Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks

CS/EEE/INSTR C414

Telecommunications
The word telecommunication was adapted from the French word tlcommunication. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele meaning 'far off', and the Latin communicare, meaning 'to share'. The French word tlcommunication was coined in 1904 by French engineer and novelist douard Estauni.

 Telecommunications has been defined as a technology concerned with communicating from a distance.

It includes mechanical and electrical communication because telecommunications has evolved from mechanical to electrical.

Telecommunications

Bidirectional

Unidirectional Mass Communication

Post

Telegraph

Press

Telex

Telephone

Radio

Data Networks

Cellular Services

TV

 Telecommunication is an important part of modern society and world economy. In 2008, estimates placed the telecommunication industry's revenue at $3.85 trillion. GDP world (2008) = $60 trillion. Just estimate the significance of telecom industry in world economy. India GDP - 2% of Worlds GDP (2008), Indian Telecom sector contributes 5.6% (2009) to GDP (India).

Telecommunication Services have an essential impact on the development of a community. Looking at Teledensity (Telephone Density: Number of telephones per 100 inhabitants) of a country, one can estimate its level of technical and economic development. A teledensity greater than 100 means there are more telephones than people.

Teledensity in India
Teledensity: 31.5% (Oct 2008) Teledensity: 38.88% (May 2009) Teledensity: 52.74% (March 2010)

Projected teledensity: 500 million by 2010. Actual Teledensity: 621.28 Million in 2010.

Services dependent on Telecommunications

Banking, ATMs Aviation, Railways (Ticket Booking) Sales, Purchases, and Orders handling. Credit card Payments. Travel and Tourism. Public Services.

Basic elements
A telecommunication system consists of three basic elements: Terminals, Transmission Systems, and Switching. Often telecommunication systems are two-way between entities/subscribers, and a single device acts as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a transceiver.

In telephone conversation the one who initiates the call is referred to as the calling subscriber (Source) and the one for whom the call is destined is the called subscriber (Destination). Terminals Instruments (Rotary or Touch Tone)

Signaling
In order to draw attention of called subscriber, some form of signaling is required. E.g. If the called subscriber is engaged, a suitable indication should be given to the calling subscriber by means of signaling. Subscriber line signaling Inter- and Intra- Exchange Signaling

Transmission Systems
Conducting Media Non-conducting Media Wireless Media

A channel is the transmission medium used to send multiple streams of information.

Point to point link

Telecommunication over a phone line is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver.

Switch
Switching Offices/Systems Central Offices Telephone Exchanges Wire Centers. Saving Copper Wires

CO

Network
A collection of transmitters, receivers or transceivers that communicate with each other is known as a network. Networks with point-to-point links among all the entities fully connected networks.

Links that run between the switching systems are called trunks, and those that run to the subscriber premises are know as subscriber lines.

The analog network hierarchy

Bell system hierarchy (pre-1984)
Consists of five levels Regional center, sectional center, primary center, toll center, end office (central office).

Network Hierarchy
International Gateway Exchange
Regional center

Sectional center

Sectional center

Primary center

Primary Center

Toll center

Toll Center

End Office

End Office

Class1
The class 1 office - Regional Center (RC). Regional centers served three purposes : (a) "last resort" for final setup of calls when routes between centers lower in the hierarchy were not available (b) authority to block portions of the network within the region in case of emergencies or network congestion (c) international overseas gateways.

Class 2
The class 2 office - Sectional Center (SC). The sectional center typically connected major toll centers within one or two states or provinces - interstate or interprovincial connections for long-distance calls. At various times, there were between 50 and 75 active class 2 offices in the network.

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Class 3
The class 3 office - Primary Center (PC). Calls being made beyond the limits of a small geographical area. High usage trunks to complete connection between toll centers. The primary center never served dial tone to the user. The number of primary centers in the network fluctuated from time to time, ranging between 150 and 230.

Class 4
The class 4 office is the Toll Center (TC), Toll Point (TP), or Intermediate Point (IP). A call going between two end offices not directly connected together, or whose direct trunks are busy, is routed through the toll center. This toll center may also be called the tandem office

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Class 5
The class 5 office is the local exchange or end office. It delivers dial tone to the customer. The end office, also called a branch exchange, is the closest connection to the end customer.

Switching Hierarchy
T P T S T

R P T S P T P

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 In modern times only the terms Class 4 and Class 5 are much used, as any tandem office is referred to as a Class 4. This change was prompted in great part by changes in the power of switches and the relative cost of transmission, both of which tended to flatten the switch hierarchy.

North American Network

(showing alternate routing capability)
Traffic always routed through lowest available level network

Class 1 (Regional Ctr)

1

Backbone network
1

Class 2 (Sectional Ctr)

2

Direct Inter-Office trunks

Class 3 (Primary Ctr)

Class 4 (Toll Ctr) Class 5 (end office) End user (originating)

2 1

High Usage Trunks End user (terminating)

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 Bell system hierarchy

A combination of hierarchical and mesh network for better reliability High usage trunks, alternate routing paths. tandem switches within a exchange area.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Two main bodies ITU-Telecommunications (Formerly CCITT Consultative Committee International Telegraph and Telephone, Now, ITU-T) Establishes recommendations for telephone, telegraph and data communications ITU-Radio (Formerly Consultative Committee International Radio, Now, ITU-R) Coordinating the use of radio spectrum

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Role of ITU-T & ITUR?

Standardization
Open Standards are needed to enable the interconnections of systems, equipment and networks of different manufacturers, vendors and operators.

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Few Standards by ITU:

Coding of audio G.711 and G.72x series Coding of still images JPEG T.80 and JPEG 2000 T.800 series Coding of video coding H.262/MPEG2-Video and H.264/MPEG-4 Fax standards T.2 T.4, T.30, T.37, T.38 H.323 family of standards for multimedia and VoIP IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) codes used in SIM cards E.212 ISDN and PSTN/3G videoconferencing systems, H.320 and H.324 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Q.931 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Passive optical networks (PON) G.983, G.984 Public telecommunication numbering plan, E.164 Signaling System 7 Q.7xx series Standards relating to Quality of Service (QoS) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) G.707 G.803 Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) X.25 (x)DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) series of standards for broadband telecoms

Why you need

STANDARDS?

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Standards
Enable competition products cost effective, low cost services to telecom users Leads to economics of scale in manufacturing and engineering decrease cost increase acceptance. Make international services available. Make users and network operators vendor independent and improve availability of the systems.

Political interests often lead to different standards in Europe, Japan and America. International standards are threat to local industries of big countries but opportunities for small countries.

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Standard Organizations
Authorities that approve official standards. Players in telecom business Interested Parties
Network Operators Service Users

Equipment Manufacturers

Academic Experts

Govt. Officials

National Standard Authorities

Approve Official National standards

DIN

ANSI

SFS

BSI

SFS: Finnish Standards Institute ANSI: American National Standards Institute DIN: Deutche Industrie-Normen BSI: British Standards Institute

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Other
Organizations

European Organizations
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standard Institute CEPT: European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications Administrations (Conference Europeenne des Administrations des Posts et des Telecommunications) CEN/CENELEC: European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization/European Committee for standardization

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American Organizations
Institute of electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronic Industries Association (EIA) Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Global Organizations
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) International Standards Organization/ International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC). CCITT ITU-T (Comite Consultatif International de Telegraphique et Telephonique) International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee. CCIR ITU-R (Comite Consultatif International des Radiocommunications) International Radio Consultative Committee.

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Other Organizations
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Asynchronous Transfer Mode Forum (ATM Forum) Network Management Forum

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