BASIC TELEVISION

Introduction TV, a short for television is a word derived from two Greek words: tele and vision which literally means to see at a distance. The word video is derived from the Latin word videre that means to see. It is the electrical variations that correspond to changes in light values used to reassemble image on the screen of the picture tube at the receiver. The word audio is derived from the Latin word audire that means to hear. It is the electrical variations that correspond to aural information.

Synchronization Synchronizing Pulses Waveform Synchronizing Pulses Video Bandwidth The TV Picture (Video) Picture Qualities Brightness it is the overall or average intensity of illumination. It determines the background level in the reproduced picture. Contrast it is the difference in intensity between black parts and white parts of the reproduced picture. Detail it is described by the resolution or definition of an image. The more picture elements, the higher the resolution and the clearer the picture. Color level it is the color information superimposed on a monochrome picture. Its is dependent on the amplitude of the chrominance signal in a color television. Hue or Tint it is the color of an object. It is dependent on the phase angle of the chrominance signal in a color television. Aspect Ratio it is the width-to-height ratio of the picture frame. The standard aspect ratio is 4:3.

The Television System Transmitter It operates on encoded visual and aural transmission where both AM picture signal and FM sound signal are emitted from a common antenna. Receiver It receives both the modulated audio and video, amplifies them for easy detection, demodulation and decoding and recovers the audio and video information. Basic Principles The TV Sound (Audio) At the transmitter, the sound signal is converted into electrical signal using a microphone. At the receiver, the audio signal is demodulated and reconstructed to recover the original sound transmitted. The TV Picture (Video) At the transmitter, light image is converted into an electric signal for only one elementary area at a time using a camera tube. The video signal produced by the camera tube consists of sequential variations in time for the different areas. The scanning sequence is done dot by dot from left to right and line by line from top to bottom at a very fast rate to cover the entire captured picture then modulated for transmission. At the receiver, the scanning procedure utilizes timing pulses that can be used with the video signal to synchronize the scanning at the camera tube (transmitter) and picture tube (receiver). The small areas of light or shade and of color are projected to the correct position on the screen to reconstruct the image. The smallest area of light and shade in an image is called the picture element or pixel. TV Principles and Concepts TV Picture Picture Elements Picture Qualities Picture Definition Scanning Horizontal Scanning Vertical Scanning Interlaced Scanning

Picture Definition

No. of Active Lines (nv) nv = N - Ns Where: N no. of lines per frame Ns - no. of lines suppresed during retrace Width of Line (w) w = V/ns Where: V vertical dimension of viewing area of CRT Aspect Ratio (a) a = H/V = nh/nv Where: H = horizontal dimension of viewing area of CRT nh = no. of active pixels in a line Maximum no. of Pixels per Line (NL ) NL = nh/0.835 Where : nh = no. of active pixels in a line Scanning Horizontal Scanning

The sawtooth current in the horizontal deflection coils

deflect the beam across the screen with a continuous motion from left to right. At the peak of the rise, the sawtooth wave reverses direction and decreases rapidly to its initial value. This fast reversal produces the retrace or flyback. Horizontal Line-Scanning Frequency (fh) fh = N x P Where : N no. of lines per frame P no. of frames per second Horizontal Line-Scanning Time (Th) Th = 1/ fh Where : fh horizontal line scanning frequency Horizontal Flyback or Retrace Time (Trh) Trh = 0.10(Th) Where : Th horizontal line-scanning time Vertical Scanning

Synchronizing Pulses Pulse Pulse Duration 2.7 s 5.4 s No. of Pulses 31,500 15,750

The sawtooth current in the vertical deflection coils causes the electron beam to move from top to bottom of the raster. The trace part deflects the beam to the bottom of the raster then the retrace returns the beam to the top. Vertical Line-Scanning Frequency fv = 2 x P Where : P no. of frames per second Vertical Line-Scanning Time (Tv) Tv = 1/ fv Where : fv vertical line-scanning frequency Vertical Flyback or Retrace Time (Trv) Trv < 0.05 (Tv) Where : Tv vertical line-scanning time Interlaced Scanning

Equalizing Pulse Equalizing Pulse 2.7 s 31,500 Horizontal Sync Pulse Horizontal Blanking Pulse Vertical Sync Pulse Vertical Blanking Pulse

10s 190 s 830 to 1330 s

15,750 60 60

Details of Horizontal Blanking Time (s) 63.5 0.15H 0.18H or 9.5 11.5 0.08H or 4.75 + 0.5 Front porch 0.02H or 1.27 (minimum) 0.06H or 3.81 (minimum) 52 54

Period Time Total Line (H) H blanking H sync pulse Front porch Back porch Visible line time

For interlaced scanning, first all the odd line are scanned from top to bottom, and the even lines are skipped. After this vertical scanning cycle, a rapid vertical retrace causes the electron scanning beam to return to the top of the frames. All the even lines that were omitted in the first scanning are then scanned from top to bottom.

Details of Vertical Blanking Time 1/60 or 0.0167 s 0.05V 0.08V or 0.0008 0.0013s 27.35 s 3H or 190.5 s 0.04H or 2.54 s 0.07H or 4.4 s 0.92V 0.95V or 0.015 0.016 s

Period Total field (V) V blanking Each V sync pulse Total of six V sync pulse Each equalizing pulse Each serration Visible field line -

Video Bandwidwidth (BWv)

BWv = 0.35(fhNL) Where: fh horizontal line scanning frequency NL maximum no. of pixels per line TV Broadcast Standards and Distribution Synchronization Synchronizing Pulses Waveform TV Broadcast Standards TV System Standards TV Broadcast Distribution

TV Broadcast Standards and Distribution TV Broadcast Standards

TV Broadcast Distribution Parameters Frequency Band Philippine Standards Ch 2 to 4 (54 - 72 MHz) VHF Low Band Ch 5 to 6 (76 88 MHz) Ch 7 to 13 (174 216 MHz) VHF High Band Ch 14 to 83 (470 890 MHz) UHF 6 MHz 2 channels apart 15 15000 Hz (audio) ; 0 4 MHz (video) FM (aural) ; AM (visual) C3F or (A5C Old Designation) 2 channels apart Horizontal Superheterodyne 41 47 MHz Terrestrial

- TV programming is distributed by terrestrial microwave System. - The principal advantage is its infrastructure that provided many routing alternative. - Its primary disadvantage was the poor performance of long repeater cascades as compared to satellite transmission circuits. Satellite Program Distribution

Bandwidth per channel Channel Spacing Baseband Frequency Type of Modulation Type of Emission Guardband Antenna Polarization Type of Receiver Intermediate Frequency TV System Standards

- Space stations in the Domestic Satellite Service are being used extensively for distribution of television programming. - It has vastly improved performance over terrestrial network provided that carrier-to-noise limitations can be overcome. -Alloted bands are 3.7 to 4.2 GHz (downlink) and 5.925 to 6.425 GHz (uplink) in the C-band and 11/14 GHz in Ku band. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

Parameters No. of lines per frame (N) No. of frames per second (P) Field frequency (fv) in Hz Line frequency (fh) in Hz Channel bandwidth in MHz Video bandwidth in MHz Color subcarrier in MHz Sound system Max. sound deviation in kHz Intercarrier frequency in MHz

NTSC (American System) 525 30 60 15,750 6 4.2 3.58 FM 25 4.5

PAL (European System) 625 25 50 15,625 7 5

- A way of broadcasting directly to public, or intended for direct home reception. - Allotted bands are 12.2 to .12.7 GHz (downlink) and 17.3 to 17.8 GHz (uplink).

Monochrome TV 4.43 FM 50 5.5 Monochrome TV Spectrum Video Carrier is 1.25 MHz Audio Carrier is 4.5 MHz Color TV Color TV Spectrum

TV System Standards NTSC National Television Standards Committee. It was formed by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) to prepare the standards for monochrome TV in the United States in 1941 and later the color TV standard in 1954. PAL Phase Alternation by Line. It is similar to the NTSC system but for each successive line one component of the chrominance signal is reversed in polarity so that any error in the hue phase can be averaged. SECAM Sequential Chrominance and Memory. It is a French system with a sequential technique and memory storage. In this method, two chrominance signals are transmitted one at a time for successive lines.

Chrominance and Luminance a. Luminance (Y)

The luminance indicates the amount of light intensity, which is perceived by the eye as brightness.

 The luminance or Y signal contains all information required to construct a black and white picture for the signal. Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B Where: R red video signal G green video signal B blue video signal b. In-Phase Chrominance (I)

because it does not have the built-in electron multiplier stages. The Plumbicon The Plumbicon is a trademark of N.V. Philips. This camera tube is similar to the basic vidicon but its image plate is made of lead oxide (PbO). Its sensitivity is better for blue light than for red. The Saticon The Saticon is a trademark of Hitachi Ltd. The image plate of this cameratube is made of selenium, arsenic and tellurium. The Silicon Vidicon In the Silicon Vidicon camera tube, a silicon semiconductor junction is used for target material with the advantage of extremely high sensitivity for low light application. The Chalnicon It is trademark of Toshiba Electric Co. Ltd. In this camera tube, the target is a multi-layer arrangement consisting of tin oxide, cadmium selenium and arsenic trisulfide.

Chrominance is a term used to combine both hue and saturation. In color TV, the 3.58 MHz color signal is the chrominance signal. The positive polarity of the I signal is orange while the negative polarity is cyan. I = 0.60R 0.28G 0.32B Where: R red video signal G green video signal B blue video signal c. Quadrature-Phase Chrominance (Q)

The positive polarity of the Q signal is purple while the negative polarity is yellow-green. Q = 0.21R 0.52G + 0.31B Where: R red video signal G green video signal B blue video signal Primary Color Signal R = 0.62Q + 0.95I + Y G = -0.64Q 0.28I + Y B = 1.73Q 1.11I + Y Where: Y luminance signal I In-phase chrominance signal Q quadrature-phase chrominance signal TV Camera Tubes The The The The The The The Image-Orthicon Vidicon Plumbicon Saticon Silicon Vidicon Chalnicon Newvicon The Newvicon The Newvicon is a trademark of Matsushita Electric. In this camera tube, the target is made of an amorphous zincselenium layer backed by antimony trisulfide that gives it extremely high sensitivity and a spectral responds that extends into the long light wavelenghts for infrared.

The Image-Orthicon The image-orthicon camera tubes consist of an electron gun in one end that emits an electron beam for scanning the target at the other. Focus and deflection coils are mounted around the neck of the tube to control the beam position on the target. The Vidicon The vidicon camera tube works on a photoconductive principle and is much simpler and cheaper to built than the orthicon but it is far less sensitive than the orthicon