Month Review On a freezing but bright Minnesota morning, baristas from baristas locally and across tions of federal labor law with the gathered on the sidewalk in front of the Franklin and the US through an online survey, National Labor Relations Board. Nicollet Starbucks in Minneapolis. Mittens clutched the scoring the company on a scale of Union baristas alleged a pattern of splintery handles of picket signs. The baristas started to 1-3 (the same as Starbucks own abuses, ranging from interrogation chant, “Starbucks Union, here to stay; these lattes are review system). of workers for suspected union union made!” sympathies, to instructing supervi- The results were not flattering for sors to spy on the union, and dis- It was January 8th, 2009. Almost six months prior, in the bosses. Starbucks scored a ciplining workers for participating the first public action of the IWW Starbucks Workers dismal 0.6, with baristas alleging in the union. The charges are simi- Union in Minnesota, baristas lar to allegations brought at the Mall of America Star- against Starbucks by IWW bucks had stopped work to baristas in New York City, protest the closure of 600 where a federal ruling stores. A week earlier, one of against Starbucks concluded the workers had been fired a two-year legal battle be- for discussing unionization tween the coffee giant and with his peers. Despite the union baristas. firing, the idea stuck, with baristas at the Franklin and Since the legal process takes Nicollet Starbucks soon time, Twin Cities baristas joining their fellow workers decided to take their mes- at the Mall of America as sage directly to management. public union members. After picketing for a few minutes, the workers began Almost six months later, the taking turns reading off a growth of the union was litany of grievances. “Poverty evident as workers from wages.” “Inconsistent sched- several Minneapolis loca- uling.” “Racist hiring prac- tions came together to give tices.” “Union-busting.” “Un- Starbucks a “Big Review.” Standing almost six feet tall, illegal misconduct in many catego- fair disciplinary procedures.” “In- the “Review” was indeed “Big.” Aside from the tongue- ries, such as equal opportunity consistent scheduling.” Workers in-cheek wordplay, the action had special meaning for hiring, treating coffee farmers with told personal stories of sexual Starbucks workers. Normally, baristas wait for their respect, paying decent wages, pro- harassment by managers, bounced six-month reviews nervously. If you have been suffi- viding consistent scheduling, and rent checks, and the thousand ciently submissive, you may get a 30-cent raise. Most respecting labor law. other invisible miseries endured people aren’t so lucky, getting 20 cents or less. Now by today’s working class. things are different. As a union, workers have the op- Indeed, two days earlier, the IWW portunity to talk back. Over the last two weeks, the Starbucks Workers Union filed 11 Heard on their own, the stories Twin Cities Starbucks Workers Union gathered input charges encompassing 25 viola- continued on page 2
Editorial Rebellion in Greece Independent Un- Seattle Solidarity Economic Crisis
Editor Ericco Hedake on An FW discusses the ionism in Cambodia Network Action Group the continued importance recent student and An FW documents his An analysis of the Seattle Notes on the Twin Cities’ of organizing, not politics, worker revolts in Greece. trip to build solidarity Solidarity Network and grassroots response to to combat worldwide Page 3 between the IWW and the potential for broad- the current implosion of economic recession. Combodian labor unions. based organization capitalism. Page 2 Page 4 locally. Page 6 Pages 5 & 6 THE ORGANIZER
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titled "The past didn't go any-
THE ORGANIZER Editorial where: Making resistance to antis- emitism part of all of our move- A monthly publication of the What a new year. Most of the ments," (endorsed by none other Twin Cities General world is thrilled that Barack than Chris Crass!). It can be Membership Branch of the Obama is the new president of viewed and downloaded from the Industrial Workers of the World. the United States. It is unlikely internet at http://www.pinteleyid he'll be anywhere near as hostile .com/past/ The IWW is a union for all to the interests of workers as workers, dedicated to organizing President Bush was, but those We have a lot of work to do on the job for better conditions who have watched his cabinet comrades. Let us celebrate our today, and a world without picks have noticed a disturbing victories, and gird ourselves for bosses tomorrow. continuity with the Clinton ad- the battles ahead. They will be ministration, during which period many, but if we remain faithful to You are invited to contact the vicious anti-worker actions were Branch Secretary-Treasurer or our convictions and refuse to be taken, such as the signing of divided, we will end victorious. As any Delegate listed below for NAFTA. Workers cannot rely on no-pressure conversations about Errico Malatesta once stated, Obama or 'friendly politicians' to "Those who fall without com- your issues on the job. fight for their rights. promise today, can be sure of vic- Branch Contacts tory tomorrow." Let's get to it. Twin Cities IWW And both here at home and P.O Box 14111 around the world, workers are Note: The Organizer welcomes Minneapolis, MN 55414 not waiting. In this issue there are letters to the editors. Please send stories on the amazing progress letters to tc-organizer@riseup. Tel. (612) 336-1266 made by the Starbucks Workers net. We reserve the right to edit email. twincities@iww.org Union of the IWW here in the letters prior to publication. web. twincities.iww.org Twin Cities and around the nation – FW Ericco Hedake (and the world), on the rebellion Branch Secretary- in Greece, and on the efforts of Treasurers Independent Cambodian unions Steve Holm to organize in the face of a des- stephanholm@earthlink.net perate economic crisis. Not all the news is good, however, and we Kieran Knutson have also chosen to run the redblack@riseup.net statement by the International Editors Solidarity Commission of the Six Month Review, Errico Hedake IWW against the Israeli govern- continued from page 1 Alexander Graham ment and IDF's vicious and brutal would be nothing more or less bombing and attacks on the Gaza than disempowering tragedies. But Policy strip, where nearly 1,300 people taken together, it was all fuel for Stories, letters to the editors, have been murdered, almost 900 the fire. Even in the cold Minne- and belly-aching can be of whom were civilians. sota morning, hearts began to addressed to warm with solidarity and a desire tc-organizer@riseup.net This delicate issue arises regularly for justice. Confident in our soli- in the circles of the American Left, darity, we took the six foot tall Unless otherwise stated, the as elsewhere, and usually threat- review to Starbucks area office in opinions expressed are not ens to divide the working class. an corporate tower in Blooming- necessarily the official position Some of us see condemnations of ton. When no one answered the of the local branch or the union state murder of Palestinian civil- door, we slipped the giant docu- as a whole. ians as a form of anti-semitism, ment under the door for man- while others feel that any defense agement to find later. Many of our members are of Israel constitutes a form of Six months ago, the idea of a un- engaged in active organizing chauvinist Zionism. The ISC has ion for Starbucks workers, or of a campaigns, and some use an taken pains to distinguish between “Review” for management would alias, occasionally their union its concerns with the rights of have seemed preposterous. card number, or ‘x’ number. We workers and civilians to be free Communication was one-way. prefer transparency over from violence and murder with- Now we have found our voice, secrecy whenever possible, but out engaging in the anti-semitic and we’re only getting louder. will always honor requests for rhetoric that often inflames and anonymity . disguises the real issues. On that The Twin Cities SWU/IWW baristas latter topic, those concerned with have begun a blog at the issue of anti-semitism and the http://tcsbuxunion.com/ . Check it Left may be interested in reading out!On December 6th of last year a new pamphlet by April Johnson THE ORGANIZER
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The Rebellion in Greece!
police shot and killed 16-year old Alexandros Grigoropoulos ist political parties to tip their The uprising has created a crisis in the Exarcheia Square neighborhood of Athens, Greece. hands a bit, often more than they on many levels for the Greek, This neighborhood is famous for its status as a hang-out for would have liked. European, and international ruling radicals, immigrants, artists and outsiders – maybe like the class. We all know that the inter- West Bank in Minneapolis on a much bigger scale. Immedi- In response to the scaleback of national capitalist system is in a ately the neighborhood erupted and confronted the police. the general strike, the headquar- crisis of uncertain magnitude and Riots quickly spread to the Athens' suburbs,Thessaloniki ters of Greece’s main union fed- that the system is incredibly vul- (Greece’s gritty second city), Crete and many other parts of eration was occupied by a group nerable to a strong challenge. Greece. The riots eventually transformed into a nation-wide of workers in solidarity with the Early attempts by the PASOK and in fact international rebellion, lasting four weeks and youth in the streets. Initial at- (large mainstream socialist party) involving solidarity actions in countries around the world. For tempts by the bureaucrats and to use this to ride back into gov- wobblies, the occupation by rank and file workers of labor their “heavies” to re-take the HQ ernment are now being seen as union headquarters, in support of a call for a general strike, were thwarted by students insufficient to stem the revolt. may be the most important event. marching over to defend the oc- cupation. We should remember After decisions made by mass The main actions that it was precisely assemblies, the occupations of in the first days the coalition between universities, municipal buildings, of the rebellion students and workers and labor offices were ended by were confronta- that sparked the the rebels themselves, with deci- tions with the worldwide rebellion sions made to spread the rebel- police, attacks on of 1968 in Paris. All of lion through a broader segment of police stations these occupations the population than that which and capitalist & began having open could actively participate in street state symbols, mass assemblies to battles. Since then protest and some loot- make decisions about marches on topics of education, ing. The street both the specific op- and opposed to police violence fighting has been position and the have taken place. Police have been extremely fierce, broader struggle. A TV accused of violently attacking not with molotov station was briefly only protesters, but also media cocktails and occupied and the pro- and the press. In the protest burning cars and buildings. The people in the streets at testers managed to actually against police brutality, some po- first were mainly radical youth especially from Greek’s broadcast a 5-min message urging lice labor unionists openly took large militant anarchist movement and the radical stu- viewers to “stop watching and join part and issued their own state- dent movement. During one of these battles, a poor us in the streets”. On the Acropo- ment against the attempt to solve woman's sales kiosk burned down. Because of the early lis, one of Greece’s main cultural/ social problems with repressive date of her livelihood's destruction, the government tourist symbols, giant banners measures. has refused to assist her. Anarchists have since raised were hung urging the rest of over $18,000 and delivered to this woman, "who could Europe to take up the rebellion. Greece has a long tradition of be our mother." International actions began, and anticapitalist electoral parties, the ruling capitalist press openly such as the KKE and the parties The space created by the confrontation expanded both worried that the Greek infection composing the SYRIZA. Anar- participation and the scope of the struggle: immigrants could spread. chists have often been subsumed from Albania, Romania and Africa have joined in, and in subcultural identities such as the ideological component of the rebellion became Greek fascists acted against the punk. In one interview, one of the clearly working-class and anti-racist. An occupation growing insurgency. The hardcore rebels identified their recent re- movement began – several universities and high fascist organization Golden Dawn, jection of subcultural organizing schools were occupied, as were municipal government allied with the fascist and white as a major strength and one of buildings. supremacist National Alliance in the causes of the widespread ap- the U.S., mobilized it’s fighting peal of the rebellion. It clearly led The Greek Communist Party (KKE) attempted to pac- core to attack rioters and assist to a clear working-class and anti- ify the movement through physical actions to end oc- police in arrests. They were pho- capitalist agenda on the part of cupations and calls for 'national unity.' A general strike tographed and videotaped openly the rebels, which became clear in was scaled back by reformist union leaders in an at- carrying clubs and knives in the confrontation between rank- tempt to keep their membership away from the youth groups as large as 50, in formation and-file workers and union bu- in the streets. condemned the protesters in the lines with the riot police. It’s been reaucrats. streets, referring to them as "hooded rioters" that the said that the cop who killed Alex- Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) were andros came from a family of fas- The rebellion continues, and "patting...on the back." SYRIZA in turn accused the cist sympathizers and had in fact though it is now perhaps less KKE of taking on "the role of the state's prosecutor." himself been a member of Golden 'spectacular,' it is vibrant and liv- Direct action in the streets forced even the anticapital- Dawn. ing, and a sign of hope. – FWs Knutson and Davis Independent Unionism in Cambodia Facing Severe Challenges as the Garmet Industry Takes a Hit Chea Mony, the president of the Free Trade Union also under attack. According to Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia, seems to work On January 22nd of 2009, the fifth Chea Mony, the workers are los- 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. When I met with him, he anniversary of the public execu- ing faith in the ability of the union was very tired, sick, and toward the end of a long day, tion style murder of Chea Vichea, to effect change. This was a mat- and was preparing to write up yet another complaint Chea Mony joined hundreds of ter of deep concern and obvious against the owners of a garment factory. He took workers and political activists in a personal distress on the part of nearly an hour to talk with me about the experience of march and memorial to the site of Chea Mony. The most distressing the union and Cambodian workers, and to discuss the the murder, where they held a example of this for Mony was the possibility of furthering solidarity actions with the brief ceremony to benefit the fact that the vast majority of or- IWW. spirit of Chea Vichea, identified ganized workers - from 85%-90% him as a Virajun (Hero) of the - have stopped regularly paying FTU organizes across trades, but the majority of its workers, and laid flowers. dues. Overall membership contin- members are in the garment factory. The FTU currently ues to increase, but the rate of has over 30,000 enrolled members; approximately 85% Huge Challenges increase is considerably slower of those workers are rural women who remit signifi- In spite of these successes, 2008 than in the past. cant portions of their monthly salaries to relatives in cannot be described as a year of the countryside. The World Bank estimated that these progress. Indeed, my discussion My ticket to Cambodia this year remittances improved the household incomes of 13% with union officers, and especially was paid for by a conference on of rural households, a figure which represents the sig- Chea Mony, left me deeply so- Cambodia's economic develop- nificant impact of the budding urban industrial econ- bered and anxious about the fu- ment. That conference was full of omy in a country which remains overwhelmingly rural ture of the FTUWKC and the people who have dedicated sig- union move- nificant proportions of their pro- ment in Cam- fessional lives to furthering the bodia. These economic development of Cam- challenges are bodia, and most are not laboring many, and under a delusion that Cambodia's daunting. situation is improving significantly, despite generalized improvement The worldwide on basic health and security met- economic crisis rics. Still, I was not prepared by is the larges this conference for the level of and most im- distress that I encountered at the mediate threat FTU offices. But Mony and the and agrarian (71% of heads of household are primarily to the Cambodian worker: Cam- FTU are not encouraging engaged in agricultural work, and over 80% live in the bodia's industrial workers have defeatism. When I asked him countryside). made their historic progress over what the workers needed to win the past fifteen years in part on in Cambodia, he replied, Victories the basis of a coordinated market- 2008 saw a few victories for the FTUWKC. A long ing push of sorts, in which the "We need time. Maybe we need a planned action demanding garment industry-wide sal- Cambodian government agreed to long time. Right now we need ary raises, from $50 to $56/month, was successful, a labor law which was relatively money, enough money to survive though other issues, such as limits on seniority raises favorable (in regional terms, gen- on. If the workers can't eat and (limits which effectively freeze salaries for long-standing erally miserable) to workers. This can't find housing, we won't be employees) were not effectively challenged. The law has never been sufficiently strong enough to strike, to resist, FTUWKC has been the most successful union in the enforced, despite monitoring or to organize. If we can get country in agitating for wage increases - starting origi- work done by the International enough to eat and live, we'll have nally from $25/month in the late 1990s to the current Labor Organization's Better Fac- enough strength to fight more wage of $56. This success took place in the beginning of tories program. The beginnings of effectively. If we can do this for the year. the global economic collapse cur- ourselves, the workers will have rently ongoing will continue to more faith in the union. With The most public success in the second half of the year exert pressure on manufacturers enough faith in the union, we will took place immediately upon my arrival in country - in Cambodia, who are certain to be able to do anything. We also the release of Sok Sam Oeurn and Born Samnang. Sam increase their pressure on Cam- need a development law that is Oeurn and Samnang were the patsies arrested by the bodian workers. The fallout thus enforced. government and charged with the 2004 murder of far amounts to over 20 factories FTUWKC president and exemplary labor militant closed, and over 20,000 fired "Why struggle? There's no other Chea Vichea, the brother of current president Chea workers. choice. If things are good, we Mony. The FTUWKC, along with many other organiza- struggle. If things are bad, we have tions, have been calling for their release since their We are often told that crisis is a to struggle more. There's no original arrest, demanding the government search for type of opportunity. This may be other options." the real killers. true, but the union's credibility is – FW Erik Davis THE ORGANIZER 5
Moving the Evicted International Solidarity
Back In, in Seattle Committee Resolution On Tuesday the 23rd I talked with Lee from Seattle’s IWW branch about the Seattle Solidarity Network, a on Gaza solidarity-based direct action group that win gains The International Solidarity The IWW is a revolutionary in- against bosses and landlords (www.seasol.org). Origi- Commission (ISC) of the Indus- ternational industrial union that nally conceived as a way of building strike support, the trial Workers of the World works to build unity of workers ideas has been refined into an ongoing process of re- (IWW) condemns in the strong- and working class people across building Seattle’s IWW branch and opening a separate est possible terms the military all borders, occupations, indus- line of struggle that can grow the size, experience, and attack by the Israeli state and IDF tries, religions, races and nationali- victories of the militant portion of the working class. on the 1.5 million Palestinian peo- ties. The IWW stands, and has Talked about as something worth replicating here in ple living in the Gaza strip. This always stood against all wars. the Twin Cities it seemed sensible to go to the source. attack has included sustained in- Wars are caused by capitalist gov- discriminate aerial bombing of ernments, and anti-working class How does it work? The basic outline of their actions is urban population centers, schools, leaders and movements, for the as follows. Posters entitled “Problems with your Boss?” mosques, hospitals and other civil- economic and political benefit of and “Problems with your Landlord?” are put up in in- ian infrastructure. Hundreds of the ruling elites. We the working tentionally working class neighborhoods and sites like civilians have been killed and in- class are made to fight each other bus stops and low income housing units, from which jured, and homes have been de- against our own interests. people call the network. Messages are listened to by an stroyed. This attack is a form of organizer who gets in touch with the person, ideally in collective punishment by the Is- The working class and the em- person but often by phone. That organizer takes a re- raeli state against the people in ploying class have nothing in port to an elected decision-maker who makes a call on Gaza. This attack on the people in common. getting involved, based on three primary questions: 1) Is Gaza is barbaric and represents there a clear goal and target? 2) Are those coming to an attack on the working class in The working class have no bor- us willing and ready to fight? and 3) Can we win? all countries. ders. An injury to one is an injury to all. Once an issue is taken on, ideally two organizers take The ISC condemns the 18-month on the role of bottom-liners for the network, and along siege against the population in The ISC extends our total and those directly affected, are the decision-makers for the Gaza which has prevented food, unflinching support to the people campaign. The first action on any issue is always the electricity, medical supplies, and of Gaza and will work within and same, personally delivering a letter to the target to be other basic necessities from without the IWW to organize and pressured...with 10 to 30 network members in tow. reaching the people of Gaza and mobilize support against this mili- While this is difficult to setup it is important for two crippling the economy. This form tary aggression. The ISC will do all reasons. First, it often wins then and there, building of collective punishment against in our power to find ways to pro- momentum and enthusiasm. Second, it creates a critical the people of Gaza is barbaric and vide practical assistance to the mass of people invested in taking the issue to victory, represents an attack on the work- people of Gaza. building the courage and understanding of participants ing class in all countries. because they have already taken action, felt what that We extend our hands of class feels like, understand the issue, and know the parties The ISC condemns rocket attacks solidarity to all our brothers and involved. fired into southern Israel by vari- sisters in the region in occupied ous factions in Gaza. These attacks Palestine, Israel, and everywhere. From there tactics are developed as appropriate with have killed and injured Israeli civil- particular emphasis on direct action and economic ians. This form of collective pun- The ISC will continue to build pressure, and as you know wobblies can be pretty crea- ishment against the people of links of solidarity across the re- tive! Successes in SeaSol’s first year of organizing in- southern Israel represents an at- gion so that we may all help each clude getting back stolen security deposits and unpaid tack on the working class in all other in our local struggles. wages, defeating a cover-up for an on the job injury, and countries. a larger fight that went from getting apartments re- Only when we unite together, and paired to fighting a 2 day eviction notice and a building The ISC recognizes the urgency shake off the chains of oppression health code violation. and massive scale of the current and injustice that divide us from attacks and mass murder against each other, can we build a world Definitely an exciting model! And one that has grown the people of Gaza by the Israeli with no bosses and no masters. them from 5 or so original organizers to many more: state. 100 people getting emails for upcoming actions, 45 by All wars are bosses wars. Victory phone, and 25 by text message. They also have monthly It is estimated that 850 Palestini- to the workers and people of the meeting attendance of 15 or so where decisions are ans in Gaza and 13 Israelis have world! made democratically by all present. died so far. – Anonymous F-Dub continued on page 6 THE ORGANIZER 6
Economic Crisis Action SeaSol, continued from 5
Of course, as with all young or that is democratic, militant, with- out being distracted from issues Group Holds Teach-In growing organizations there is much still in the works and being centering around class and inter- secting oppressions, not noisy developed. Just as they have let neighbors or an annoying co- On Saturday, November 22, the Twin Cities-based Eco- their decision-making evolve over worker, for example. Questions of nomic Crisis Action Group (ECAG) put on the first of time to fit their changing needs, capacity are also important con- a series of series of actions and demonstrations tar- so what they can do changes with siderations for taking on such a geted to respond to our current economic crisis. Ac- their capacity. The recent creation model as the work is quite inten- cording to event organizers, around 60 people at- of a seven member organizing sive, requires the ability to drop tended the event held at Walker Methodist Church team that keeps in touch on a everyone and go, and as such is between 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm that day. weekly basis to specifically build likely to be the sole organizing the organization is a hopeful sign efforts of those who bottom-line In addition to getting the information out to the com- of taking it to the next level. One the work, though we are not munity, presenters also conveyed what the implications of the key things being worked on starting from nowhere thanks to actually are for the most vulnerable members of our is an orientation and training for the work of our fellow workers in community. Larry Long sang "Livin' in a Rich Man's the network both for people with Seattle, who offer us their post- World" to start off the afternoon and one other song issues and new members. Another ers, FAQ, and phone numbers, if between the talk by Karen and the panel. is to figure out their exact organ- they can be of use. izational status as things develop. Karen Redleaf of the ECAG presented in again in more Currently they are separate but And who knows? If SeaSol gets big detail from the previous meeting earlier in the month allied to the IWW, so as not to hit enough they might one day be a how market speculators gambling on bundles of sub- new people with too much at real force for supporting strikes as prime mortgages. She also went in depth on how this once but also given the probable they initially envisioned; already then led to the bankruptcy of major commercial bank- legal restrictions on unions, like they have found new workplace ing houses. secondary boycotts. organizers, targets, and leaders. An injury to one is an injury to all— Redleaf is in the process of possibly developing an The last major question is the this is solidarity, and the Seattle EXCO (Experimental College, a Free School in the need to consistently differentiate Solidarity Network in practice. Twin Cities) class to cover a "Part II" of her presenta- themselves from social service – FW b tion. models of organizing both inter- St. Paul Public Cable Access, the Workers International/ nally and externally—an ongo- ing challenge and victory. This is Socialist Appeal and the Freedom Road Socialist Or- ganization all had a presence with information tables at reflected in the active partici- the event. Refreshments were provided by Food Not pation of those affected in col- lective action. This is not a Upcoming Bombs. service but a mutual struggle, and those who bring issues Events. Also according to event organizers, ACORN's Jeffrey that are taken on are asked Skrenes talked about how mortgage companies used early on to commit to sup- The Union Movement in predatory lending practices and sold the risky mort- Haiti – Film & Speakers gages off to banks. As long as the housing market stayed porting others who face similar problems in the future. Moreo- February 28 at 3:00 PM "hot" and values increased, little attention was paid to ver, no one is paid to partici- IWW Solidarity Committee film the problems of that might happen with investments pate, and the budget is kept to documenting IWW delegation to based on borrowers who may not be able to actually a minimal by having monthly Haiti. Mayday Books, 301 Ceder afford the property they were buying. Linden Gawboy meetings at a donated space, all Ave on behalf of the Welfare Rights Committee talked other meetings at people’s about how the crash and resulting loss of revenue for General Membership houses, while minimal printing the State of Minnesota. Branch Meeting and some gas costs are paid for by the IWW. Lastly, as the March 3 at 7:00 PM Workers at the University of Minnesota had heard Monthly business meeting for the previously that the State of Minnesota was expecting a network grows those who IWW Twin Cities General have taken part in actions find $2 billion dollar shortfall. membership Branch. Come vote that they, too, can be attacked by their class enemies and take on where your dues are spent! All According to Gawboy, it's looking more like $4 billion members have a vote. Mayday their turn at calling upon the for the year of 2009. ECAG plans a possible demon- Books, 301 Cedar Ave network for support. stration action involving US Bank in early December, but this could not be verified at press time. Delegate/Organizer – FW Michelle Rockne All and all then, we have much Meeting to learn from the organizing Date and Time TDB going on in Seattle (as do Monthly meeting to discuss they!) and their attempts to organizing strategy and branch build a broad based working direction. Location TDB. class movement from below
Consumer Movements and Business Author(s) : Louis Bader and J. P. Wernette Source: The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jul., 1938), Pp. 3-15 Published By: Stable URL: Accessed: 29/01/2011 16:54
[Library of Ottoman Studies] Hannes Grandits, Nathalie Clayer, Robert Pichler - Conflicting Loyalties in the Balkans_ The Great Powers, the Ottoman Empire and Nation-Building (2011, I.B.Tauris) - libgen.li