The Nepalarajaparampara : A Short Chronocle of the Kings of Nepal

Theodore Riccardi, Jr. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 106, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun., 1986), pp. 247-251.

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A SHORT CHRONICLE THE NEPALARAJAPARAMPARA: O F THE KINGS O F NEPAL

HA THENEPALESE V E ATTEMPTED to record their history in writings that have been called vams'dvali, or chronicles, as this term is often, if somewhat misleadingly, rendered in English. Most of the vams'dvaliwere composed in the nineteenth century in Nepali, but at least one famous chronicle, the Gopdlariijavams'dvali, was written in the latter part of the fourteenth century in Sanskrit and Newari. The vamidvali have been a major source for the writing of Nepalese history. The older works on Nepal from Kirkpatrick through LCvi, rely heavily on them and contain important discussions of their content.' Daniel Wright's History of Nepal, a work that is still influential even though it was published in 1877, is in the main an English translation of a nineteenth century vam~dvali.~' more recent works, such as those of In Regmi, Petech, and Slusser, the vams'dvalicontinue to play a major, if somewhat diminished, role in the construction of the history of the ancient and medieval periods.3 Despite their unquestioned value as historical documents, the vams'iivali have created as much confusion as they have illumination. At the simplest level, the

Colonel Kirkpatrick, An Account of fhe Kingdom of Nepal, being the Substance of Observarions Made during a Mission to fhat Counfry in the Year 1793. London, 181 1. Reprinted New Delhi, 1969; and Sylvain Lkvi, Le Nepal, krude hisrorique d'un royaume hindou. 3 vols. Paris, 1905-08. Daniel Wright, ed. History of Nepal. Translated from Parbafiya by Munshi Shew Shunker Singh and Pandit Sri Gunanand, with an introducfory sketch of rhe country and people by rhe editor. Cambridge, 1877. The work has been reprinted several times in India and Nepal, but the Calcutta edition, published in 1966 by Ranjan Gupta, must be used with caution. The text of Wright's introductory sketch has been changed, and the illustrations have been omitted. Dilli Raman Regmi, Ancienf Nepal, Calcutta, 1969, and Medieval Nepal, Calcutta and Patna, 1965-66; Luciano Petech, Medieval Hisfory of Nepal(c. 750-1482) Rome, 1958 Second, thoroughly revised edition, 1984; and Mary Shepherd Slusser, Nepal Mandala, Princeton, 1982.

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confusion is due to the uncritical acceptance by many of much of what the vamiiivali assert to be historical fact. Wright's History is a clear if not the only identifiable source of this trouble. It continues to be the most readily accessible vams'iivaliin English, but despite the author's clear and unambiguous presentations that it is only a translation of a traditional chronicle, it is often cited as if it were a work of sober critical history, not only by popularizers and other historical innocents, but by some scholars as well. Hence the constant reference in the literature on Nepal to the "historical tradition" that supports the visits of ASoka, the founding of monasteries by his daughter CBrumati, the visits of SankarBcBrya, and a large number of other events whose historicity is, at the least, questionable and unsupported by other e ~ i d e n c e . ~ The historians themselves, both Nepalese and foreign, have been far more judicious in their acceptance of what the vams'iivalipurport to record, but even they have sometimes been influenced by the periodization in the chronicles, so that often the harder evidence of archaeology and epigraphy is placed in conceptual The bondage to the dubious accounts of the vami~vali. persistent search for evidence for pre-Licchavi dynasties of the Gopalas and Kiratas and the attempts to use the Licchavi inscriptions to confirm the evidence of the vams'dvali are examples of the powerful hold the vams'dvalistill exert on the writing of Nepalese history.' Not all of the blame can be put at Wright's door. There are deeper causes for the confusion. The first, which I can mention only briefly here, is the general failure to look at the vamidvalias anything more than receptacles of historical and mythological information.
One surprising example of this reliance on the vamidvaliis E. Lamotte, who on pp. 280-81 of his Hisroire du Bouddhisme Indien, Louvain, 1958, gives a short and inaccurate account, based mostly on Levi, however, and not on Wright. The hold is particularly strong in Nepal, where, in addition to the chronicles, the literary vise is strengthened by such texts as the Arthaidsrra. See for example the historical commentaries of Dhanavajra Vajracarya in his Licchavi kdlkd Abhilekh, Kathmandu, 1973.

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Journal of the American Oriental Society 106.2 (1986) early nineteenth century, often had copies of documents made rather than retain the original. What is presented here is taken from such a copy. The document is written in Nepali and Sanskrit on long sheets of Nepali paper and is entitled nepiilariijaparamparii, or the "tradition of the kings of Nepal." On the outside of the first page, in presumably what is Hodgson's own hand, is written: "Newari Rajas of the cities who reigned in Kali Yoog from archives of old Newar families whose ancestors were ministers of these Rajas. Peop!ing of Nipal and its (?) in the earlier ages (satya yoog) is in the Svayambhoo Pooran. Nov. 1824." The document is an early example of the short chronicles that are referred to by some as "abridged vams'iivali." They are one of the primary components of the chronicles and are often incorporated into the longer ones of the kind used by Wright and LCvi. The text presented here has not been normalized, and in places the translation is only approximate because of grammatical difficulties in both the Nepali and Sanskrit. Where dates have been given in words, only the numerals are given.

Discussions have been limited therefore almost exclusively to content. Very few scholars have tried to examine the vams'iivalias a body of historical literature that has its own characteristics and deserves to be studied in itself. Discussions of form and structure, composition, and the social and political context in which they were written, are very rare, and the criteria used to classify them as early or late, Buddhist or Hindu, have been crude and unilluminating. Even more basic is the problem of the texts themselves. There are neither adequate texts nor translations in print, and, curiously, where translations are available there are no texts, and where we have texts there are no translations. Much of the discussion therefore is based on reports about texts rather than the texts themselves, and on outdated translations. Kirkpatrick's text is lost. The text used by Wright has never been published, and only Petech reports in print that he has examined it. The chronicle discussed by Levi has never been published. Hasrat has published transcriptions of English translations found in the Hodgson papers, but he gives no information about the original texts. Other texts are fragmentary.6 Before the discussion can shift from content to structure and form, full texts and translations of the important kinds of vams'dva/i are needed, and it is to the problem of the texts that this brief article is addressed. It presents the text and a working translation of a vams'dvalicontained in the Hodgson papers.7 Hodgson, who was British Resident in Nepal in the
~ i k r a m a it Hasrat, Historv of Nepal, Hoshiarpur, 1970. J Other relevant publications include facsimiles of a few leaves of the G o p a l a r ~ a v a m S ~ v a l i Cecil Bendall in "A History of by Nepal and Surrounding Kingdoms (1000-1600) compiled chiefly from Mss. lately Discovered," Journal of the Asiatic Sociefy of Bengal, Vol. 72, pp. 1-32, a partial reading of the same text by Yogi Naraharinath in "Gopalavamsavali," Himavat Samskrfi, Vol. 1, n. 1, pp. 9-25; a complete reading of this text by D. R. Regmi in Medieval Nepal, part 111 Calcutta, 1966, pp. 112-63. Also to be noted are the BhrTsavamSdvali, edited by D. Lamsal, Kathmandu 2023 BS (in two parts) and the RfijabhogamrTla, published in Ancient Nepal between 1969 and 1970. Most recently, Dhanavajra Vajracarya and Kamal P. Malla have produced a facsimile edition, text, and translation of the Gopalarc?javamSrTvaIi, Kathmandu, 1985. Despite faults in execution, it attempts to discuss many of the issues raised here. India Office Library, Hodgson Papers, Vol. 52, folios 83-86 and 55-56. The last two folios of the document are separated from the others and were mistakenly numbered by the cataloguer, presumably F. W. Thomas. They are listed as a separate work but should appear as folios 87 and 88.

TEXT

Sri geneS5ya namah kramena vartamane kaliyuge samastabhtip~lamaulimZlacaranarpbujasyarajnah Srimatah pnhvitale raja (rajnah?) himavachailar2jamadhyavartini maharathi bhtitamandale bhrngireivarabhaftaraka pradur bhtitah. tadanu gautamadirsiganais tatra gautameSvaradayo devah pratisthita anamtaram bhrmgireivarabhattarakasya Slesmamtaka vane vihatasya nepa nama gopalo. babhuva. tasya kapilagavi vagmatitire gatva taya ksiradharaya samsikte bhtipradeSe Sriman paSupatih prak2Sitah tena nepa nZmn5 gopalena paSupati pratisfhita kp.. Tatah kramena gopaIavamSanam kramena rZjyam bhumjita. yaham upramta nepala mah?tgop5laharu raja bhaya. 1. Sri bhtitmamga raja varsa 84. 2. Sri jayagupta raja varsa 73. 3. Sri paragupta raja varsa 91. 4. Sri bhimagupta 38. 5. Sri harsagupta raja varsa 67.6. Sri manigupta raja varsa 37. 7. Srivisnugupta 46. 8. Sri jayagupta raja varsa 71 masa 1. evam gop%lari%jij8 varsa jamma 507 ma 4, evam punar gopalabhtipala nirjitya anye gopala bhupala babhtivuh. 9. Sri varasimha raja varsa 49. 10. Sri jayasimha r3jZ varsa 3 1 ma 4. 1 I. Sri bhavanasimha rZjZ varsa 41. evam trayanam gopSlabhtipH18n%m varsa samkhya ekadaSottara Satam I I I ma 4. punaScaikadaSagopalabhup8Enam rajyabhukta varsa samkhya ast3daSadhika satSatani 618 ma 11. punaSca gopalaneta nirjjitya kairatiya rajano babhtivuh. 12. Sri elamba raja varsa 90. 13. Sri pabi raja 79 ma 3. 14. Sri dhanaskamda varsa (not given). 15. Sri pralamba raja varsa 3 1 ma 6. 16. Sri hritti raja varsa 41 ma I.

RICCARDI: Nej The

17. Sri humati raja varsa 50. 18. Sri tuska r%j% varsa 41 m2i I. 19. Sri Srisiiya raja varsa 38 m5 6. 20. Sri parva raja varsa 56. 21. SrijitedBsti rZj2 varsa 60. 22. Sri pamcaraja r5jB varsa 7 1. 23. Sri kemkemkem raja varsa 56.24. Sri svananda rBj5 varsa 50 ma 8. 25. Sri thumka raja varsa 58. 26. Sri gidyam rsja varsa 59 m2i 6.27. Srijane raja varsa 13 ma 2. 28. Sri luke raja varsa 60 ma 1. 29. Sri thora r3j5 varsa 71. 30. Sri thyamka raja varsa 83.3 1. Sri brahma raja varsa 73 ma 6. 32. Sri gumja raja varsa 72 ma 7. 33. Sri pumska rsja varsa 81. 34. Sri kesnu raja varsa 56. 35. Sri sumguma raja varsa 58. 36. Sri samsa raja varsa 63. 37. Sri gunamja raja varsa 54. 38. sri khimba raja varsa 74. 39. Sri ganimja raja varsa 81. evam kiratiyarajabhuktavarsasamkhya 1682. tad anantaram kiratiyan etan bhiipZlZn nirjjitya siiryavamsino rajano babhtivuh. 40. Sri nimisa raja varsa (n.g.) 41. Sri mantaratra raja varsa 42. kakavarma raja varsa. 43. Sri paSupusadeva raja varsa. es rZj2le carai varnakana bas& SripaSupatiko deval bansi i csr r@le rajayi garyako varsa jamma 273.44. Sri bhaskaravarma raja varsa 74. yas rajale SripaSupatiko prasada paikana daksina samudra samma rajya bhiti dherai hira moti suvarna lysikana SripaSupatima carhayi suvarnapuri banay8. 45. Sri bhumivarsa rBj3 varsa 41. 46. Sri candravarma rajB varsa 21. 47. Srijayavarma rBj3 varsa 72.48. sri varsavarmB raja varsa 5 1. 49. Sri sarvavarma raja varsa 48. 50. Sri prthvivarma raja varsa 53. 51. Sri jyesfhavarma raja varsa 48. 52. Sri kuberavarma raja varsa 75. 53. Sri harivarma raja varsa 76. 54. Sri siddhivarma rajB varsa 21. 55. Sri haridattavarma rsja varsa 21. yas raj3le camgu icamgu bisamgu carai narayana ko deval bansya. evam rsjyam bhumjita varsa jamma varsa 560. 56. Sri vasudattavarmZ r5jZ varsa 33. 57. 6ri Sirapativarms raja varsa 35. 58. Sri Sivavrddhivarma raja varsa l I. 59. Sri vasantadevavarma raja varsa 61. 60. Sri Sivadevavarma r3jB varsa 51. 61. Sri vrsadevavarm2 raja varsa 57. yas rajale ca bahilma bauddha devata thapya paSupatim% triSiila banayi carhay3 evam bhumjita rZjyam varsa jamma 320. 62. sri sankaradeva r2jB varsa 50.63. Sri? dharmadeva r%jBvarsa 5 l 64. Sri manadeva r%jBvarsa 39. 65. Sri mahideva r3j%varsa 51. 66. Sri vasantadeva r%j% varsa 56. 67. Sri udayadeva r%j% varsa 47. 68. Sri manodeva raja varsa 45. 69. Sri svarnakamadeva raja varsa 50. 70. Sri Sivadeva raja varsa 41. yas r%jijale deupatanko daksinama thulo hanuman bangya. in rSjZharule rZjya bhogya garyak%varsa jamma 430.71. Sri narendradeva r%j% varsa 34. 72. Sri bhimadeva raja varsa 41. yati varsasamma stiryavamsi raja bhaya jamma 50. t2hB pachi pheri gopala r%j%bhayB. 73. Sri viSvagupta raja varsa 74. 74. Sri visnugupta rBj%varsa 51. es r%jBlevBgmati para thula dhumgako visnurnurti th%pi deval ban%yB evam r%jyam bhumjita varsa jamma 135. 75. Sri bhiimigupta raja varsa 45 pheri yas vaisya rajakana jitikana Sri sDryavamSi rBj%bhay8. 76. Sri Sivadeva raja varsa 41 77. Sri amSuvarmB r%j% bhanij varsa 43. 78. Sri krtavarma r%j% varsa 18. 79. Sri bhimarjjunadeva raja varsa 31. 80. Sri namdadeva r%jB varsa 13. 8 1. Sri ciradeva raja varsa 13. 82. Sri narendradeva r%j% varsa 3 1. yas rajale bamdhudattakana puja garayikana Sri matsyendranatha ly5i patanma rathayatra gary5 rajya varsa jamma 202. atitakalivarsesu svaduscara rassgnayah. nepale vijayah Srimsn 3ryavalokiteSvarah. kali samvat 3676 yati gari jamdo SrimachimdranBtha nepalama lysyako ho. dvitiya Slokonyah vahni veda viricasye 443 nepala hayane dyute. bi sab raja varsa jamma 10468 ma 7. Salokanatho sau puram lalitapattanam. 83. Sri baladeva raja varsa 17. 84. Sri Sankaradeva rBj% varsa 12. 85. Sri varddhamana raja varsa 16. 86. Sri balideva raja varsa 16. 87. Sri jayadeva rBj2 varsa 42. 88. balarjunadeva raja varsa 36. 89. Sri bikramadeva raja varsa. 90. Sri gunakamadeva raja varsa 85 ma 6. es r5jsle basuki-k8 thanma tsca ko chapar ban27 sunako dhara ban57 eghara kosa dhan Sri paSupati 157 cadhay%, koti homa garya evam rajya varsa jamma 20 m5 6.91. Sri bhojadeba raja varsa 9.92. Sri laksmikamadeva raja varsa 21.93. Srijayadeba raja varsa 20. yas rajale patanma adha rajya garya rajya varsa jamma 50.94. Sri bhaskaradeva raja varsa 7.95. Sri baladeba raja varsa 12. 96. Sri padmadeva raja varsa 6.97. Sri nagarjun raja varsa 3.98. Sri Salikaradeva r2jZ varsa 17. yas rajsle papi gauma Sri SamkareSvara thapi deval banayZSri bhagavatiko pratisths garya rajya varsa jamma 45. 99. Sri vasudeva raja varsa 3. 100. Sri harsadeva raja varsa 16. 101. Sri Sivadeba r2jB varsa 27. yas r5jale thau thaums dherai kirtti garya. Sri paSupatiko chan5 sunko banays aghi nabhayBko calan simha chap tulyai calan garya. rajya varsa jamma 46. 102. Sri manadeva raja varsa 4. 103. Sri narendradeva raja varsa 6. 104. Sri deva raja varsa 20. 105. Sri rudradeva raja varsa 87. 106. Sri malladeva rBj%varsa 30. 107. Sri arideva malla raja varsa 31. 108. Sri abhayamalladeba raja varsa 48. 109. Sri jayadeba malla rsj5 varsa 2. 110. Sri anantadeba malla raja varsa 37. evam raja rajyam bhumjita jamma varsa 258. sambat 414 mB khas praveSa garyako ho. sambat 414 ma taihuritya praveSa bhayako ho. nandendu Sunya SaSi 1019 sammit SBka varse tachravanasya dhavale muni dha tithyams tat. sv2tyBm6anaiScara dine ripu marcha lagne Srinanyadeva nrpatir vidadhitavasta (?). 11 1. Sri nanyadeva r%j% varsa 5 varsa nahi lekha ho 5. 112. Sri gamgadeva raja varsa 2. 113. Sri narasimhadeva raja varsa 4. 114. Sri Saktisimhadeva raja varsa 5. eti pac 5 r3jB karnat desa ka hum vanadhyi yugma sasi 1245 sammita sake varse pausasya Sukla navami ravi sunuv%r tyaktva svapantana param harasimha devo durdaiva deSita pathatha girim vivela. sambat 1245 es sambat m% Sri taleju nepalma praveSa bhayaka hun. Sri taleju nepBlm2 lyaunya 116. Sri harsimhadeva r%jB hun 117. Sri maniskhadeva r%j% hun. 2. 118. Sri Saktisimhadeva rBj% 3. 119. Sri somasimhadeva r%jZ4. 120. Srijayabhadramalla r%jB 5. 121. Sri nagamalla r%jB 6. 122. Sri jaya malla r%j3 7. 123. Sri ragamalla rBj3 8. 124. Sri ugramalla raja 9. 125. manisimhadeva rBj3 10. 126. Sri aivamalla rBj% 11. 127. Sri jayasthitimalla r%j% es r?tj%-leprajZ pamca ko sab 12. deS ko sthiti bamdhi Bphnu 2 gari sthiti bBmdhi diya Sri

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Journal of the American Oriental Society 106.2 (1986)

37 years. 7. Visnugupta reigned 46 years. 8. Jayagupta reigned 71 years and I month. These are the Gopala kings who ruled for a total of 507 years and 4 months. Then again the Gopala kings were defeated and other Gopalas became kings: 9. Varasimha ruled 49 years. 10. Jayasimha reigned 3 1 years 4 months. 1 1. Bhavanasimha reigned 41 years. Of these three Gopala kings the total number of regnal years is one hundred eleven and four months. With these one hundred eleven years of rule of the Gopala kings. their total rule comes to 618 years and l l months. Then, having defeated the Gopala kings. the Kiratas became kings: 12. Elamba reigned for 90 years. 13. Pabi reigned 79 years 3 months. 14. Dhanaskamda reigned (not given). 15. Pralamba reigned 31 years six months. 16. Hritti reigned 41 years 1 month. 17. Humati reigned 50 years. 18. Tuska reigned 41 years 1 month. 19. Srisuya reigned 38 years 6 months. 20. Parva reigned 56 years. 21. Jitedasti reigned 60 years. 22. Pamcaraja reigned 71 years. 23. Kemkemkem reigned 56 years. 24. Svananda reigned 50 years 8 months. 25. Thumka reigned 58 years. 26. Gidyan reigned 59 years 6 months. 27. Jane reigned 13 years 2 months. 28. Luke reigned 60 years 1 month. 29. Thora reigned 71 years. 30. Thyamka reigned 83 years. 31. Brahma reigned 73 years 6 months. 32. Gumja reigned 72 years 7 months. 33. Pumska reigned 81 years. 34. Kesnu ('?) reigned 56 years. 35. Sumguma reigned 58 years. 36. Samsa reigned 63 years. 37. Gunamja reigned 54 years. 38. Khimba reigned 74 years. 39. Ganimja reigned 81 years. Thus the Kirata kings enjoyed their rule for 1,682 years and I I months. Then, in time, having defeated the Kirata kings, the Siiryavamsi became kings: 40. Nimisa reigned (years not given). 41. Mantaratra reigned (not given). 42. Kakavarma reigned (not given). 43. PaSupusadeva reigned (not given). This last king established the four varnas and built the temple of PaSupati. These four kings ruled for 273 years. 44. Bhaskaravarma reigned 74 years. This last king, having obtained the prasZda of Lord PaSupati and having extended his kingdom to the southern ocean, brought back many diamonds and pearls and much gold and, offering it to SriPaSupati, built Suvarnapuri. These kings ruled for a total of 560 years. 45. Bhiimivarma reigned 41 years. 46. CandravarmL reigned 21 years. 47. Jayavarma reigned 72 years. 48. Varsavarma reigned 51 years. 49. San~avarm5 reigned 48 years. 50. Prthvivarm2 reigned 53 years. 51. Jyesthavarma reigned 48 years. 52. Kuberavarm5 reigned 75 years. 53. Harivarma reigned 76 years. 54. Siddhivarmti reigned 21 years. 55. Haridattavarma reigned 21 years. This king built the four Narayan temples of Camgu, Icamgu, and Bisamgu. 56. Vasudattavarmii reigned reigned 35 years. 58. Sivavrd33 years. 57. ~ i r a p a t i v a r m ~ dhivarma reigned 1l years. 59. Vasantadevavarma reigned 61 years. 60. Sivadevavarma reigned 51 years. 61. Vrsadevavarma reigned 57 years. This last king erected the Buddhist god in C2 Bahil and had the triS~ilamade and offered at PaSupati. The total reign is 320 years. 62. Sankaradeva

jeamalla 11. Sri nepala sambat 588 phalgun Sukla 12 ma jaksamalla raj3le navakot ko aghiko lag2 hm5su raja bhaya. tinkg tinai chora hun. 128. Sri rayamalla raja bhatgauma raja bhaya. 129. Sri ratnamalla raja kathmadaum ma raja bhaya. 2. 130. Sri rana malla raja banepalma raja bhaya Sri malla raja ko sab jamma. 131. Sri bhavama malla raja. 132. Sri prana malla raja. 133. SriviSva malla. 134. Sritrailokya malla raja 135. Srijagajjyotir malla raja. 136. Sri nareSa malla raja. 137. Sri jagatprakasa malla raja. 138. Sri jitamitra malla raja. 139. Sri bhiipatindra malla raja. 140. Sri ranajit malla. es rajgle Sri bhairabhko deval sunako chana gari banayl. sunaka dhoka banaya koti ahuti garya. Sri ratna malla ko santan kathma dauma raja hunya. 141. Sri ratna malla raja. 142. Sri ambar malla raja. 143. Srisiirya malla raja. 144. Sri mahindra malla raja. nepal sambat 684 magh krsna 10 somavara Sri 5 taleju ko pratistha garya. hamsa baja dillima saugad pathai Bdha rupaiyako chap magi lyayikana mahindra mali mari calan garya. aphu naum halikana 145. Sri Siva simha malla raja jamma 5. es r%j%le patan sahar marikana maharastra guru paikana dui thau ma diguli tale kB pratistha garya 146. Sri hariharasimharZj5. ink5 chora 6.7.8. 147. Sri laksmi malla raja. 148. Sri pratap malla r5j8. es rajale mohancok sundarcok phalam dhoka cyasim deval pathar ka svamva 3 rani pokhari banaya. 149. Sri parthivendra malla raja 9: 150. Sri bhupalendra 110. 151. Sri mahindrasimha 1 I. siiryavamsi raja eti hun jamma 30. Sri chori ko samtan. 152. jagajjaya 12. 153. Sri ja (ya) prakas malla raja 13. 154. Sri jyotiprakasa malla raja 14. patanma raja hunya. Sri hariharasimha malla raja. 155. Sri nivasa malla raja. 156. yogindra malla raja. 158. Sri siddinarsimha malla raja. 159. Sri visnumalla. 160. sri rajyaprakasa. 161. Sri viivajit malla raja. 162. Sri darmardan saha raja 4 163. Sri teja malla raja veda danti bhendu 1884 mite vaikrame 'site. asadha vipnarangi thyam nepalekhitam tvidam.
TRANSLATION:

Homage to GaneSa. Then, in time, in the present Kali Yuga, Lord BhrligirCsvara appeared in the land of the great charioteer that sits in the lap of the Himavat mountains that are located on the surface of the earth in the kingdom of the king whose feet are decorated with the garlands of all rulers. Then, the gods, including Lord Gautama, together with Gautama and the other bands of sages, became established there. In the meantime, in the forest of ~ l e s m a n t a k a lived the cowherd named Nepa. His brown cow went to the bank of the Vagmati and milk drawn from her fell on the ground. Lord PaSupati appeared there. Lord PaSupati was established by the cowherd named Nepa. And so in order are the kings of the Gopala (cowherd) lineage: These are the great Gopala kings of Nepal: 1. Bhutmanga reigned 84 years. 2. Jayagupta reigned 73 years. 3. Paragupta reigned 91 years. 4. Bhimagupta reigned 38 years. 5. Harsagupta reigned 67 years. 6. Manigupta reigned

RICC ARDI: The Nepdlardjaparamparii

reigned 50 years. 63. Dharmadeva reigned 51 years. 64. M5nadeva reigned 39 years. 65. Mahideva reigned 51 years. 66. Vasantadeva reigned 56 years. 67. Udayadeva reigned 47 years. 68. Manodeva reigned 45 years. 69. Svarnakamadeva reigned 50 years. 70. Sivadeva reigned 41 years. This king had made the large Hanuman to the south of Deopatan. These kings ruled for 430 years. 71. Narendradeva reigned 34 years. 72. Bhimadeva reigned 41 years. The Siiryavamsi kings reigned for 50 years. After that. the Gopalas again became kings. 73. ViSvagupta reigned for 74 years. 74. Visnugupta reigned 51 years. This last king had a large statue of stone of Visnu placed beyond the Vagmati and erected a temple there. The reign enjoyed was 135 years. 75. Bhumigupta reigned for 45 years. Having defeated this VaiSya king, the Siiryavamsi again became kings: 76. Sivadeva reigned 41 years. 77. AmSuvarma, nephew of the king, reigned 43 years. 78. Kctavarmii reigned 18 years. 79. Bhimarjjunadeva reigned 31 years. 80. N a ~ d a d e v areigned 13 years. 81. Ciradeva reigned 13 years. 82. Narendradeva reigned 31 years. This last king having worshipped Bandhudatta, brought Sri Matsyendraniith to Patan and performed the chariot festival. The total reign is 202 years. In the Kali Year 3676 Aryavalokiteivara was victorious in Nepal and Machimdranatha was brought to Nepal. The total number of regnal years is 10.468 and 7 months. 83. Valadeva reigned 17 years. 84. Sankaradeva reigned 12 years. 85. Varddamiina reigned 16 years. 86. Valideva reigned 16 years. 87. Jayadeva reigned 42 years. 88. Balarjunadeva reigned 36 years. 89. Bikramdeva reigned (not given). 90. Gunakamadeva reigned 85 years 6 months. This king had a copper roof and golden fountain made at BBsuki Than and dedicated eleven koSas of treasure to Sri PaSupati and did many sacrifices. The total number of regnal years is 220 and 6 months. 91. Bhogadeva reigned 9 years. 92. Laksmikamadeva reigned 21 years. 93. Jayadeva reigned 20 years. This king divided the rule in Patan in half (?) the total number of regnal years is 50. 94. Bhiiskaradeva reigned 7 years. 95. Baladeva reigned 12 years. 96. Padmadeva reigned 6 years. 97. Nagarjunadeva reigned 3 years. 98. Sankaradeva reigned 17 years. This king placed Samkareivara in the village of Piipi and built a temple. He erected (a statue o f ) Bhagavati. The total reign of these kings is 45 years. 99. Vasudeva reigned 3 years. 100. Harsadeva reigned 16 years. 101. Sivadeva reigned 27 years. This king was famous in many places. He made the golden roof of Paiupati and minted coins stamped with a lion, something that had not been done previously. The total reign of these kings is 46. 102. Manadeva reigned 4 years. 103. Narendradeva reigned 6 years. 104. Devarsjs reigned 20 years. 105. Rudradeva reigned 87 years. 106. Sri malladeva reigned 30 years. 107. Aridevamalla reigned 31 years. 108. Abhayamalladeva reigned 48 years. 109. Jayadeva malla reigned 2 years. 110. Anantadeva malla reigned 37 years. The total number of regnal years is 258.

25 1

In the year 414 the KhaSas entered. In the same year the people of Tirhut entered. In 1019 of the Saka era, o n Saturday the 7th of Sravana, the king Niimyadeva came. 1 1 1. Namyadeva reigned 5 years. 112. Gamgadeva reigned 2 years. 113. Narasimhadeva reigned 4 years. 114. Saktisimhadeva reigned 5 years. These five kings are from the Karniita country. In the year 1245 of the Saka era, on Sunday Sukla navami of the month of Pus, Harisimhadeva entered the mountains. In the year 1245 the goddess Taleju entered Nepal. The king who brought Taleju t o Nepal is 116. Harisimadeva (who) reigned 1 year. 117. Manisimha reigned 2 years. 118. Saktisimha reigned 3. 119. Somasimha reigned fourth. 120. Jayabhadramalla reigned fifth. 121. Nagamalla reigned sixth. 122. Jayamalla reigned seventh. 123. RBgamalla reigned eighth. 124. Ugramalla reigned ninth. 125. Manisimhadeva reigned tenth. 126. ~ s v a malla reigned eleventh. 127. Jayasthitimalla reigned twelfth. This last king established five edicts for the subjects of the entire country and two of his own. On the 12 of Phalgun Sukla the king Yaksamalla . . . before Navakot (?) . . . became king. He had three sons. 128. Rayamalla became king in Bhatgaon. 129. Ratnamalla became king in Kathmandu. 130. Manamalla became king in Banepal. The total of the Malla kings' regnal years (not given). 131. Bhavamamalla. 132. Priinamalla. 133. ViSvamalla. 134. Trailokya malla. 135. Jagajjyotir malla. 136. NareSa malla. 137. JagatprakaSa malla. 138. Jitamitra malla. 139. Bhiipatindra malla. 140. Ranajit malla. This last king prepared the gold roof for the temple of Bhairava and performed many rituals. The descendants of Ratnamalla who became kings in Kathmandu: 141. Ratnamalla. 142. Ambar malla. 143. Siirya malla. 144. Mahindra malla. In the Nepal era year of 684, Monday, the tenth of Magha krsna, he established the goddess of Sri 5 Taleju. Having sent a swan and a hawk as offerings to Delhi, he requested that the half rupee be minted and he began the practice of striking the mahimdramali, (a coin) bearing his name. 145. Sivasimha malla reigned 5 years. This king attacked Patan and with a guru from Maharastra built temples of two tiers in two places. 146. Haraharasimha. His sons 6, 7. 8. 147. Laksmi malla. 148. Pratiip malla. This king built Mohancok, Sundarcok, Phalam Dhoka, Cyasim deval, and three ponds for the queens. 149. Piirthivendra malla. 150. Bhiipalendra malla. 15 1. Mahindrasimha. These are the SiiryavamSi kings. In all, 30. The descendants of the daughter. 152. Jagajjaya (12). 153. JayaprakaSa malla (13). 154. JyotiprakaSa malla (14). Those who were to become kings in Patan: 155. Hariharasimha malla. 156. Sri Nivasa malla. 157. Yogindra malla. 158. Siddhinarasimha malla. 159. Visnumalla. 160. RajyaprakiiSa malla. 161. Viivajit malla. 162. Darmardan Saha. 163. Tej malla. Written in the month of Asadh in the year 1884 in the Vikrama Era in Nepal.