Chemistry Quiz Study Guide

Topics: Model of an atom Atomic Theory Calculating the number of protons, neutrons and electrons Calculating the average atomic mass Charged Ions Isotopes Radioactive isotopes Calculating half-life Calcium Carbonate Sodium Chloride

Note: Group = vertical Period = horizontal How to calculate atomic number from periodic table: o Period number = energy levels o Group number = number of electrons in outermost energy level

Model of an atom
Nucleus made of protons and neutrons Electron shells/energy levels Electron configuration: 2,8,8, 18

Properties of sub-atomic particles

particle relative mass relative charge

proton neutron electron

1 1 1/1800

+1 0 1

Calculating the number of protons, neutrons and electrons

No. of Protons = Atomic No. (below chemical symbol) No. of Electrons = No. of Protons No. of Neutrons = Atomic Mass (above chemical symbol) - Atomic No.

Calculating the average atomic mass

(Atomic mass1 x percentage1) x (Atomic mass2 x percentage2) x etc

Charged Ions
The number of electrons in an atom is always the same as the number of protons, so atoms are electrically neutral overall. Atoms can lose or gain electrons. When they do, they form charged particles called ions: If an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion If an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion

Number of protons will never change in a chemical reaction

Isotopes
Isotopes are the atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same proton number, but different mass numbers.

Radioactive isotopes

Gamma rays o Most penetrating and dangerous form of radiation o Cause changes in structure of chemicals in bodies and kill living cells Scientists and technicians protected by lead or concrete shields Uses: o Medical killing cancer cells o Archeological carbon dating (calculating half-life)

Calculating half-life
The half-life of a radioisotope describes how long it takes for half of the atoms in a given mass to decay. Half-life is given the symbol t Different radioisotopes have different half-lives. The amount of radioactive isotope remaining can be calculated: Nt = No x (0.5)number of half-lives where o Nt = amount of radioisotope remaining o No = original amount of radioisotope o number of half-lives = time half-life Sample question 1: A radioisotope has a half life of 4 days. How much of a 20-gram sample of this radioisotope remains? a) 4 days b) 8 days o a) Nt = 20 x (0.5)(4/4) = 10g o b) Nt = 20 x (0.5) (8/4) = 5g Sample question 2: A radioisotope has a half life of 3 days. After 30 days, how much percentage is left if the original radioisotope is 100%? o Number of half-life = 30/3 = 10 o Remaining amount = 100x(0.5)10= 0.098%

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

QUICKLIME = CALCIUM OXIDE LIMESTONE = CALCIUM CARBONATE SLAKED LIME = CALCIUM HYDROXIDE industrially most important group 2 compound 3 naturally occurring forms of calcium carbonate 1. shells 2. skulls and bones 3. sea creatures Uses of limestone (calcium carbonate) o Used to reduce acidity in soil (quicklime would dry up the soil drying agent) o Manufacturing iron (removing impurities) Uses of quicklime: o Carbon dioxide absorbent o Manufacturing glass Uses of slaked lime: o Manufacturing cement o Manufacturing plaster Calcium carbonate (limestone) -> calcium oxide (quicklime) + carbon dioxide heat CaCO3 --------> CaO + CO2 Calcium oxide + water -> calcium hydroxide CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2

1 mole CaCO3 gives off 1 mole CO2 gas 1 mole CaCO3 has mass (40+12+16*3) = 100g 1 mole CO2 has mass (12+16*2) = 44g 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 has mass (40+16*2+1*2) = 74g

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Uses of sodium chloride: o Spread on icy roads to avoid freezing point of water o Food industry (eg. flavouring, canning) Electrolysis of brine (aqueous sodium chloride) o Chlorine gas disinfectant, bleach o Hydrogen gas fuel, making ammonia o Sodium hydroxide solution paper/soap making