14. Voltage Regulators ( 19.2-19.

6)
! Unregulated Power Supply ! RC Filter ! Series Voltage Regulators ! Shunt Voltage Regulators ! Voltage Regulators IC

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Unregulated Power Supply

Power supply is a circuit that provides a steady dc voltage obtained by rectifying the ac voltage. The following is the block diagram of a power supply stage.
Step-down transformer High ac voltage
Vm

Rectifier Low ac voltage

Ripple Filter

Voltage regulator Low ripple dc voltage

Vm Vdc

Load using dc voltage

High ripple dc voltage

Vm

Pure constant dc voltage

Vdc
0 p 2p q

0 p

2p

0 p

2p

0 p

2p

q
n:1+1 Vac fS C

2p

b Ri VZ IB

0.7

RL IL

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Ripple and dc voltage

n:1+1
Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C RL

Vmax DV Vmin

VO DV= - m2t2 V= m1t1

Vdc

Vdc
t2

DV is higher for high Idc

t1

I V (from slope)V = dc 2 2fC I dc voltage Vdc = Vmax dc 4fC V where Idc = dc , f = frequency of ac voltage RL Vac 2 and V max = n dc voltage = Vmax

Ripple voltage(rms) = (from slope) V =

V 2 3 Idc

(triangular wave)

2fC

Ripple voltage Vr (rms) =

4fC 3

Idc

V where Idc = dc and f = frequency of ac voltage RL

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Ripple Factor
V and Idc = dc RL 4fC 3 Idc V (rms) 1 Ripple factor r = r = = Vdc Vdc 4fC 3 4fRL C 3 We have Vr (rms) = Idc
Vmax DV Vmin

VO DV= - m2t2 V= m1t1

Vdc

t2
T

t1

Example: Given the Power supply circuit shown, find (a) output dc voltage Vdc (b) output ripple voltage Vr (rms) (c) ripple factor r
I V 220 2 ( a) dc voltage Vdc = Vmax dc = dc 4fC 10 4fRL C

10:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz

Vmax Vmax

Idc
C RL 100 1kW m F

Vdc

Idc Vdc 1 220 2 1 = = = 31.1V (b) Ripple voltage Vr (rms) = Vdc 1 + Vdc 1 + 4fC 3 RL 4fC 3 4fRL C 10 4 50 1k 100 29.6 31.1 = = 0.85V Vdc = = 29.6V 1k 4 50 100 3 1.05

V (rms) 1 1 (c) r = r = = = 0.05 = 5% Vdc 4fRL C 3 4 50 1k 100F EE2603-14

RC Filter in Power Supply

VC1
n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

VC2 t Idc R C2L dc2 RL RV t

If C2 is in F and XC2 is in k XC2 = XC2 = 1.3 k (for f = 60Hz) or C2

Idc
C1

Vdc1

1.3 60 1.56 = k (for f = 50Hz) C2 50 C2

I Vdc1 can be found from Vdc1 = Vmax dc 4fC1

V1(rms)

RL C2 opens for dc Vdc2 = Vdc1 R+R

V2(rms)

V (rms) VC1 ripple r1 = 1 Vdc1

R t
4fC1 3 Idc

VC2 C2 RL

V (rms) ripple r2 = 2 Vdc2

t
X V2 (rms) = V1 (rms) C2 R

V1 (rms) can be found from V1 (rms) =

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Series Voltage Regulators

n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

Series voltage regulator

Vi R VZ
Vdc

Vo Regulated power supply RL

Unregulated power supply

Vm

Vdc
0 p 2p q

2p

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Example: Given the Series regulator circuit shown, find (a) output dc voltage Vo (b) Zener current IZ

(3) IL =

=50
20V

11.3V = 11.3mA 1k 11.3mA IB = = 0.226mA 50

Vi

(2) IR =

20V 12V = 36.4mA 0.22k

0.22k

+ + -

0.7V

Vo=?

RL (1) Vo = VZ 0.7 = 12 0.7 = 11.3V

1k
-

12V

VZ

IZ=?

(4) IZ = IR IB = 36.4 0.226 = 36.174mA

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Improved Series Regulator

Analysis of the Improved Series Regulator

Vi

+
R4 IC2

VCE1 Q1 IB1 VB1 Q2

IL IR1

IL

IZ = 0.1IR1 & IR1 = 0.1IL

+
R1

+
RL

Vo

VB1 = Vo 0.7

IR4

V VB1 IR 4 = i = IC2 + IB1 R4 I IB1 = L & IC2 = 2 IB2 1

+ 0.7V

VZ

VR2 = Vo

R2 R Vo = VR2 1 + 1 R R1 + R2 2

R3

+
R2

VR2 = VZ + 0.7

0.7 IB2 = IZ but IB2 = 0.1IZ R3 0.7 = IZ 0.1IZ = 0.9IZ R3 0.7 0.9IZ

R3 =

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IC Series Regulator

n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz

Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

Vi R3

IC Series Regulator R1 Vo RL

Ii=0 VZ Ii=0

VZ

+ -

VZ

R2

Because Ii=0, a small power Zener may be used to regulate the whole load current in RL

R2 R VR2 = VZ = Vo Vo = VZ 1 + 1 R R1 + R2 2

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Current-limiting IC Series Regulator

Analysis of the Circuit Vi R3 VZ Ii=0 VZ Ii=0
1. Vi and R3 will produce regulated voltage VZ 2. Because of the Op. Amp. Property, VZ will present at the junction of R1 and R2 3. VZ=VR2 will result Vo which will be higher than VZ 4. Normal value of IL will produce normal VBE at Q2 whose collector current is small so that Io from IC will go mostly to IB1 5. High value of IL will produce high VBE at Q2 6. Q2 collector current IC2 becomes large so that Io from IC will go mostly to IC2 reducing IB1 and consequently IL down to the limited current value. EE2603-14 10 Q1

RSC

High IL IL

IB1

+ -

+ -

IO

IC2

+ IL -
-
Q
2

+
VZ

-
+ -

R1 R2

+ Vo
RL

Shunt Voltage Regulators

n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

Vi

Shunt Rs -
voltage regulator + Vo Regulated power supply

VZ

RL

Vo = VZ+VBE = Regulated voltage

Unregulated power supply

Vm Vdc

-

Vdc
0 p 2p q

VBE -

2p

VRs = Vi VZ VBE which is constant if Vi is constant IRs = (VRs/Rs) is also constant IC = IRs will all flow through BJT (when no load RL and BJT is hot) if load RL is connected IRs will mostly drain by the load RL making IC small (when there is load BJT is cold) Therefore Shunt Regulators are suitable to supply circuits where RL is always connected. EE2603-14

11

IC Shunt Voltage Regulator

n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

Vi R3

IC Shunt voltage regulator

Rs

Unregulated power supply

Vm

VZ
Vdc

Ii=0

+ -

Ii=0

VZ

R1 R2

Regulated power supply

Vo

RL

-

Vdc
0 p 2p q

VZ

2p

2 Because Ii=0, a small power Zener VR2 = VZ = Vo Vo = VZ 1 + 1 R R1 + R2 2 may be used to regulate the whole load current in RL VRs = Vi Vo which is constant if Vi is constant IRs = (VRs/Rs) is also constant IC = IRs will all flow through BJT (when no load RL and BJT is hot) if load RL is connected IRs will mostly drain by the load RL making IC small (when there is load BJT is cold)

Therefore Shunt Regulators are suitable to supply circuits where RL is always connected. EE2603-14 12

Voltage Regulator IC
Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator IC
n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

+Vi

Voltage regulator IC

Vo=+12V C2 RL

7812

Regulated power supply +12V

Unregulated power supply C1 is a ripple filter capacitor (C1 > 100F) C2 is a high frequency filter (C2 < 0.1F)
Vm Vdc
0 p 2p q

3
Vdc
0 p 2p q

IC Part Number 7805 7806 7808 7810 7812 7815 7818 7824

Output Voltage +5V +6V +8V +10V +12V +15V

Min input Voltage +7.3V +8.3V +10.5V +12.5V 14.6V +17.7V +21V +27.1V

EE2603-14 +24V

+18V

13

Example: Given the IC regulator circuit shown, 7805 requires a minimum input voltage of 7.3V. (a) find the maximum load current IL that can be used. (b) if a maximum load current IL = 500mA is required, what is the size of the filter capacitor? Take ac supply frequency 50Hz.
n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

Voltage regulator IC +Vi=15Vmax

Vo=+5V IL = ?

C1 = 250F

7805

Unregulated power supply

15V 7.3V

Vm Vdc
0 p 2p q
V 2 3 = 7.7 2 3 = 2.22V

V = 15V 7.3V = 7.7V Vr (rms) =

( a) 2.22V = Ripple voltage Vr (rms) =

4fC 3

Idc

(b) 2.22V = Ripple voltage Vr (rms) = C = 2.22 4f 3 Idc = 0.5A

4fC 3 = 650F

Idc

Idc = 2.22 4fC 3 = 2.22 4 50 100 3 = 0.077A = 77 mA

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2.22 4 50 3

14

Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator IC

n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

Idc
C1

-Vi

Voltage regulator IC

Vo=-12V C2 RL

7912

Regulated power supply -12V

Unregulated power supply

C1 is a ripple filter capacitor (C1 > 100F) C2 is a high frequency filter (C2 < 0.1F)

p Vm

2p

q -Vdc 0 p 2p q -Vdc

IC Part Number 7905 7906 7908 7910 7912 7915 7918 7924

Output Voltage -5V -6V -8V -10V -12V -15V -18V -24V

Min input Voltage -7.3V -8.3V -10.5V -12.5V -14.6V -17.7V -21V -27.1V

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15

Adjustable Voltage Regulator IC

The IC regulator LM317 can be used to produce any regulated output voltage between 1.2V to 37V. Typical IC values are: Vref = 1.25V and Iadj = 100A
n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

-Vi
C1

Idc

Adjustable Voltage regulator IC 1.2V < Vo< 37V LM317 ADJ Iadj = 100A Vref = 1.25V

VIN

VOUT R1 R2

R Vo = 1.25V1 + 2 + 100A R2 R1

V R Vo =VR1 + VR2 = Vref + IR1 + Iadj R2 = Vref + ref + R2 = Vref 1 + 2 + IadjR2 R R1 1

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16

Analysis of the LM317 IC Regulator circuit

1. Unregulated power supply enters LM317 with a dc voltage of VIN and a ripple peak-to-peak voltage of V=Vmax-Vmin depending upon the value of C1 and IL used.
n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

1.25V
C1 470 m F

IL

IL

VIN

LM317 ADJ

VOUT R1 R2 C3 RL

2. Note that LM317 data are Vref = 1.25V and Iadj = 100A and will produce a regulated dc voltage VOUT determined by R1 and R2

100A

C2

3. Unwanted voltage spikes are suppressed by the two diodes connected from VOUT to ADJ and VIN terminals of the IC. 4. C2 is a ripple filter across R2 . 5. C3 is unwanted high-frequency low capacitance bypass capacitor which is always necessary at the output of all regulator circuits.
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Example: Given the LM317 IC regulator circuit shown, (a) find the maximum load current IL that can be used, if a ripple of peak-to-peak voltage of 2V is present at the input of the regulator. (b) what is the output voltage of the variable IC regulator if R1 = 0.1k and R2= 1k ? Take ac supply frequency 50Hz.
n:1+1 Vac=220V f=50Hz
Vmax Vmax

1.25V
C1 470 m F

IL

IL

VIN

LM317 ADJ

VOUT R1 R2 C3 RL

100A
In case if V = Vmax Vmin = 2V Vr (rms) = V 2 = = 0.577V 2 3 2 3

C2

( a) 0.577V = Ripple voltage Vr (rms) =

4fC 3

Idc

Idc = 0.577 4fC 3 = 0.577 4 50 470 3 = 93.942mA

R 1k (b) Vo = 1.25V1 + 2 + 100A R2 = 1.25V1 + + 100A 1k = 13.75 + 0.1 = 13.85V R1 100

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