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Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
7)
o Introduction to Operational Amplifiers o Differential and Common-mode Operation o Practical Op. Amp. Circuits o DC Offset Parameters o Frequency Parameters
EE2603-05
ii = 0 v+ = v-
- +
R0= 0
-Vcc
Therefore Operational Amplifier has Differential (1) very high input impedance, Ri= Amplifier
(or) ii = 0 Op. Amp. Emitter (2) very high voltage gain Av = 105 input Constant (or) v+ = vImpedance current (3) very low output impedance R0 = 0
Very high
source
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vvVs v+
Inverting input
Phase of Vo is inverted (=180degree phase-shifted)
v+
vo
Non-Inverting input
vo
Vs
vVd v+
vo
Non-Inverting input
Inverting input
Phase of Vo will not invert if +Vd goes to (+)input. Here both inputs are used EE2603-05 3
Vi2 Vi1
v+
vo
Vo (if Vd = 0) Vc
Vo (if Vc = 0) & Vd
Example:
Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 1 ( +2) = 3V Vc = Let Vi1 = 1V and Vi2 = 2V
Ad Ac Ad Ac (dB)
EE2603-05
Example: Given that when Vi1=0.5V , Vi2=-0.5V we get Vo=8V, and when Vi1=1mV , Vi2=1mV we get Vo=12mV. Find Ad , Ac , CMRR(dB) of the given Op. Amp. amplifier
vVi2
0.5mV
1. In Differential mod e we put Vi1 = 0.5mV and Vi2 = 0.5mV and get Vo = 8V
8V
v+ Vi1
-0.5mV
Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 0.5mV ( 0.5V ) = 1mV 0.5mV + ( 0.5mV ) = 0mV 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc 8V = Ad 1mV + Ac 0 and Vc = Ad = 8V = 8000 1mV
vo=AdVd+AcVc
vVi2
1mV
2. In Common mod e we put Vi1 = 1mV and Vi2 = 1mV and get Vo = 12mV
12mV
v+ Vi1
1mV
Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 1mV 1mV = 0mV Vi1 + Vi2 1mV + 1mV = = 1mV 2 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc 12V = Ad 0mV + Ac 1mV and Vc =
vo=AdVd+AcVc
Common Mode Re jection Ratio in dB = (CMRR )dB = 20 log 666.7 = 56.48 dB EE2603-05
Example: The CMRR of an Op. Amp. is 56.48dB. It is found that when Vi1=0.5V , Vi2=-0.5V we get Vo=8V, Find Ac , and what will be the value of Vo if Vi1=Vi2=1mV of this Op. Amp.
vVi2
0.5mV
1. In Differential mod e we put Vi1 = 0.5mV and Vi2 = 0.5mV and get Vo = 8V
8V
v+ Vi1
-0.5mV
Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 0.5mV ( 0.5V ) = 1mV 0.5mV + ( 0.5mV ) = 0mV 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc 8V = Ad 1mV + Ac 0 and Vc = Ad = 8V = 8000 1mV
vo=AdVd+AcVc
Ad Ac
= 10
56.4
20
= 666.7
8000 = 12 666.7 666.7 Vc 12 = 8000 1mV 1 + Vo = AdVd 1 + = 12mV CMRR Vd 666.7 1mV
EE2603-05
IF Ra Ia Va vv+
RF
v+ = v = 0 Va v Va v V Vo = and IF = o = Ra Ra RF RF Ia = IF or
vo
Ia = Ii = 0
R V Va Vo = AV = O = F Ra RF Va Ra
2. NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
RF IF Ra Ia vVa= v+
vo
v+ = v =
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R Vo Ra + RF = =1+ F Va Ra Ra
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Vo Ra = Va Ra + RF
3. VOLTAGE FOLOWER
vVa= v+
vo
v+ = v = Vo = Va Vo =1 Va
Va Vb Vc
Ra Ia Rb Ib Rc Ic vv+
V v v + = v = 0 Ia = a = Ra
vo
V Vo V V = IF = Ia + Ib + Ic = a + b + c RF Ra Rb Rc V V V VO = RF a + b + c R a Rb Rc and
V v and Ib = b = Rb
V v and Ic = c = Rb Rc
Vb
Va Ra
Vc Rc
EE2603-05
5. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
RF IF Va V1 Ra R1 Ia vv+ R2
v+ = v = V1
vo
IF =
v Vo V v v V But Ii = 0 Ia = IF a = o RF Ra RF R Va F R a
R2 V v and Ia = a and R1 + R2 Ra
6. NON-INVERTING SUMMER
RF Ra V1 V2 R1 R2 vv+
vo
EE2603-05
1 V1 - V+ V2 - V+ 1 V1 V2 + = 0 V+ + R R = R + R R1 R2 2 1 2 1 V V RR V+ = 1 2 1 + 2 R1 + R2 R1 R2 1 V 0 - V+ Vo - V+ 1 + = 0 o = V+ + R Ra RF RF F Ra V V R R RR Vo = V+ 1 + F = 1 2 1 + 2 1 + F R R + R R R R a a 1 2 1 2
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R C X vc ic vv+
IR
v + = v = 0 vc = X dvc 0-Y dX = IR = Ic = C =C R dt dt dX Y = RC Y = differenti al of X dt
C R iR vv+ vc
ic
v + = v = 0 vR = X X 1 1 = IR = ic but vc = 0 Y = ic dt = R C C 1 Y = X dt Y = integral of X CR
X dt R
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DC Offset Parameters
Op. Amp. Input offset current IIO is actually is not zero but very small and equal to (IIB)+ - (IIB)- which are flowing at corresponding input terminals Due to this Op. Amp. Input offset currents depending upon circuit connections, there is an output voltage Vo even if the two inputs are grounded.
Rf
Rf
R1 RC
(IIB)
(IIB) R1 R1
(IIB)+
vo
Thevenins equivalent
R1
RC (IIB) RC
+
vo
+ (IIB)
-
R1 -
(IIB) R1
Norton's equivalent
DC
Thevenins equivalent
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Op. Amp. Input offset voltage Vi is actually is not zero but very small and equal to VIO which appears across the input terminals
R1 RC (VIO) Rf
If input currents assume zero VRC = 0 V + = VIO
vo
Due to both Op. Amp. Input offset voltage VIO and Op. Amp. Input offset current IIO appearing at the input terminals of the Op. Amp, Vo will appears as follows even if external input voltage sources are grounded (equals zero)
R Vo = Rf IIO if VIO = 0 and Vo = 1 + f VIO if IIO = 0 R1 R if VIO 0 IIO from Superposition theorem, Vo = Rf IIO + 1 + f VIO R1
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Op. Amp. Average bias current IIB is sometimes given in IC data. It is the average of (IIB)+ and (IIB)Rf R1 RC (IIB)
-
(IIB)+
vo
(IIB)+ and (IIB)- can be found from IIB and IIO as follows:
+ IIB + IIB + IIB = and sin ce IIO = IIB IIB 2 + + + IIB IIB 2IIB IIO IIB + IIB + + = = IIB IIB + = 2 2 2 2
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Example: (a) Calculate the Vo of the following Op. Amp. Amplifier when Vin = 0 The Op. Amp data is Input offset voltage VIO=4mV, Input offset current IIO=150nA. (b) find (IIB)+ and (IIB)- if Average offset current is given by IIB=900nA.
R1 5kW (Vin) RC 5kW Rf 500kW
vo
R ( a) Vo = Rf IIO if VIO = 0 and Vo = 1 + f VIO if IIO = 0 R1 if VIO 0 IIO from Superposition theorem, R 500k Vo = Rf IIO + 1 + f VIO = 500k 150nA + 1 + 4mV = 479mV R1 5k
I 150nA + (b) IIB = IIB + IO = 900nA + = 975nA 2 2 I 150nA IIB = IIB IO = 900nA = 825nA 2 2
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AV
AVD
AV1=0.707AVD BW3 AV3 AV2=1
Frequency Parameters
Voltage follower
1xft=AVDfC
BW1=fc
Vo=Vin
f
(transition)
Vin @fmax
(cutoff)
Gain 20
fC
BW2=ft
Gain=AV=1 fmax=BW=ft
ft
Av
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Slew Rate (SR) Maximum rate at which amplifier output can change in microsecond (s)
SR = Vo (V / s) t
Vo=Vin
Vin
DV Gain=AV=1 Dt
Maximum frequency (f) Maximum frequency that an op. amp. May operate at depends on both the Bandwidth (BW) and the Slew Rate (SR) parameters of the op. amp.
dvo = 2fK (V / s) dt to have no distortion at the output , rate of change must be less than Slew Rate sin = (when very small) vo (t) = K sin(2ft ) = K (2ft ) SR K
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2fK (V / s) SR K SR = 2f
EE2603-05
Example: Determine the maximum frequency that can be used for the following circuit, Op. Amp. Slew Rate is 0.5V/s. If the input frequency is 300krad, find output will be distorted or not.
10kW (Vinp=0.02V, w =300x103) 240kW
vo
Av =
SR 0.5V / s 1.1 10 6 6 1.1 10 rad / s max f = = = 175kHz K 0.48V 2 2 in 300 103 3 in = 300 10 f = = = 47.75kHz < 175kHz = fmax in 2 2 output wave will not be distorted
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