University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy

Theoretical Framework EXTRACTION METHODS

MACERATION

SOXHLET

PERCOLATION

REFLUX

ALKALOIDS 1) General test 2) Primary Assay 3) Confirmatory Test (2 layers: aqueous & chloroform) 4) Test for Quaternary

STAR APPLE (Chrysophyllum cainito)

Solvent: Methanol

FLAVONOIDS

Base
used 2 reagents

CRUDE STAR APPLE EXTRACT

TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT CONSTITUENTS

Bate-Smith and Metcalf Test - Test for Leucoanthocyanin (+) strong red or violet color

Dragendorffs reagent (+) orange precipitate Mayers reagent (+) white precipitate

PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS

Wilstatter cyanidin Test - Test for gamma benzopyrone (+) color ranging from orang to red to crimson and magenta and occasionally to green to blue

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES 1) General Test -use of yellow picrate paper or strip of filter paper dipped in picrate solution (+) various red shades within 15 minutes

ANTHRAQUINONE Borntragers Test (+) red coloration in the lower ammoniacal layer Modified Borntragers Test - This is done if theres no visible result in Borntragers test (+) pink color

SAPONINS Froth Test (+) honeycomb froth <2cm Capillary Tube Test (+) plant extract is half the volume of water Using Blood Agar Plate (+) appearance of halo and measure in (mm) Using Gogo Sample (+) measure of froth in (mm) THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY -separation of pigments

TANNINS Ferric Chloride Test (+) Blue-black (Hydrolyzable Tannin) (+) Brownish green (Condensed Tannin) Gold Beaters Test (+) Brown spot present in the intestine

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES - Appearance of 2 layers: (upper hexane layer and lower aqueous layer)

Keller-Killani Test (test for 2-deoxysugar) (+) reddish brown color w/c may turn blue or red Liebermann Burchard Test (test for unsaturated steroid) (+) Blue to green, red, pink, purple or violet Keddes Test (test for unsaturated lactone) (+) Blue Violet Coloration

Solvent Systems: Toluene Chloroform Chloroform Methanol Chloroform: Acetic Acid:H2O - Solvents used to classify different

constituents in TLC

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University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy

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University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy

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University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy

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