Diagnostic Procedure for Colonic Neoplasm Rigid rectoscopy requires a rigid metallic rectoscope and allows the examination of

approx. 20-25 cm of the rectosigmoid. The device is not expensive, the technique is easy and it allows the diagnosis of rectal cancer. In addition to the anal examination and anoscopy (which diagnose the pathology of the anal channel and rectal ampoule), it may correctly evaluate the distal region of digestive tube.

Flexible rectosigmoidoscopy uses the flexible sigmoidoscope for thediagnosis. It

allows the exact evaluation of the left colon (most often up to the splenic angle of colon), where 70-80% of colon neoplasms are only two enemas and the discomfort of the patient is not very high.

Barium enema evidences the colon by retrograde fulgilling of colon with barium. The
double contrast technique is useful. It does not allow biopsy from suspect lesions and it does not allow therapeutic measures. The technique is the most widespread method of colon evaluation, but gas a diagnostic sensibility clearly inferior to the colonoscopy. In the future it is anticipated the using of CT spiral (virtual colonoscopy) to reconstruct the colon and to diagnose the neoplasia or big polyps). Also in some dedicated centers, the abdominal ultrasound examination and especially hydrosonography may sometimes diagnose the colon neoplasm. Echoendoscopy allows the evaluation of the extension in layers of the neoplasm.

Hemoccult test allows the determination of occult hemorrhages in the stool. It is rather a
screening test, in general population; it helps to discover suspect persons that will be afterwards examinated endoscopically. The Hemoccult test is recommended every year, generally after 50 years of age. The Hemoccult test II, more modern, does not require special preparation and has a superior sensibility.

Diagnostic Procedure for CKD

Imaging studies for kidney disease

Tests that create various pictures or images may include: X-rays check the size of the kidneys and look for kidney stones. Cystogram is a bladder x-ray. Voiding cystourethrogram is when the bladder is x-rayed before and after urination. Ultrasound-sound waves are bounced off the kidneys to create a picture. Ultrasound may be used to check the size of the kidneys. Abnormalities, such as kidney stones and blood vessel blockages, may be visible on ultrasound. Intravenous urography involves an injected dye that shows up the urinary tract on xray examination. Contrast d ye should not be used if the doctor suspects that the kidneys may have trouble filtering out the dye. This test is not often used now. Computed tomography (CT) x-rays and digital computer technology are used to create an image of the urinary tract, including the kidneys. CT urography a contrast dye is injected prior to the CT scan. Once again, contrast dye isnt used if the doctor suspects that the kidneys may have trouble filtering the dye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a strong magnetic field and radio waves are used to create a three-dimensional image of the urinary tract, including the kidneys.

Biopsy for kidney disease Kidney biopsy- the doctor uses a special needle inserted into the back under local
anaesthesia to obtain a small sample of kidney tissue. Ultrasound or CT may be used toguide the needl e. The sample is sent to a laboratory for examination. A kidney biopsy can confirm a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.

Bladder biopsy the doctor inserts a thin tube (cystoscope) into the bladder via the
urethra. This allows the doctor to view the inside of the bladder and check for abnormalities. This procedure is called a cystoscopy. The doctor may take a biopsy of bladder tissue for examination in a laboratory.