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Yield Criterion
Yield Criterion
1. Criteria for yielding (1) What is the meaning about yield criterion? In this case the stress is un-axial and this point can readily be determined. But what if there are several stress acting at a point in different direction
The criteria for deciding which combination of multi-axial
stress will cause yielding are called criteria. (2). Theory of yield criterion(A) Tresa criterion Yielding will occur when the maximum shear stress reaches the values of the maximum shear stress occurring under simple tension. The maximum shear stress in multi-axial stress = the maximum shear stress in simple tension
2 1 3 2 3 0 max 1 , , = 2 2 2 2
, 0
1 2
1 + 2 = 0 1 = 2 2 k= 1 = 1 = 2
2
k =
1 2
2
0
2
=k
k =
0
2
0
2
(2)The von-Mises yield criterion Yielding begin when the octahedral shear stress reaches the octahedral shear stress at yield in simple tension.
oct = oct ,o
oct =
oct ,o =
1 2 2 ( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy 2 + yz + zx ) 3
2 0 3
oct ,o
oct = oct ,o
1 2 2 2 2 ( x z ) 2 + ( x y ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy + yz + zx ) = 0 3 3
2 0 3
1 2 2 2 J 2 = [( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy + xz + yz )] 6
J2 =
2 o
1 = 2 = k , z = 0
6 2 k= 0 3 3 1 0 k = 3
: k von-Mises yield :
J2 = k 2
kV =
1 0 = 0.577 0 3
kV > kT
(3)Yield surface and Haigh-westergaard stress space From the yielding criterion, the shear condition in multi-axial stress = the shear condition in simple tension
F ( ij ) = K (k ) < 1 >
(3) Yield surface And Haigh-Westergaard stress space From the form of yielding criterion. That is
The shear condition in multiaxial stress = The shear condition in simple tension
F ( ij ) = K (k )
----------------(1)
obtain from simple tension
(A). Represents a hyper surface in the six-dimensional stress space, any point on this surface represents a points a point at which yielding can begin and function (1) is called the yielding function. The surface in the stress space is called the yield surface. Since the rotating the axes does not affect the yielding state, we can choose the principal axes for the coordinates.
F ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = K
Furthermore, since it is always assumed that hydrostatic tension or compression does not influence yielding , we can assume that only the stress deviators enter into the yielding function.
f ( s1 , s2 , s3 ) = K
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f ( J 2 , J 3 ) = K (k )
oct =
=
1 2 2 2 s12 + s2 + s3 = o ( m ) 3 3
1 , 2 , 3 ,.
The principal ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) coordinate system represents a stress space called the Haigh-wWester-gaard stress space.
Consider a line ON which passing through the origin, and having equal angles With the coordinates axes, then every point on this line is
1 + 2 + 3 3
uuur
1 = 2 = 3 = m =
()
uuur
Where
uuu r uuu ON r r OPg uuu = (ON ) and : is the distance from origin to the plane
and
u u u r r r r r r B = P A = ( 1 m )i + ( 2 m ) j + ( 3 m )k
B 2 = ( 1 m ) 2 + ( 2 m ) 2 + ( 3 m ) 2
2 2 = s12 + s2 + s3
(Q J 2 =
1 2 2 2 1 ( s1 + s2 + s3 ) = sij sij ) 2 2
#
B2 = 2J 2 B = 2J =
1 2 2
1 2 and J 2 = 0 (von Mises) 3 u r => the components of B are therefore the stress deriators s1 , s2 , s3
2 0 3
=>
uuu r 1 u u u r r r ON P = A + B = 3 m uuu + 2 J 22 r ON u r B u r B (at Haigh - Wester - gaard stress space)
Since it is assumed that yielding is determined by the deriatoric state of stress only, it follows that if one of the points on the line through p parallel to ON lies on the yield surface => they must all lie on the yield surface, since they all have the same deriatoric stress components. Hence the yield surface must be composed of lines parallel to ON ; i.e, it must be a cylinder with generators parallel to
uuur ON . uuur uuur
Note: (a) The intersection of this yield cylinder with any plane perpendicular to it will produce a curve called the yield locus. Since this curve will be the same for all planes perpendicular to the cylinder. => For this purpose we choose the -plane which m = 0 . (b) If, as usual, isotropy is assumed so that rotating the axes does not affect the yielding. That means a line perpendicular to
have six symmetric sectors. (1,-1, 2,-2, 3,-3) (c) The yield surface must be symmetric in the principal stress since it certainly does not matter.
=> Hence, we have divided the yield locus into 12 symmetric sectors, each of 30o . and we need only consider the stress states lying in one of these sectors.
a= b=
= tan 1
b = tan 1 a
3 tan =
2 3 2 1 2 1
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1 2 1 J2 = o = r2 3 2 2 2 r2 = o 3
2 o 3
NoTe: (a).for = 0
3 tan = 2 3 2 1 =0 2 1
2 3 2 1 =1 2 1
(c) If the yield locus is assumed to be convex, the bounds on yield loci will be between C' A B' and C A B.
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A yielding curve below CAB Which pass the C, A, B point will not be convex is call lower bound. a yielding curve outside C C' A B' B which pass the C,A,B point will not be convex also is call upper bound.
()
And
k is a value wich defind a yield surface. and strain-harden function F( ij ) is loading function.
After yielding has occurred, k take on a new value, depending on the strain-hardening properties of the material. After yielding has occurred, k takes on a new value, depending on the strain-hardening properties of the material.
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A. Loading and unloading for a strain-hardening material Three cases for a strain-hardening material: (A) Loading plastic flow is occurring.
F = k , dF = F d ij > 0 ij F d ij = 0 ij F d ij < 0 ij u ur u F F ur d j = ( e j ) ( d i e j ) j j u r ur u = F d i e j
(B)
(C)
unloading
F = k , dF =
Note: ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , dF =
u r F : yield surface
ur u d i e j :
dF =
F d j < 0 unloading j
B. Subsequent yield loci (A) Isotropic hardening If 0' > 0 , then the new yield locus is a circle of radius
2 ' 3
for von-Misses criterion, which is larger than, but concentric with , the origin yield circle. The material is called strain harden isotropically.
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: ,!
Prager Kinematic model Assume : (a) The rigid frame having the shape of the yield surface (b)The frame is assumed to be constrained against rotation and to be perfectly smooth, so that only forces normal to the frame can be transmitted to it. (c)The state of stress and the state of strain are represented in the model in different ways, For example, for a rigid strain-hardening
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material, the displacement of center of the frame relative to the origin is proportional to the total strain, and the state of stress is represented by the position of the pin relative to the origin.
small plastic strain it probably gives answers that are sufficiently accurate.
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(1)
(note: ) For obtaining general stress-strain relation, two definition and two assumption are needed. Definition:
(a)Positive work is done by external agency during the application of the set of stress. d ij d ij > 0 (b)The net work performed by it over the cycle of application and removal is zero or position. d ijd ijp 0(delcte elastic strain engergy)
Assume:(a)A loading function exists. At each stage of the plastic deformation there exists a function
( ij )
so
that
further
plastic
deformation takes place only for ( ij ) > k Both and k may depend on the existing state of stress and on the strain history.
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Note: (a) cijk l may be functions of stress, strain, and history of loading that implies they are independent of the d ij (b)From assumption 1, it follows that for plastic may be applied to the stress and strain increments. If d 'ij and d ''ij are two increments producing plastic strain increments, d p 'ij and d p ''ij .And
and d k'' l = a
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a =
dF >0 F F k l k l F F dF ( ) = cijk l k l k l F F k l k l
= cijk l (
dF )dF = Gij = dF F F k l k l
F ) ke F F ( )( ) ke ke (
d ijp = Gij dF
and
Gij = Cijke
positive or negative, ' '' ' will produce the same (d ij + d ij )d ijp < 0 d ij d ijp = 0 p plastic increment d ij
' d ij Gij dF = 0
Gij = G
F = Cijke ij
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d ijp = G
f dF Hardening value ij ^ yield locus F ij (d: is a nonnegative constant which may vary through out the loading history )
= GdF = d
F ij
=> The plastic strain increment vector must be normal to the yield surface. ( Note : From d ijp = G
=G F F '' d kl ij kl F dF ij (dF = F '' d kl ) kl
()
F ( ij ) = J 2 =
1 1 1 2 ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2 = sij sij = o 2 6 3
From
d ijp = GdF
( sij = ij m
sij ij
= 1)
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()
F=
1 1 ( 1 3 ) = 0 2 2
F 1 F F 1 = , =0 , = 1 2 o 3 2
1 p d 1 = 2 d d 2p = 0 1 d 3p = d 2
(1)(2) are known as the flow rules associated with the von-Mises and Tresca criteria.
.Perfectly Plastic Material
For ideal plasticity it is also assumed that F ( ij ) exists and is function of stress only , and that plastic flow take place without limit when F ( ij ) =k, and the material behaves elastically when F ( ij ) <k. For plastic flow.
F F F dF = d ij = 0 d ijp // d ijp = d ij ij ij d d p = 0 ij ij
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d ijp //
Definition
1 F ( ij ) = K ( e ) = J 2 = e2 For Von-Mises 3
3 F 2 ij F F k l k l
d ep =
3 F 2 ij
' F F e k l k l
d e
e = 3 2 =
Note: e = 0 ,. ()Effective plastic strain d ep From the definition of plastic work=Effective plastic work
e d ep = sij d ep (If plastic flow is happened)
d =
p e
sij
d =
p e
0d
p e
d ijp Gd
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d ep d ep 2 p p d ij d ij = 3 3 p p d ij d ij 2
d ep = 3 p p d ij d ij (For Von-mises criterion ) 2
3 p p p (d xp ) 2 + (d yp ) 2 + (d zp ) 2 + 2(d xy ) 2 + (d yz ) 2 + (d zx ) 2 2
1 2
1 2
sij d ep = e d ep = 0 d xp
d ep = GdF
2 F F 3 ij ij d ep F F ij ij
dFG =
3 2
d ijp =
3 F 2 ij F F k l k l
d ep =
3 F 2 ij
' F F e k l k l
d e
( e' =
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d ijp =
=
3 sij 2 d p ( Q = 3 s s ) F = s , F = s e e ij ij kl ij 2 k l ij sk l s k l
d ijp =
3 sij 3 sij d e d ep = (The flow rule associated with von mises 2 e 2 e e'
yield criterion)
sij
or
3p = ij 2 2 e p sij = p ij 3
3 s p 3 s e ij = ij e = ij ' 2 e 2 e e
p
and
1 v v vi ,e ij = ( i + j ) 2 xj xj
e =
3 p p ij ij 2
sij = 2 e p ij 3 p
If
the
velocity
field
is
know
p 1 v v 2 p p vi , e ij = ( i + j ) e = ij ij 3 2 x j x j
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are
called
incremental
stress-strain relations because they relate the increments of plastic strain to the stress. For the case of proportion or radial loading i.e if all the stress are increasing in ratio (stressed disk or cylinders), the incremental theory reduces of the deformation theory.
sij = K e = K 3 s p ijp = e 2
0 ij 0 e
IF
3 s p p d ij = 2 d e
0 ij 0 e
0 ij = K ij
and
is
d ijp =
0 3 sij p = e 2 e0
p ij
Let some external agency add stresses along some arbitrary path inside the surface until a state of stress d ij is reached which is on the
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yield surface. Now suppose the external agency to add a very small outward pointed stress increment d ij which produces small plastic strain increments d ij , as coell as elastic increments. The work done by the external agency over the cycle is
(1)
25
and 1 = r , 2 = 3 =
2 ( r ) 2 = 0 0 = r
.Prandfl-reuss Equation
From d ijp =
3 d ep S ij d ep = 2 re
2 p p d ij d ij = d rp 3
d rp = d ep sgn( r )
(1)
(2)
d r + =0 dr r
rp + p + zp = 0
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(3)
NOTE: for the case of plane stress z = 0 and for the case of plane strain z = 0 or z = const. for generalized strain. In both cases the stear stresses and strains are zero.
Thick Hollow sphere with internal pressure
Consider a sphere with inner radius a and outer radius b , subjected to an internal pressure P. It is obvious that complete symmetry about the center will exist so that the radial and any two tangential direction will be principal direction.
(1)
Elastic solution
1 r = E ( r 2 ) d From and + r = 0 1 dr r = [(1 ) r ] E
equations
27
d r 3 2c + r = 1 dr r r d , r = ez dz
let =
d d dr d z d = = e =r = rD dz dr dz dr dr
( + 3) r = 2c1
y h = c2 e 3 z = c2 1 r3
yp =
y = yh + y p =
Pa 3 Pa 3 b3 a 3b 3 1 r = 3 (1 3 ) + 3 = 3 (b a 3 ) r 3 b a 3 b a 3 a 3 1 3 Pa = r + 2 2 b3 a 3
3 3 Sr = r = P 3 3 0 ( 1) 3 3 S = P 2 + 2 3 ( 3 1)
dw = ( ij ij )d ijp + d ij d ijp and ij : some state of stress inside
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condition)
29
Singular point-
The yield surface has vertices or corners where the gradient is not defined (Tresca hexagon). Such point can be treated by introducing an auxiliary parameter. 7.Application To solve any plasticity problem, four sets of relations must be satisfied as: (a)
(b)
30
(c)
II Prandtl-Reuss Equations
d ijp = 3 d sij 2 e
p e
e = and d p = e
(d)
p26
31
p31
If we know m , then any point stress could be know.
If curves are now drawn in the xy plane such that at every point of each curve the tangent coincides with one of maximum shear direction, The two families of curves called shear lines, or slip lines.
line line
Note:<a> , are merely parameters or curvilinear coordinates used to designate the point under consideration, just as x and y designate the point. <b>Take a curve element, From monrs cycles
32
v d x 1 v v du x =x = =, y = y , xy = ( x + y ) x dt y 2 y x dt
From ,
If we choose the
= 0, , = = x y
If we know 1 , 2 m x , y , xy
.
33
v y vx ( x ) ( y ) y = x vx v y 2 xy + ) ( y x v v y ( x+ )=0 x y
Since the principal axes of stress and stress and of plastic strain increment coincide, it follows that the maximum shear stress lines and maximum shear velocity lines coincides, or the stress slip lines are the same as the velocity slip line.
the strain rates normal to the and direction are equal to
shearing flows in the slip direction. (,) Now consider the velocities in the slip direction
And x v y = v sin + v cos
v = v cos v sin
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Henckys first law the angle between two slip lines of one family at the points where they are cut by a slip line of the other family is constant along their lengths.
mC mA = 4 K D 2 K A 2K C
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Let us take the coordinate axes in the principal direction. And any section direction is v = l i + n j + mk = v j
r r r r
From
ij vi = Tvj
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