Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CMOS, Current Source, Differential Amplifier
CMOS, Current Source, Differential Amplifier
9 )
EE2603-04
nMOS characteristics
ID IG=0 VGS VDS
VGS= 8V
IDON
pMOS characteristics
-ID IG=0 -VGS VDS
0 2 Vt=2V
VGSON ID 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 1 DON 0 ID
VGS= -8V
-VGS
5V
V =0 +5 V GS S
G
QP (off)
D D S
5V
V GS
V >0S
0 QP (off)
D
+5 QP (off)
-5V
VG
V 0V =-5 S S
QP (on)
D D
0V
V GS
V =-5 S +5
+5 Qp (on) +5 Qn (off)
QP (on)
D D D D S
D D
5V
VG
S
Qn (on)
0V
VG
S
D S
0 Qn (on) 0
0V
VG
S
Qn (on)
Qn (off) 0V
VG
Qn (off)
-5V
5V
=+ 5V
=+ 5V
=0
0 V
A 0V 5V
inverter
Q=A 5V 0V
V GS
V =0
+5
S
Vin=5V
G S
5V VG
S
5
VG
S
G G S
5V
V GS
V =-5
G G
+5
S
Vin=0V
G S
0
VG
S
=0
=+
0
Logic (in) Hi Lo
0
Vo 0V 5V Logic (out) Lo Hi
=+
=0 V
Vin 5V 0V
VGS(QP) 0V -5V
Qp off on
VGS(Qn) 5V 0V
Qn on off
Qp Qn
S
TG
C=5V(Hi)
TG
Output
C=0V(Lo)
CMOS Transmission Gate,(Active low control gate) how it works When Control input terminal is High and whatever the Input voltage is
When Control C = 5V (Hi) Qp Gate is +5V (positive) so whatever the Source voltage is, VGS of Qp will be positve or zero and therefore Qp will be always open (off) When Control C = 5V (Hi) Qn Gate is 0V(zero) so whatever the Source voltage is, VGS of Qn will be negative or zero so Qn will be always open (off) Therefore as both Qpand Qn are open, output terminal is High Impedance or Floating and the Input is not transmitted through the TG gate to the Output
How the Output of TG is always High Impedance (Floating) if Control C is 5V(Hi)
C=5V G S Qp gate is always positive Therefore Qp is always open
Qp(off)
S
5V G D
C (Control) C=5V
Qp Qn
S G D
C=0V
G S
Qn(off)
C=0V
Input=S X
VGS(Qp) VGS 0
Qp off
VGS(Qn) VGS 0
Qn off
When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qp Gate is 0V(zero) so when the input (Source voltage) is 5V (Hi), VGS of Qp will be -5V making Qp to conduct (on) When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qn Gate is 5V so when the input (Source voltage) is 5V (Hi), VGS of Qn will be zero making Qn to be open (off) Therefore Input 5V(Hi) is transmitted through conducting Qp to the Output
How the Input 5V (Hi) is transmitted to the Output through Qp if Control C is 0V(Lo)
C=0V G
Qp(on)
S
0V G D
C (Control) C=0V
Input Input=5V(Hi)
Qpconduct Qnopen
S G D
Output Output=5V(Hi)
C=5V
G S=5V
Qn(off)
C=5V
Input=S Hi (5V)
Qp on
VGS(Qn) VGS = 0V
Qn off
Output Hi (5V)
When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qp Gate is 0V(zero) so when the input (Source voltage) is 0V (Lo), VGS of Qp will be 0V making Qp to off When Control C = 0V (Lo) Qn Gate is 5V so when the input (Source voltage) is 0V (Lo), VGS of Qn will be 5V making Qn to on Therefore Input 0V(Lo) is transmitted through conducting Qn to the Output
Qp(off)
S
0V G D
S=0V VGS of Qp gate is zero Therefore Qp is off C (Control) C=0V C=5V G S=0V VGS of Qn gate is 5 volt Therefore Qn is on Input Input=0V(Lo)
Qp(off) Qn(on)
S G C=5V D Output Output=0V(Lo)
Qn(on)
Input=S Lo (0V)
VGS(Qp) VGS = 0V
Qp off
VGS(Qn) VGS = 5V
Qn on
Output Lo (0V)
IDSS VGS=0
EE2603-04 9
IC
+
-VEE R1
++ -
R2
0.7 -
+ IE - RE
IC
+
R1
++ -
R2
0.7 -
VEE R2 R1 + R2
-VEE
+VCC
+ IE - RE
1 VEE R2 0.7 RE R1 + R2
IC
+
-VEE R1
++ -
VZ
0.7 -
+ IE - RE
IC
++
R1
++
-VEE
+VCC
IE VZ + - RE -
0.7 -
1 [V 0.7 ] RE Z
EE2603-04
10
IC
IB =
0.7
+ +
IC
0.7
IX =
VCC RX IX
3IC/b
IC1
IB = IX =
0.7
0.7
0.7
EE2603-04
11
VCC
RX IX
IC/b
IC
IB =
IC
-0.7
+ +
IX =
0.7
+V
VGS=0 IDSS
IC
2IC/b 0.7
are equal
+ +
2IC + 2 = I IC C
0.7
EE2603-04
12
DC analysis
VB = 0V dc
RC
Vi1
+
AC
Q1 Q2
RE -VEE
Vi2
AC
VE = -0.7V
IC1 + IC2 = 2Ic flows through RE then VRE = 2Icx RE 2IC RE = VRE = ( 0.7 ) ( VEE ) = VEE 0.7
IC = VEE 0.7 2RE re = 26mV IC
EE2603-04
13
Example
In differential amplifier shown, find (1) VB1= VB2 (2) VE1= VE2 (3) IC1 = IC2 and (4) VC1= VC2
+9V
3.9kW RC
VB = 0V dc
Vi1
VC
Vo1 Vo2
Q1 Q2 3.3kW
+
AC
IC
Vi2
AC
VE = -0.7V
-9V
VB = 0V , VE = 0.7V
2IC RE = VE = ( 0.7 ) ( VEE ) = VEE 0.7 IC = VEE 0.7 2RE = 9 0.7 = 1.26mA 2 3.3k
EE2603-04
14
AC analysis
1. Single-ended input and single output
+VCC
RC RC
RC RC
Vo = -ibRC b ib Vo
Vo
Q1
AC
RC
RC
Q2 RE
Vo
then ib2=b i
Vi1=Vi
Vi2=0 Vi
Q1
AC
Q2 RE
Vi
+ -
b e r
AC
+ -
bb i IE<<ib2
bb i RE>>b e r
b e r Vi
-VEE
Circuit
AC ground
AC equivalent circuit
Vi 2re
EE2603-04
15
Vo
Q1 Q2
AC
RC
RC
Vo
Vi2
Q1 Q2
Vi1
Vd=Vi1-Vi2
Let RE >> re take RE open then KVL of the loop gives Vi1 Vi2 (ib re ) (ib re ) = 0 Vi1 Vi2 = 2ib re ib = Vo = ibRC = RC Vi1 Vi2 2re
AC
RE
Vi1
Vi2
AC
AC
-VEE
RE
Circuit
AC ground
Vo = -ibRC b ib Vo
RC
RC
Vi1
+ -
b e r
AC
+ -
bb i IE<<ib2
bb i RE>>b e r
b e r
+ -
Vi2
AC
AC equivalent circuit 16
RC
Vo
Q1 Q2 RE
RC
Vo
Q1 Q2 RE
Vi
Vi Vo = ibRC = RC 2RE
RC R V o = Av = = C Vi 2RE 2RE
AC
Vi
AC
-VEE
Circuit AC ground
Vo = -ibRC b ib Vo b e r
AC
RC
RC
ib
Vi
+ -
+ ib
bb i
bb i RE ib
+ -
b e r
2( 1 b ) + ib
AC equivalent circuit 17
Example In differential amplifier shown, find Vo when (1) Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 0 (2) Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= -1mV (3) Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 1mV
+9V
3.9kW 3.9kW
Vo
Q1 Q2
AC
DC analysis
2IC RE = VE = ( 0.7 ) ( VEE ) = VEE 0.7
Vi2
Vi1
3.3kW
IC =
2. Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= -1mV = Differential-mode input and single output
RC Vo Vo 3900 = = = = 94.52 Vo = 94.52 2mV = 189mV Vi1 Vi2 1mV (1mV) 2re 2 20.63
RC Vo V 3900 = o = = = 0.59 Vo 0.59 1mV = 0.59mV Vi 1mV 2RE 2 3300 EE2603-04
3. Vi1= 1mV and Vi2= 1mV = Common-mode input and single output
18
AC
-9V
+VCC RC IC
IC Q2
AC
Vo Q1 Q2
RC IC
Vo
Q1 Q2 RE
IC
Vo
Q1
AC
AC
Vi1
Vi2
I=2IC
Vi2
Vi1
I=2IC
Vi2
Vi1
Use of current source in-place-of RE is to get I=2IC and creating a very high resistance (equivalent current source resistance) at the emitter circuit If RE is very high common-mode gain becomes very low (see common-mode gain equation) For the same Differential gain, low common-mode gain makes Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) very high. Good Differential amplifier has a very high CMRR. Thus if an equivalent constant current source is used in Differential amplifier, it becomes better as CMRR is high. EE2603-04
AC
AC
AC
R1 +
-VEE
I=2IC -VEE
ro
+ + 0.7 R2 + -
IE RE -VEE
IR2 =
0 ( VEE ) R1 + R2
VEE R2 R1 + R2
R1 + R2
VEE
1 VEE R2 0.7 RE R1 + R2
19
Example In differential amplifier shown, find (1) I= 2IC (2) re1= re2= re (3) Common-mode gain Ac , (4) Differential-mode gain Ad , and (5) CMRR
1. Value of I (=2IC) 0 ( 9) 9 IR2 = = = 0.98mA VR2 = IR2 R2 = 0.98mA 8.2k = 8V 1k + 8.2k 9.2k 8 0.7 VR2 = 8 = 0.7 + IRE = 0.7 + I 5.1k I = = 1.44mA 5.1
Vi1
10kW
+9
10kW
IC
Vo Q1 Q2
IC b=b= 1 2
b 75 =
AC
AC
I=2IC
b=75 3 ro=200kW
Vi2
1kW
2. Value of re 8 0.7 1.44mA 26mV IC = = = 0.72mA re1 = re2 = re = = 36.22 5.1 2 0.72mA ri = re = 75 36.22 = 2.72k 3. Common-mode input and single output RC RC V 10k AC = o = = = = 0.025 Vi 2RE 2ro 2 200k 4. Differential-mode input and single output RC Vo 10,000 = Ad = = = 138 Vi1 Vi2 2re 2 36.22 5. CMRR
CMRR = Ad Ac = 138 = 5521 0.025
+ + 0.7 8.2kW + -
IE
5.1kW
-9
EE2603-04
20
RD
Vo
Vo
AC
Vi1
AC
Vi2
Vi1
AC
AC
Vi2
-V
+V
-V
Vo
+V +V
AC
Vi1
AC
Vi2
21