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LSCI230 Introductory Microbiology
LSCI230 Introductory Microbiology
Introductory
Microbiology
Please
take
a
copy
of
the
course
outline
at
the
front
of
the
class.
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in
R3-048
1
Microbiology
The
study
of
microorganisms,
or
microbes,
organisms
that,
mostly,
cannot
be
seen
by
the
naked
eyes:
they
are
microscopic.
Microorganisms
may
exist
as
single
cells,
as
unicellular
enMty,
and
can
generate
energy
and
grow
without
the
help
of
other
cells.
They
may
also
form
communiMes,
such
as
biolms,
and
are
able
to
talk
to
each
other
to
iniMate
group
behavior.
3
hSp://historyofgeology.eldofscience.com/2011_02_01_archive.html
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
4
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Spontaneous
generaMon
Hypothesis
that
some
vital
force
can
create
living
organisms
from
inanimate
object.
It
was
widely
accepted
throughout
the
middle
ages
and
into
the
later
half
of
the
19c,
because
it
Sed
nicely
with
the
religious
views
of
most
people.
Some
recipes:
Box
+
Rags
+
Grain
=
mice.
Meat
+
warm
temperature
=
maggots.
Old
apartment
+
student
+
not
washing
the
dishes,
#*@!
Exams
=
cockroaches.
Mid
1600s:
Francesco
Redi
demonstrated
that
maggots
did
not
developed
from
meat
if
the
meat
was
protected
by
a
ne
gauze
cover.
Late
1700s:
Lazzaro
Spallanzani
demonstrated
that
nothing
grew
in
liquids
that
were
boiled
and
stored
in
closed
containers.
The
proponents
of
spontaneous
generaMon
argue
that
a
free
supply
of
air
was
required
for
the
vital
force
to
reach
the
liquid.
5
Open end
Long time
Short time
Liquid putrefies
6
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Germ
theory
1847:
Ignaz
Semelweis
showed
that
puerperal
sepsis,
childbed
fever,
is
contagious.
The
medical
students
were
transporMng
the
cadaveric
principles
from
the
morgue
to
the
clinic.
Hand
washing
in
chlorine
soluMon
solve
the
problem.
Pasteur
experiments
also
showed
that
microorganisms
were
present
in
the
air,
a
possible
source
of
infecMon.
Led
to
development
of
eecMve
sterilizaMon
procedure,
such
as
pasteurizaMon.
Pasteur
also
developed
vacinnes
for
mulMple
diseases,
such
as
anthrax,
fowl
cholera
and
rabies.
1885:
rst
successful
administraMon
of
vaccine
against
rabies.
Joseph
Lister
reported
in
1867
that
death
due
to
infecMon
could
be
reduced
dramaMcally
if
diluted
phenol
was
used
to
soak
the
medical
devices
and
surgical
dressing
and
to
spray
the
general
area
during
surgery.
1884:
Robert
Koch
published
that
anthrax
was
caused
by
the
bacterium
Bacillus
anthracis.
Also
showed
that
tuberculosis,
causing
one-seventh
of
all
human
deaths
at
the
Mme,
was
caused
by
a
bacterium,
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
8
Figure 1.19
KOCH S POSTULATES
Diseased animal Red blood cell Suspected pathogen Healthy animal
The Postulates: 1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
Tools:
Microscopy, staining
Streak agar plate with sample from either diseased or healthy animal Inoculate healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen
No organisms present
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
4. The suspected pathogen Laboratory reisolation must be reisolated and and culture shown to be the same as the original.
Suspected pathogen
Laboratory culture
10
Mammals
Humans
Microorganisms
Prokaryotes
before
the
nucleus.
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
true
nucleus.
Protozoa
(ex:
Amoeba)
Alga
(ex:
Euglena)
Fungi
(ex:
yeasts)
Plant
cells
Animal
cells
Viruses,
Viroids,
Prion
LUCA:
last
universal
common
ancestor.
Origin of Earth
Present (4.6 bya)
4 bya
Modern eukaryotes
LUCA
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya 4 3 2 bya 1 0
11
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Microbial
life
2.5
X
1030
microbial
cells
on
Earth.
Avogadro
constant:
6.022
x
1023
Present
wherever
scienMsts
look:
boiling
hot
springs,
glacial
ice,
10
km
under
the
surface,
acidic
pond,
high
salinity
pond,
crude
oil,
toxic
waste
dump
Human
microbiome:
Skin:
1012
Mouth:
1010
GastrointesMnal
tract:
1014
(1
Kg)
Colon:
90%
of
gastrointesMnal
tract
bacteria,
anaerobic
environement.
1013
human
cells!
Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved October 19, 2012 (received for review May 22, 2012)
The permanent ice cover of Lake Vida (Antarctica) encapsulates an extreme cryogenic brine ecosystem (13 C; salinity, 200). This aphotic ecosystem is anoxic and consists of a slightly acidic (pH 6.2) sodium chloride-dominated brine. Expeditions in 2005 and 2010 were conducted to investigate the biogeochemistry of Lake Vidas brine system. A phylogenetically diverse and metabolically active Bacteria dominated microbial assemblage was observed in the brine. These bacteria live under very high levels of reduced metals, ammonia, molecular hydrogen (H2), and dissolved organic
and microbial processes in aphotic icy environments remains mostly unknown, however, especially at subzero temperatures. th Lake Vida is located in Victoria Valley, the northern most of the McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Antarctica (Fig. S1). Initial studies of Lake Vidas thick ice cover described a 11.6 C, wet, saline (estimated 245, practical salinity scale) ice at 15.8 m (10). This brine has been isolated by the thick lake ice cover and underlying 800970 m of permafrost (11, 12), prohibiting input of ground water or of annual glacial melt and associated nutrients. 14C-dating
12
InfecMous disease
13
14
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Agriculture
Some bacterial species can form nodules on the root of some plant species. They convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) that the plant use as a nitrogen source for growth.
15
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Agriculture
Large populaMon of microorganisms in the rumen of ruminant animals digest and ferment cellulose.
16
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Food Industry
17
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
18
Brock
Biology
of
Microorganisms,
13th
EdiMon.
Environment
Important
role
in
recycling
nutrients
such
as
carbon,
nitrogen
and
sulfur.
Some
organisms
can
metabolize
(detoxify)
toxic
compounds
(bioremediaMon
of
contaminated
soil).
Microorganisms
are
a
source
of
food
for
higher
organisms.
The
geneMc
diversity
of
environmental
microorganisms
is
a
source
of
new
drugs
and
anMbioMcs.
19
20