GPS Constellation Characteristics 32 Satellites (24 + 8 spare-extra) o 6 orbital planes inclined at 55o (4 Satellites + spares per orbital plane)

e) o 21,000 km above the Earth o 12-hour Orbital Period o Transmitting Code and Phase Data on 2 Frequencies GNSS Range Measurement Principle Range = Signal Traveled Time x Speed of Light Range Determination from Code Measurements Code Observations Receiver clock needs to be synchronized with the satellite clock Code Measurements are complete and robust but are not too precise (+/- 30 cm) when compared with Phase Measurements D = c(DT) Range Determination from Phase Measurements Wavelength of the signal is about 20 cm Phase Measurements are very precise (+/-1 mm) but are initially not accurate until Initial Phase Integer Values N are resolved. Phase Measurements must remain un-interrupted GNSS Satellite Observation Errors Broadcast Orbit Uncertainty (3 to 5 meters) Satellite Clock Error (1.0 x10**-11 sec) they use atomic clocks Atmospheric Delays (10 to 50 cm) o Ionospheric Layer depends on the Density and Stability of the Total Electron Content contained in the higher atmosphere. o Tropospheric Layer depends on the Intensity and Stability of Temperature, Pressure and Humidity contained in the lower atmosphere. Clock Error Orbital Error Ionospheric Delay Tropospheric Delay

Differential Positioning Eliminates errors in satellite orbits and clocks Minimizes atmospheric delays Provides Relative Positioning between 2 Receivers simultaneously tracking the same Satellites. Real Time Code and Phase Positioning No post processing required Results are instantly available

Can operate in two modes RTK Real-Time Kinematic using Phase Measurements RT-DGPS using Code Measurements

A Central RTK Network Processing Centre validates all incoming data and estimate Atmospheric Corrections at all Reference Stations before broadcasting information via the Internet GNSS become the global strategic utility used in many countries in the all areas of economy in many applications GNSS systems are highly sensitive to interference and jamming GLONASS is a basis to reduce the risk and support sustainable development of economy GLONASS is an element of the critical state infrastructure ensuring national security and development of economy is a dual use system
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GLONASS Orbits Orbit constellation: o 24 satellites, 3 planes by 8 satellites Orbit shift by 120 along the equator Orbit parameters o orbit circular o height 19100 km o inclination 64.8 o revolution 11h15min

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Constellation Status In orbit 17 satellites o 7 new GLONASS-M o 10 old GLONASS Healthy 10 sats In commissioning 1 sat In maintenance 1 sat In decommissioning 5 sats Launches in 2007: o Block 36 (3 Glonass-M) o Block 37 (3 Glonass-M)

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Glonass-M Main o o o o

spacecraft Specifications Power consumption 580 W Clock stability 1*10-13 Attitude control accuracy 0.5 deg Mass 250 kg

o o o o o Main o o o o o

Solar panel pointing accuracy 2 deg Navigation payload Power supply 1450 W Spacecraft mass 1415 kg Guaranteed life time 7 years features Extended life time Second civil signal L2 Increased clock stability Better accuracy of the solar panel pointing Improved dynamic model

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Benefits of the combine use of GPS and Galileo (?) Improved availability in the city canyons Increase robustness in the interfering conditions Reliability of service