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PurposesofWagingaWar
x Eitheroffensiveordefensive
x Warofaggression:onesidesimplyattackstheother
x PunitiveWar(warofrevenge):punishtheothersideforsomerealorimaginedaggressionin
past
x Preemptivewar:actuallyoffensive,butforwhichdefensivereasonsareclaimed
x Ideologicalwar:whentwosidesaredividedbyanideology.Ex.HolyWarÆfoughtoverreligion
x Imperial/colonialwars:foughttoacquireorguardcoloniesorclientstates.Decolonizationor
warsofnationalliberationarefoughttoobtainindependencefromarulingnation.
x PostcolonialconflictÆwhennewlyindependentcountriesgotowar
x Proxywars:foughtbetweenstatesonbehalfofotherstates(theirhegemonicpowers
x Aplenipotentiaryisaspecialrepresentativeofagovernmentwhoisempoweredtomake
decisionsonhisownwithanothergovernmentataconference.

CausesofWar
x Warsusuallyrequireapretext:aprofessedreasonorexcusedesignedtomakewagingawar
appearjustifiable(casusbelli)
x Thecassusbelliisoftenfictitious.
o Forexamplewhentheoriginalpretextischanged,peoplemaythinkitsfalse
o Thecasusbelliforthe2003IraqWarwasthatHusseinhadweaponsofmassdestruction
thathecouldunleashontheU.S.andthathewasconnectedtoAlQaeda(bothfalse)
o Thecasusbellithenchangedtoremovinganevildictatorandbringingdemocracyto
Iraq
o Realcausesmayhaveincludedoil,U.S.companycontractsandfamilyvendettas
o Apretextcanbefalseinonesensebuttrueinanother.ThepretextforHitlerinvading
theUSSRwasthatStalinwaspreparingtodoublecrosshimandattackGermany.His
realreasonwastodestroyBolshevismandenslavetheslavs.HedidinvadetheUSSR,
buthisoriginalpretextendedupbeingtrue
x Classificationofgenuinecauses:
o 1.StandingConditions
ƒ rivalries=colonial,sphereofinfluence,political,economic
o 2.LongTerm(Underlying)Conditions:
ƒ consequencesofpreviouswarsorpeacesettlements
ƒ foreignpolicies
ƒ domesticpolicies
ƒ rivalries
o 3.ShortTermConditions:
ƒ onepoliticalparty'sdesiretooverthrowanother
ƒ one'sdesiretoprotectthestateagainsttheimpendinginvasionofanother
o 4.ImmediateCauses
ƒ the'trigger'thatlaunchestheconflict
o 5.NegativeFactors
  
       
        
       
1. DescribeGermany’s“politicalturmoil”immediatelyfollowingthearmistice.
x RevoltshadbrokenoutacrossGermanybecausethegov’twasseekinganarmistice
x OnNov9,somerevolutionariesproclaimedarepublicandtheKaiserfledtoHolland.
x AnewregimeunderFriedrichEbertemergedandwasbeleagueredfromadversariesonbothsideofthe
politicalspectrum
x CitizensassemblyformedinJan1919atWeimar(b/cofinstabilityinBerlin)andEbertwaselectedthe
firstpresidentofthe“WeimarRepublic”.Manypoliticianswantedademocraticliberalstate.
2. DescribetheeventssurroundingtheAlliespresentationoftheproposedtreaty.
x TheperceivedharshnessofthetreatydisgustedheGermandelegateswhosawthenewGermany
punishedfortheactionsoftheoldregime.
x TheGermanswerenotallowedtonegotiatewiththeAllies
x Germanstriedtodelaythesituationsinhopeofobtainingsomeconcessions
x OnJune17,1919theAlliesdeclaredthatifGermanydidnotsignwithin7daysthantheywouldresume
hostilities
x TheGermangov’tresignedoverthematter,andanewaparliamentwasformed.Theyacceptedthe
treatyexceptfortheWarguiltclause
x Inthemeantime,theofficersoftheinternedGermanfleetinScotlandscuttledtheshipssotheycouldnot
fallintoAlliedhands.ThisjusthardenedtheAlliesattitudesandtheyrejectedtheGermangov’t
reservationandgavethem24hourstoagreeorfacenewhostilities.
x TheGermandelegatesfinallyagreed90minutesbeforethedeadlineandthepeacetreatywassignedon
June28,1919intheHallofMirrors.

3. ExplainJohnMaynardKeynes’condemnationoftheTreatyofVersailles.
x Condemnedthereparationsclausesandpredictedthattheywouldonlyleadtogreaterinstabilitythrough
problemsofthereparationspayments
x Harshsettlementwouldleadtoacivilwarbetweentheforcesofreactionandrevolution,whilethe
horrorsofthelastwarwillfadeandtheprogressofourgenerationwillbedestroyed(i.e.anotherwar)
4. WhatismeantbythetermCarthaginianpeace?
x AbriefperiodofpeacebetweennationsÆwarwillfollow
5. HowdidtheTreatyofVersaillesleadtoFrenchsecurityissues?
x AmericaendedupwithdrawingfromtheTreatyandthisleadtotheBritishAmericanguaranteeof
France’ssecuritybecomingannulled.
x ThisleftFrancehavingtofindmoreforcefulmeasurestoensureitssecurityfromGermanyÆwouldlead
tomountingtensioninWesternEurope