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Temper Embrittlement - J Factor
Temper Embrittlement - J Factor
The maximum value for this expression to avoid serious embrittlement depends on the welding process, but is given as 2.8-3.0 where coarse grained weld metal exists. Step cooling can reveal the susceptibility of a steel to temper embrittlement. The Charpy impact energy and transition temperature for steel after an embrittling heat treatment involving step cooling have been related to give a mathematical expression that when fulfilled ensures that the material will not suffer an unacceptable degree of temper embrittlement in service (4). AF + 2.5(SC - AF) < 38C where AF=As formed Charpy 54J temperature SC=Step cooled Charpy 54J temperature This expression is used in the construction of pressure vessels that may operate in the embrittling temperature range, or that may pass slowly through that temperature range upon startup or shutdown.
One step cooling method with hold times and temperatures is given in ASTM A387, supplementary requirements[5] although this gives a more stringent requirement for the acceptable degree oftemper embrittlement. Temper embrittlement has been also related to reheat cracking and low-ductility creep fractures, and a number of types and mechanisms have been proposed, considering carbide precipitation as well as grain boundary embrittling elements.
References
1. Ishiguo, T; Murakami, Y; Ohnishi, K and Watanabe, J: "2.25%Cr-1%Mo pressure vessel steels with improved creep rupture strength"; Proceedings of the symposium on Applications of 2.25%Cr-1%Mo steel for thick-wall pressure vessels, ASTM STP 755, 1980, pp. 129-147. Bruscato, R. M: "Embrittlement factors for estimating temper embrittlement in 2.25Cr:1Mo, 3.5Ni-1.75Cr-0.5Mo-0.1V and 3.5Ni steels"; ASTM conference, Miami, Florida, 1987. Sugiyama, T; Hatori, N; Yamamoto, S; Yoshino, F and Kiuchi, A: "Temper embrittlement of Cr-Mo weld metals"; IIW Doc. XII-E-6-81, IIW, 1981. Erwin, W.E. and Kerr, J.G: "The use of Quenched and Tempered 2Cr-1Mo Steel for Thick Wall Reactor Vessels in Petroleum Refinery Processes: An Interpretive review of 25 Years of Research and Application"; WRC Bulletin 275, February 1982. ASTM A387: "Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, Alloy steel, Chromiummolybdenum"
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