cc
- Vector cc tnh
( )
( ) ( )
( )
, ,
,
,
m
f i f i
p
f

+
r r
r
27
Anten
+ c tnh phn cc ca anten (tt)
Tn hao do lch phn cc (PLF Polarization Loss Factor)
- Trng sng ti
i i i
E E p
r
r
a a a
E E p
r
r
- Trng ca anten thu
- Tn hao lch phn cc
2
i a
PLF p p
r r
28
Anten
+ Cng thc Friis
P
t
t
G
t
G
r
R
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
4 4
t t t
r r r
P G
P G PLF
R

29
Anten
+ L thuyt nhn th phng hng
x
y
z
n
r
r
n
R
r
( )
, , M R
R
r
n
( )
,
4
n
jkR
n n
n
jk e
E f
R

r r
- Trng bc x anten th n
th
- Trng bc x tng
( )
1 1
,
4
n
jkR
N N
n n
n n
n
jk e
E E f
R

r r r
( )
cos
1
,
4
n n
jkR
N
jkr
n
n
jk e
E e f
R

r r
- Xt v bin 1/R 1/R
n
30
Anten
+ L thuyt nhn th phng hng (tt)
- Hm phng hng ca h thng
- Trong thc t kho st min xa
Vi
( ) ( )
cos
1
, ,
n n
N
jkr
N n
n
f e f
r r
( ) ( )
1
, ,
n n
f a f
r r
.
.
1
n
n
j
n n
I
a a e
I

sai lch dng kch thch gia anten n
th
v
anten th nht
( ) ( ) ( )
1
, , ,
N k
f f f
r r
Vi ( )
cos
1
,
n n
N
jkr
k n
n
f a e

Anten

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