Genetics is the study of heredity.

Heredity is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their children or offspring. Every child inherits genes from both of their biological parents and these genes in turn express specific traits. Some of these traits may be physical for example hair and eye color and skin color etc. On the other hand some genes may also carry the risk of certain diseases and disorders that may pass on from parents to their offspring. 1866 Mendel's paper is published: units of inheritance in pairs; dominance and recessiveness; equal segregation; independent assortment. These ideas are not recognized for 34 years. 1869 DNA (first called "nuclein") is identified by Friedrich Miescher as an acidic substance found in cell nuclei. The significance of DNA is not appreciated for over 70 years. 1900 Mendel's experiments from 1866 are "rediscovered" and confirmed by three separate researchers (one Dutch, one German, one Austrian). A British man (William Bateson) soon translates Mendel's paper into English and champions the study of heredity in England. 1902 A human disease is first attributed to genetic causes ("inborn errors of metabolism"). (Sir Archibald Garrod, alkaptonuria) 1902 The chromosome theory of heredity is proposed by Sutton. Boveri recognizes that individual chromosomes are different from one another, but he doesn't make a connection to Mendelian principles. Nevertheless, Boveri is given co-credit by friend E.B. Wilson (Sutton's supervisor) for proposing the chromosome theory of inheritance. 1905 The word "genetics" is coined by William Bateson. 1905 Some genes are linked and do not show independent assortment, as seen by Bateson and Punnett. 1903-9 First experiments on quantitative traits in broad beans by Wilhelm Johanssen and in wheat by Herman Nilsson-Ehle. 1910-11 The chromosome theory of heredity is confirmed in studies of fly eye color inheritance by T.H. Morgan and colleagues.

1913 First ever linkage map created by Columbia undergraduate Alfred Sturtevant (working with T.H. Morgan). 1910's-30's The eugenics movement is popular, fueling racist sentiment and leading to involuntary sterilization laws. 1925-27 H. Muller shows that X-rays induce mutations in a dosedependent fashion. 1928 Some component of heat-killed virulent bacteria can "transform" a non-virulent strain to become virulent, as shown by Fred Griffith. This sets the stage for work done in 1944. 1931 Genetic recombination is caused by a physical exchange of chromosomal pieces, as shown in corn by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock. 1941 One gene encodes one protein, as described by Beadle and Tatum. 1944 DNA is the molecule that mediates heredity, as shown in Pneumococcus transformation experiments by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty. Most people were skeptical of these findings until 1952. 1946 Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells, as shown by Lederberg and Tatum. 1950 In DNA, there are equal amounts of A and T, and equal amounts of C and G, as shown by Erwin Chargaff. However, the A+T to C+G ratio can differ between organisms. 1952 DNA is the molecule that mediates heredity, as shown in bacteriophage labeling experiments by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. This confirmation of the 1944 results really convinced everyone. 1953 DNA is in the shape of a double helix with antiparallel nucleotide chains and specific base pairing. This was deduced by Watson and Crick, who used Rosalind Franklin's data provided by Maurice Wilkins.

1958 DNA replication is semi-conservative, as shown by Meselson and Stahl using equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. 1959 Messenger RNA is the intermediate between DNA and protein. 1966 The genetic code is cracked by a number of researchers (including Nirenberg, Matthaei, Leder, and Khorana) using RNA homopolymer and heteropolymer experiments as well as tRNA labeling experiments. 1970 The first restriction enzyme is purified by Hamilton Smith. 1972-73 Recombinant DNA is first constructed by Cohen and Boyer. 1977 DNA sequencing technology is developed by Fred Sanger. 1986 PCR is developed by Kary Mullis. 1990's Genome projects are begun. The yeast genome is complete in 1996, and the C. elegans genome is done in 1998. 1990's DNA microarrays are invented by Pat Brown and colleagues. 1990's DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, and genetically modified foods come onto the scene. 1995 Automated sequencing technology allows genome projects to accelerate. 1996-7 The first cloning of a mammal (Dolly the sheep) is performed by Ian Wilmut and colleagues, from the Roslin institute in Scotland. 2000 The Drosophila genome is completed. The Arabidopsis genome is completed. The human genome is reported to be completed. 2001 The sequence of the human genome is released, and the "postgenomic era" officially begins. 2009 Controversies continue over human and animal cloning, research on stem cells, and genetic modification of crops.

The Basic Elements of Theatre Script/Text, Scenario, Plan: This is the starting point of the theatrical performance. The element most often considered as the domain of the playwright in theatre. The playwrights script is the text by which theatre is created. It can be simplistic, as in the 16th century, with the scenarios used by the acting troupes of the Commedia dell arte, or it can be elaborate, such as the works of William Shakespeare. The script, scenario, or plan is what the director uses as a blue print to build a production from. The Process: This is the coordination of the creative efforts usually headed up in theatre by the director. It is the pure process by which the playwrights work is brought to realization by the director, actors, designers, technicians, dancers, musicians, and any other collaborators that come together on the script, scenario, or plan. This is the works in progress stage. The Product: This is the end result of the process of work involved. The final product that results from all of the labors coming together to complete the finished work of script, scenario, and plan, in union with all of the collaborators in the process to create the final product. This is what the audience will witness as they sit in the theatre and view the work. The Audience: Theatre requires an audience. For all of the arts public is essential. The physical presence of an audience can change a performance, inspire actors, and create expectations. Theatre is a living breathing art form. The presence of live actors on the stage in front of live audiences sets it apart from modern day films and television.
There are six classically defined facial expressions[8]:

Joy Surprise Fear Anger Disgust

Sadness

Some other examples of feelings that can be expressed are:

Concentration Confusion Contempt Desire Excitement Empathy Flirt Frustration Glaring Happiness Love Snarl, mainly involving the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle

Tools of an Actor
Ears. I'd really label them as: Voice, Movement, Attention, Expression
body,voice,emotion

Sarsuwela sarsuwela ay isang dulang may kantahan at sayawan, na mayroong isa hanggang limang kabanata, at nagpakita ng mga sitwasyon ng Pilipino na may kinalaman sa mga kuwento ng pag-ibig at kontemporaryong isyu. Ang sarsuela ay impluwensiya ng mga Kastila. Kung ihahalintulad natin ang sarsuela sa isang maka-realistkong dula, ito ay walang gaanong kaibahan, kaya lamang ang ibang linya sa sarsuela ay kadalasang kinakanta at patula ang dialogo nito. Kadalasan ang sarsuela ay nagtatapos palagi sa masayang

pagwawakas, kasiyahan o nakakaaliw na tagpo. Ang tunggalian nang sarsuela ay pahaplis at pahapyaw lamang. Kabuki ( kabuki?) is a classical Japanesedance-drama. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers. The individual kanji characters, from left to right, mean sing (), dance (), and skill (). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing". These are, however, atejicharacters which do not reflect actual etymology. The kanji of 'skill' generally refers to a performer in kabuki theatre. Since the word kabuki is believed to derive from the verb kabuku, meaning "to lean" or "to be out of the ordinary", kabuki can be interpreted as "avant-garde" or "bizarre" theatre.[1] The expressionkabukimono () referred originally to those who were bizarrely dressed and swaggered on a street. Peking opera or Beijing opera (simplified Chinese: ;traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Jngj) is a form of traditional Chinese theatre which combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century.[2] The form was extremely popular in the Qing Dynastycourt and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.[3] Major performance troupes are based inBeijing and Tianjin in the north, and Shanghai in the south.[4] The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju (; pinyin: Guj). It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.[5] Peking opera features four main types of performers. Performing troupes often have several of each variety, as well as numerous secondary and tertiary performers. With their elaborate and colorful costumes, performers are the only focal points on Peking opera's characteristically sparse stage. They utilize the skills of speech, song, dance, and combat in movements that are symbolic and suggestive, rather than realistic. Above all else, the skill of performers is evaluated according to the beauty of their movements. Performers also adhere to a variety of stylistic conventions that help audiences navigate the plot of the production.[6] The layers of meaning within each movement must be expressed in time with music. The music of Peking opera can be divided into

the Xipi and Erhuang styles. Melodies includearias, fixed-tune melodies, and percussion patterns.[7] The repertoire of Peking opera includes over 1,400 works, which are based on Chinese history, folklore, and, increasingly, contemporary life.[8] Peking opera was denounced as 'feudalistic' and 'bourgeois' during the Cultural Revolution, and replaced with the eight revolutionary model operas as a means of propaganda and indoctrination[9] After the Cultural Revolution, these transformations were largely undone. In recent years, Peking opera has attempted numerous reforms in response to saggingaudience numbers. These reforms, which include improving performance quality, adapting new performance elements, and performing new and original plays, have met with mixed success. Wayang kulit, or shadow puppets, are without a doubt the best known of the Indonesian wayang. Kulit means skin, and refers to the leather construction of the puppets that are carefully chiselled with very fine tools and supported with carefully shaped buffalo horn handles and control rods. The stories are usually drawn from the Hindu epics theRamayana, the Mahabharata or from the Serat Menak, (a story about the heroism of Amir Hamza[3]). There is a family of characters in Javanese wayang called Punakawan; they are sometimes referred to as "clown-servants" because they normally are associated with the story's hero, and provide humorous and philosophical interludes. Semar is the father of Gareng (oldest son), Petruk, and Bagong (youngest son). These characters did not originate in the Hindu epics, but were added later, possibly to introduce mystical aspects of Islam into the Hindu-Javanese stories.[4] They provide something akin to a political cabaret, dealing with gossip and contemporary affairs.
Wayang kulit as seen from the shadow side

The puppet figures themselves vary from place to place. In Central Javathe city of Surakarta (Solo) and city of Yogyakarta are most famous and the most commonly imitated style of puppets. Regional styles of shadow puppets can also be found in West Java, Banyumas, Cirebon, Semarang, and East Java. Bali produces more compact and naturalistic figures, and Lombok has figures representing real people. Often modern-world objects as bicycles, automobiles,

airplanes and ships will be added for comic effect, but for the most part the traditional puppet designs have changed little in the last 300 years. Historically, the performance consisted of shadows cast on a cotton screen and an oil lamp. Today, the source of light used in wayang performance in Java is most often a halogen electric light. Some modern forms of wayang such as Wayang Sandosa created in the Art Academy at Surakarta (STSI) has employed spotlights, colored lights and other innovations. Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and inhaling the resulting smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases). The practice may have begun as early as 50003000 BC.[1]Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 16th century where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onwards, but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus.[2][3] German scientists identified a link between smoking and lung cancer in the late 1920s, leading to the first anti-smoking campaignin modern history, albeit one truncated by the collapse of the Third Reich at the end of the Second World War. [4] In 1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between smoking and cancer.[5]Scientific evidence continued to mount in the 1980s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the developed world have either peaked or declined.[6] However, they continue to climb in the developing world.[7] Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives[8] and then combusted. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.[9] The active substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings, which heighten heart rate, alertness,[10] and reaction time.[11]Dopamine and endorphins are released, which are often associated with pleasure.[12] As of 2000, smoking is practiced by approximately 1.22 billion people. In most communities men are more likely to smoke than women,[13] although the gender gap tends to be less pronounced in lower age groups.[14][15] Many smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. During the early stages, a combination of perceived pleasure acting as positive reinforcement and

desire to respond to social peer pressure may offset the unpleasant symptoms of initial use, which typically include nausea and interrupted sleep patterns. After an individual has smoked for some years, the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms and negative reinforcementbecome the key motivations to continue. In a study done by Jennifer O' Loughlin and her colleagues, for 5 years seventh grade students were studied, with their first smoking experience.[16] They found out that the most common factors leading students to smoke is cigarette advertisements. Smoking by parents, siblings and friends also encourage students to smoke.[16] When it comes to your health, is it better to drink or not to drink? It's becoming an even more complicated question, especially in the wake of several recent studies linking even a little drinking of alcohol to a higher risk of cancers. In one of them, researchers found that women who had as little as one drink a day boosted their risk of cancer of the breast, liver, rectum, throat, mouth, and esophagus. Meanwhile, numerous studies dating back decades show that alcohol and heart health have a positive relationship. So what's a health-conscious person to do? WebMD asked experts in cardiology, oncology, epidemiology, and internal medicine who are familiar with the latest research to clarify the risks and benefits of alcohol intake. While the experts disagree on some answers, they do agree that no one who has or had a problem with alcohol dependency should drink, nor should any woman who ispregnant. Here is what else they had to say about alcohol and health:
Drinking alcohol is dangerous for kids and teens and sometimes for adults, too. Alcohol is a drug, and it is the drug most abused by teens. Many kids have their first drink at an early age, as young as 10 or 11 or even younger. It's easy for kids to get the wrong message about alcohol. They might see their parents drink or watch TV commercials that make drinking look like a lot of fun. You might see people drinking and watching sports together or having a big party.

But alcohol is actually a depressant. That means it's a drug that slows down or depresses the brain. Like many drugs, alcohol changes a person's ability to think, speak, and see things as they really are. A person might lose his or her balance and have trouble walking properly. The person might feel relaxed and happy and later start crying or get in an argument.