Presentation on: GUIDELINES FOR DISTRICT HEATING SUBSTATIONS

Chapter 1: GENERAL
The Guidelines address
Those who are running and maintainer a DH system Those who design, purchase, test, install and manufacture substations Those who own or maintain a building connected to the district heating network Those who are responsible for contacts between the district heating utility and the customers

The Guidelines
Aid for investment process in DH Aid for modernization works of heat substation and warm water installations Aid for avoiding technical misstakes during design and calculation Contain principles for dimensioning of heat substations including: domestic warm water, domestic warm water circulation systems, choice of heat exchangers, warm water storage, functional requirements and control valves
Chapter 1: General

Guidelines are prepared in accordance with...

Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC) Measuring Instruments Directive (2004/22/EC) Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC) Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC) Energy Services Directive (2006/32/EC) Eco-design Directive (2005/32/EC) EN/CEN standards: EN 1434, CEN 311, etc.

Chapter 1: General

District Heating systems

DH companies recommended to build all new systems, including new parts in older systems, in accordance with levels provided below
District Heating system Operating data Design data

100C; 1,6 MPa

High-temperature system (HTS system)

differential pressure 0,8 0,10 Mpa Max 85C; 0,6 Mpa

110C; 1,6 MPa

Low-temperature system (LTS system)

differential pressure 0,35 0,3 MPa

90C; 0,6 MPa

Good cooling of the DH water (i.e. the more heat abstracted) and good performance of the district heating substation are in the interests of both the customer and the heat supplier.
Chapter 1: General

District heating substations

HTS systems normally operate with a differential pressure in the range of: 0,1 to 0,8 MPa [common range is 0,1 to 0,6 MPa] For overall substations efficiency in a big DH network 0,10 MPa is recommended Technical energy supply conditions defined by local DH utility DH temperature curve DH maximal and average pressure DH maximal and minimum pressure- difference Installation of DP valves recommended at first on the branches of the network to avoid interaction between number of DP valves located in the same area.
Chapter 1: General

District Heating water quality

DH system must be as far as possible protected against oxygen and cold water intrusion to prevent corrosion Recommended to avoid oil and fat use in the DH systems High pH values protect DH pipes against corrosion Recommended not using chemical treatment for water hardness
Electrical conductivity pH-value Oxygen Alkaline Mg/L mmol/L S/cm 100-1500 9,5-10 <0,02 <0,02 Chapter 1: General

Chapter 2: THE DOMESTIC WARM WATER SYSTEM

Domestic Warm Water general

Directive 98/83/EC: European standard for the safety of water for human consumption. In all warm water systems special actions should be taken to prevent the development of bacteria and Legionella (not a problem specific to district heating).

Domestic Warm Water Production

Production of DWW either by a heat exchanger or storage tank (with internal or external heat exchanger).
Primary side (DH) Differential Pressure (max.) Calculating Temperature Calculating Temperature for LTS Return Temperature, multi family houses Return Temperature, single family houses 25 kPa Secondary side (DWW) 50 kPa

65C

10C

60C

10C Supply temperature 55C Supply temperature

<22C

<25C 50C Chapter 2: The domestic warm water system

Domestic Warm Water dimensioning

Choice of flow recommended for dimensioning (best results is obtained closest to the lower line)

Flow (l/s)

Apartment

Chapter 2: The domestic warm water system

Domestic Warm Water control system

Stable DWW temperature Fast control system is needed electronically, temperature or flow-controlled Possibility to have priority over space heating

Chapter 2: The domestic warm water system

Domestic Warm Water circulation system

To keep the DWW-system active and the temperature on such a level, that both comfort and health requirements are satisfied Especially recommended for multi family houses To ensure, that the DWW-return temperature never goes below 50 C. This can be ensured through a variable pump, thermostatic valves and balancing valves

Chapter 2: The domestic warm water system

Choice of materials for domestic warm water system

Materials should be selected taking into account the following criteria: Pressure and temperature Corrosion (galvanic corrosion), the contribution of poisonous substance and development of bacteria The same care has to be taken in choosing gaskets for the installation Beware of national regulations and requirements.

Chapter 2: The domestic warm water system

Chapter 3: RADIATOR AND VENTILATION SYSTEM

Guidelines deal with: Heat exchangers (types, functional requirements), Choice of materials, Control system, Dimensioning, Valves and sensors Radiator and ventilation systems should be built so that the return temperature of the DH water is as low as possible.

Choice of materials of radiators and ventilation systems

A number of criteria addressed to ensure safe and reliable operation: Pressure Temperature Mix of materials Water quality

Chapter 3: Radiator and ventilation system

Control system
Should assure stable space heating temperature according to customer needs during the whole year, independent of changes in the outside weather conditions or inside heat loads It is an advantage to install a controller with temperature trend log that enables to register controllable parameters in order to carry out technological optimization

Chapter 3: Radiator and ventilation system

Dimensioning of heat exchangers for radiator and ventilation system

When determining the design parameters we have consider the DH system as a whole: to

Heat losses, Production efficiency, Pipe capacity / construction cost, Pumping capacity, The cost of heat installations, Advantage of low return temperature in all aspects When dimensioning heat substations the operating mode with the highest heating power requirements should be considered
Chapter 3: Radiator and ventilation system

Target design temperature

Max. Max. district heating supply temperature, HT/LT system Max. district heating return temp. system supply temp. radiator and ventilation Max. radiator and ventilation system return temp. Max. floor heating system temp.

Heating systems Ventilation systems

100/80C

43C

70C

40C

28 35C

100/80C

33C

60C*

30C

Max. pressure drop in All systems district heating side 25 kPa

Max. pressure drop in radiator and ventilation side 20 kPa

Chapter 3: Radiator and ventilation system

Chapter 4: PUMPS, SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND OTHER COMPONENTS

Energy saving pumps (electrical controlled) should be considered in all positions to save energy and to reduce life time operation cost of the system. These kind of pumps also help to maintain a right flow for all situations, providing better space heating conditions The flow for a DWWC-pump should be at least 20% of the total flow for DWW heat exchanger All pumps in the system should have so low noise level that no noise is transferred into the living quarters of the building

PUMPS

Domestic Warm Water circulation pumps have to be in operation continuously For all choices of pumps the use of low energy pumps is strongly recommend For sensitive customers (hospitals, retirement homes etc.) where it is crucial to ensure continuous good functioning, it is recommended to use double pumps with automatic start function for the second motor

Chapter 4: Pumps, safety equipment ...

Valves and other components

Check valves Thermostatic radiator valves Hydraulic balancing and balancing valves Shut-off valves Drain, vent and pressure meter valves Strainers (filters) Temperature meters Pressure meters Booster pumps

Chapter 4: Pumps, safety equipment ...

Chapter 5: CONNECTION PRINCIPLES

Why recommend connections ? To ensure safe and reliable use To maintain good quality of DH To minimize energy consumption To simplify design work To utilize the most cost efficient solutions

Connection principles: main differences

DOMESTIC WARM WATER Suitable for DH system Size of building Heat exchanger Preheater Storage tank HEATING Type of connection Indirect, prim. return >= 45C Indirect, prim. return < 45C Indirect, max 20 kW Direct Charging system Direct, max 8 kW Direct, max 8 kW

HTS, LTS

Large

Two stage heat exchanger

YES

NO

HTS, LTS

Large

One stage heat exchanger One stage heat exchanger, max 60 kW One stage heat exchanger One stage heat exchanger One stage heat exchanger, max 40 kW Heat exchanger inside tank, max 25 kW

NO

NO

HTS, LTS HTS, LTS HTS, LTS

Small house Large Large

NO NO NO

NO NO YES

LTS,

Small house

NO

NO

LTS

Small house

NO

YES

Chapter 5: Connection principles

Connection principles: in-/direct

Indirect connection

Direct connection

With heat exchanger: Separated waters in primary and secondary sides

Without heat exchangers: Same water in primary and secondary sides Recommended to use leakage alarm system
Chapter 5: Connection principles

Connection principles: in-/direct

Indirect connection Design Temperatures Design pressures Cooling of district heating water Differential pressure controller
up to 110C

Direct connection
less than 90C generally 80C

1.6 MPa max 3C higher as secondary return temperature

0.6 MPa same temperature as secondary return needed to decrease pressure in secondary side Excessively high pressure may cause pipe or radiator damages and water leakage

normally not needed

Risk of damages and leakages

no risks because of hydraulic separated networks

Chapter 5: Connection principles

Connection principles: 1-/2-step connection

1-step connection 2-step connection

1-step connection (parallel) Design Temperatures Design pressures Cooling of district heating water Total pressure loss over substation
No extra pressure drops due to separated flows from DWW and space heating.

2-step connection

No differences, normal values are valid. No differences, normal values are valid. Pre-heater improves the cooling of district heating. Pressure drop on the primary side can become high: if the flow from the space heating side is greater than the dimensioned flow through the DWW heat exchanger.

Chapter 5: Connection principles

Connection principles: warm water production

Instantaneous water heaters Design Temperatures Design pressures Heaters with accumulation
No differences, normal values are valid. No differences, normal values are valid. Normal cooling of district heating if:

Cooling of district heating Safe solution to keep good cooling of district heating. water

- inlet temperature for heat exchanger is normal cold water temperature; - running of charging pump is controlled by temperature in bottom of storage tank. - there is a lack of appropriate flow capacity from the DH

Safety in consumption

In normal district heating circumstances no problems to get enough DWW.

- momentary exceptionally high use of DWW - low energy one-family houses

EHP recommends using instantaneous water heaters

Chapter 5: Connection principles

Chapter 6: SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE

Customer satisfaction is essential for DH Substations are extremely reliable and have a long lifetime, but for smooth and economically efficient operation, regular inspection and maintenance are recommended Specified periods of time are not prescribed Qualified personnel is indispensable

Service and Maintenance

Guidelines offer tool for space heating and domestic warm water Check lists contain all necessary steps for a comprehensive inspection and maintenance DH supply companies can develop individual inspection and maintenance plans and calculations

Chapter 6: Service and maintenance

Example of check list

Working hours look over [h] Working hours test function [h]

Pos.

Remark

3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2

Domestic warm water system Pipe system Check for corrosion (look over) Check of insulation (look over) Potential equalisation available (look over) Check of fill-, drain -, und air escape valves (look over) Check of mounting (look over) Check non return valves Shut off - armatures Test function (practicability) Check for leaks (look over)

Chapter 6: Service and maintenance

Chapter 7: HEAT METERING

A tool for...
Energy saving by Invoicing the real consumption of energy Supervision the function of the substation Customer service by Reporting back suspicious levels of consumption Meter contributes to optimizing operation By knowing what happens in the network

Main components of a heat meter

Calculator Temperature sensor pair Flow sensor or combinations thereof

The used meters or sub-assemblies must be conform to MID EHP recommends to use EN 1434 to ensure the conformity
Chapter 7: Heat metering

Functional requirements
Use standardised types and dimensions to ensure compatibility and replacing ability Measuring range Temperature: One range fit most needs Flow: Select carefully to avoid over sizing Some flow sensors require a flow conditioner package If you have short peak loads Use fast response flow sensors Use short response time on sensors Use high resolution on flow signal Check the requirements for mains or battery

Chapter 7: Heat metering

Selecting / dimensioning of meters

Temperature sensor pair select to fit the pipe dimensions Flow sensor select to fit the expected flow levels Calculator select to fit the wanted functions info in display info in data logger option info in data output option and power supply (mains or battery)

Chapter 7: Heat metering

Documentation requirements
What documents you shall require What information is needed to ensure that you Can select the suitable units Can mix sub-assemblies of different brands Can install the units in a correct way not damaging the metrological function Can check and recalibrate units

Chapter 7: Heat metering

Installation of heat meters

Planning the meter position so that the meter can do its job Piping installation Electrical installation following electrical security rules as well as metrological demands Identity checking Installation inspection with an inspection report to be filed

Chapter 7: Heat metering

Conformity to MID
Examination of type and design Inspection of produced meters Control system Reverification of meters

Life time cost

Different scenarios, need to perform own calculations

Chapter 7: Heat metering

CONCLUSIONS
Guidelines have direct impact on improving technical performance of DH systems and on significantly decreasing both life-time costs as well as installation costs Correctly carried out installation assures high levels of services and simultaneously reduce maintenance costs Guidelines allow to significantly decrease return temperatures in the DH network Such rationalization will lead to a reduced use of primary energy sources and less greenhouse gases emission