1

Link design
including
nonlinear effects
NL effects in DD modulation formtas
SPM: distortion. It is negligible in high-capacity
WDM links
XPM: extra noise component depending on
transmission technique, WDM, power, transmission
fiber parameters and dispersion map
FWM: extra noise component depending on
transmission technique, WDM, power, transmission
fiber parameters
2
2
Considered transmitted signal comb
3
f

ch
P
f A
ch
N
Considered link
4
X N
s
EDFA
L
s
WDM
Tx
D, o
dB
,

G
F
Rx
Extra
loss
A
EL,dB
Span Loss: | | dB
, , dB EL S dB dB S
A L A + =o
Transparency condition: | | dB
S dB
A G =
3
Linear propagation: equivalent link
5
X N
s
G
WDM
Tx
A
S
Rx
+
ASE
noise
( )
n S n n n ASE ASE
B hf FA B FGhf B hf G F B G P
0 0 0
) 1 (
1 = ~ = =
ch
P
Receiver OSNR
6
ASE
ch
P
P
OSNR =
base S S n S S n S ASE S ASE
P FA N B hf FA N B FGhf N P N P = = ~ =
0 0
) 1 (
base S S
ch
ASE
ch
P FA N
P
P
P
OSNR ~ =
( )
dBm base dB S dB S dBm ch dB
P A F N P OSNR
, , 10 ,
log 10 ~
( ) | |
mW 0 10 ,
log 10
n dBm base
B hf P =
4
Sensitivity function
7
BER
( ) OSNR BER
mod
u =
Depends on the modulation format
ASE
ch
P
P
OSNR =
Non-linear propagation: equivalent link
8
X N
s
G
WDM
Tx
A
S
Rx
+
ASE
noise
ch
P
+
NLI
NLI can be approximated as an Addititive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) with power spectral density G
NLI
5
NLI power
G
NLI
depends on all link and signal parameters, and varies
with the chosen dispersion map
G
NLI
does not depend on L
s
but only on L
eff
Moreover, the NLI can not be measured as it is
hidden in the signal bandwidth
The overall NLI at the receiver is:
9
( )
n ch ch eff NLI NLI
B DM P f N L G P A = ; , , , , , ,
2
) 1 (
| o
n NLI S NLI
B G N P =
NLI power
In general G
NLI
does not have a close analytical form
G
NLI
is a monotone and increasing function with Pch,
therefore we can write it as:


q
NLI
depends on o,|
2
,,L
eff
,Af and varies with the
chosen dispersion map
10
n ch NLI S NLI
B P N P

q =
1 with > = q

ch NLI NLI
P G
6
Nonlinear OSNR
11
Nonlinear interference (NLI) acts like the ASE noise
( )
NL
OSNR BER
mod
u =
NLI ASE
ch
NL
P P
P
OSNR
+
=
At the receiver, we can define the nonlinear OSNR
including both the ASE noise and the NLI
ISO-BER and Minimum BER
12
( )
T T NL
BER INV OSNR OSNR
mod
u
= =
T
BER BER =
ISO-BER
{ }
NL
OSNR max
{ } BER min
Minimum BER
is monoton decreasing ( )
NL
OSNR BER
mod
u =
7
The nonlinear OSNR
13
NLI ASE
ch
NL
P P
P
OSNR
+
=
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
NLI ASE
ch
S
NL
P P
P
N
OSNR
+
=
n ch NLI base S
ch
S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q +
=
1
OSNR
NL
vs. P
ch
: qualitative shape
14
Given all system parameters
OSNR

P
ch
n ch NLI base S
ch
S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q +
=
1
base S
ch
S
NL
P FA
P
N
OSNR
1
=
opt ch
P
,
8
BER vs. P
ch
: qualitative shape
15
Given all system parameters
( )
NL
OSNR BER
mod
u =
BER
( ) OSNR BER
mod
u =
ch
P
opt ch
P
,
Possible optimizations
1. Max A
s
given N
s
and BER
T
2. Max N
s
given A
s
and BER
T
3. Min BER given A
s
and N
s


16
9
17
Max A
s
given N
s
and BER
T

A
s
vs. P
ch
18
T
n ch NLI base S
ch
S
NL
OSNR
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR =
+
=

q
1
T NL T
OSNR OSNR BER BER = =
T
ch
S
ch NLI base S
OSNR
P
N
P P FA
1
= +

q
n ch NLI
T
ch
S
base S
B P
OSNR
P
N
P FA

q =
1
10
A
s
vs. P
ch
19
)
`

=
n ch NLI
T
ch
S base
S
B P
OSNR
P
N FP
A

q
1 1
A
S
P
ch
opt ch
P
,
)
`

=
T
ch
S base
S
OSNR
P
N FP
A
1 1
Optimal power
20
)
`

=
n ch NLI
T
ch
S base
S
B P
OSNR
P
N FP
A

q
1 1
{ }
opt ch ch S S
P P A A
, max ,
max = =
0
,
=
c
c
=
ch
S
opt ch ch
P
A
P P
)
`

=
c
c

n ch NLI
T S base ch
S
B P
OSNR N FP P
A
1
1 1 1

q
11
Optimal power
21
0 =
c
c
ch
S
P
A
0
1 1
1
=

n ch NLI
T S
B P
OSNR N

q
T S n NLI
ch
OSNR N B
P
1 1 1
1
q

1
,
1 1 1

=

q
T S n NLI
opt ch
OSNR N B
P
Max A
s
22
1
,
1 1 1

=

q
T S n NLI
opt ch
OSNR N B
P
)
`

=
n ch NLI
T
ch
S base
S
B P
OSNR
P
N FP
A

q
1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
max ,
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1

q
q
q
T S n NLI
NLI
T
T S n NLI
S base
S
OSNR N B OSNR
OSNR N B
N FP
A
12
Max A
s
23

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
max ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

q
q
q
T S n NLI
T S NLI
T S n NLI base T S
S
OSNR N B
OSNR N
OSNR N B FP OSNR N
A

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
1 1
max ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

q q
T S n NLI T S n NLI base T S
S
OSNR N B OSNR N B FP OSNR N
A
1
max ,
1 1 1 1 1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

q

T S n NLI base T S
S
OSNR N B FP OSNR N
A
Max A
s
given N
s
and BER
T
: summary
24
1
,
1 1 1

=

q
T S n NLI
opt ch
OSNR N B
P
1
max ,
1 1 1 1 1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

q

T S n NLI base T S
S
OSNR N B FP OSNR N
A
13
25
Max N
s
given A
s
and BER
T

N
s
vs. P
ch
26
T
n ch NLI base S
ch
S
NL
OSNR
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR =
+
=

q
1
T NL T
OSNR OSNR BER BER = =
n ch NLI base S
ch
T
S
B P P FA
P
OSNR
N

q +
=
1
14
N
s
vs. P
ch
27
N
S
P
ch
opt ch
P
,
n ch NLI base S
ch
T
S
B P P FA
P
OSNR
N

q +
=
1
base S
ch
T
S
P FA
P
OSNR
N
1
=
Optimal power
28
{ }
opt ch ch S S
P P A N
, max ,
max = =
0
,
=
c
c
=
ch
S
opt ch ch
P
N
P P
n ch NLI base S
ch
T
S
B P P FA
P
OSNR
N

q +
=
1
( )
( )
)

+
+
=
c
c
2
1
n ch NLI base S
n ch NLI n ch NLI base S
T ch
S
B P P FA
B P B P P FA
OSNR P
N

q
q q
15
Optimal power
29
( )
( )
)

+

=
c
c
2
1 1
n ch NLI base S
n ch NLI base S
T ch
S
B P P FA
B P P FA
OSNR P
N

q
q
0 =
c
c
ch
S
P
N
( )
base S n ch NLI
P FA B P =

q 1
( )

q
n NLI
base S
opt ch
B
P FA
P
1
,

=
It is different
with respect the
A
s
optimization
Max N
s
30
n opt ch NLI base S
opt ch
T
S
B P P FA
P
OSNR
N

q
,
,
max ,
1
+
=
( )
( )
n NLI
base S
NLI base S
n NLI
base S
T
S
B
P FA
P FA
B
P FA
OSNR
N
q
q
q

1
1
1
max ,

+

=
( ) ( )

1
max ,
1
1 1 1

=
base S n NLI T
S
P FA B OSNR
N
16
Max N
s
given A
s
and BER
T
: summary
31
( ) ( )

1
max ,
1
1 1 1

=
base S n NLI T
S
P FA B OSNR
N
( )

q
n NLI
base S
opt ch
B
P FA
P
1
,

=
32
Min BER given A
s
and N
s

17
OSNR
NL
vs. P
ch
33
n ch NLI base S
ch
T S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q +
=
,
1
T S S
N N
,
=
OSNR
NL
vs. P
ch
34
OSNR
NL
P
ch
opt ch
P
,
n ch NLI base S
ch
T S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q +
=
,
1
T S S
N N
,
=
n ch NLI base S
ch
T S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q +
=
,
1
base S
ch
T S
NL
P FA
P
N
OSNR
,
1
=
18
Optimal power
35
{ }
opt ch ch NL NL
P P OSNR OSNR
, max ,
max = =
0
,
=
c
c
=
ch
NL
opt ch ch
P
OSNR
P P
( )

q
n NLI
base S
opt ch
B
P FA
P
1
,

=
n ch NLI base S
ch
T S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q +
=
,
1
Same procedure and
same result of Max N
s

optimization
Max OSNR
NL
36
n opt ch NLI base S
opt ch
T S
NL
B P P FA
P
N
OSNR

q
,
,
,
max ,
1
+
=
( ) ( )

1
,
max ,
1
1 1 1

=
base S n NLI T S
NL
P FA B N
OSNR
19
Max OSNR
NL
given A
s
and N
S
: summary
37
( )

q
n NLI
base S
opt ch
B
P FA
P
1
,

=
( ) ( )

1
,
max ,
1
1 1 1

=
base S n NLI T S
NL
P FA B N
OSNR
Summary of optimization results
1. Max A
s
given N
s
and BER
T

2. Max N
s
given A
s
and BER
T

3. Min BER given A
s
and N
s


38
( )

q
n NLI
base S
opt ch
B
P FA
P
1
,

=
( ) ( )

1
,
max ,
1
1 1 1

=
base S n NLI T S
NL
P FA B N
OSNR
( )

q
n NLI
base S
opt ch
B
P FA
P
1
,

=
( ) ( )

1 max ,
1
1 1 1

=
base S n NLI T
S
P FA B OSNR
N
1
,
1 1 1

=

q
T S n NLI
opt ch
OSNR N B
P
1
max ,
1 1 1 1 1 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

q

T S n NLI base T S
S
OSNR N B FP OSNR N
A