Chapter 4: Geometry Coordinates

CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM AND STRAIGHT LINE Recall that a Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate system in a plane is formed by taking two mutually perpendicular real number lines (coordinate axes) - one horizontal and one vertical intersecting at their origins, and then assigning unique ordered pairs of numbers (coordinates) to each point P in the plane. The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts (quadrants), numbered I to IV in a counterclockwise direction.

GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES A linear equation in two variables is an equation that can be written in the form, Ax + By = C With A and B not both 0. For example:

2x 3y = 5,

x = 7,

y = x 3,

y = -33

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Graph A Linear Equation in Two Variables Linear equation also can be expressed in the form: y = mx + c. To graph a straight line, minimum 2 points are required. The points where the line crosses the axes are called the intercepts. To find y-intercept, we let x = 0 and solve for y, to find the x intercept, we let y = 0 and solve for x.

Example: Graph the following lines. (a) (b) (c) (d) 3x - 4y = 12 y = 2x 1 2x + 5y = 12 3 y = x+1 2

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SLOPE/GRADIENT It is very useful to have a numerical measure of the steepness of a line. The concept of slope is widely used for this purpose. The slope of a line through the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by the following formula:

Example: Find the slope of the line through each pair of points. (a) (b) (c) (-2, 5), (4, -7) (-3, -1), (-3, 5) (5, -7), (0, 8)

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Line Rising

Slope

Example

Falling

Horizontal

Vertical

Example: Write an equation of the line through each indicated pair of points. (a) (b) (c) (1, 3), (7, 5) (-5, -2), (5, -4) (2, 1), (10, 5)

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MID POINT Given two points, point A = (x1, y2) and B = (x2, y2), the x + x 2 y1 + y 2 Mid point of line AB = 1 , 2 2

Example: Find the mid point for the following straight lines. (a) (b) A = (2, 3) and B = (4, 8) C = (-9, 2) and D = (4, -15)

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Parallel Line Given the slope of line AB is m1. If line CD is parallel to AB, and C = (x1, y1) D = (x2, y2) Then the slope of CD = m1, i.e. Slope CD =

y 2 y1 = m1 x 2 x1

Therefore the equation for CD is in the form of y = m1x + c. Substitute either point C or D into the equation to solve for c.

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Perpendicular Lines (A) Given the line passing through point C = (x1, y1) is perpendicular to line AB which has slope m1.
Slope of line C , mC = 1 m1 1 x + c _____(1) m1

Equation of line pas sin g through C is in the form y = Substitute ( x1 , y1 ) in to (1)

(B) Given the slope of line AB is m1. If AB is perpendicular to the bisector of line CD, and C = (x1, y1) and D = (x2, y2).

Slope of CD, m CD =

1 m1 1 x + c _____(1) m1

Equation of line which bi sec t CD is in the form y =

x + x 2 y1 + y 2 The bi sec tor of CD is the mid po int of CD = 1 , , substitute this po int in to (1) 2 2

Example: Determine whether AB is parallel or perpendicular to CD. (a) (b) (c) A = (0, 1); B = (1, 1); C = (1, 5); D = (-1, 1) A = (1, 1); B = (3, 2); C = (-1, 1); D = (0, -1) A = (3, 3); B = (-3, 1); C = (-1, -1); D = (1, -7)

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Example: Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the following points of equations. (a) (b) (c) (d) (4, 4) and (0, 1) (1, 1) and (2, 3) y = 3x; (6, 0) 2y = -5x + 4; (5, 1)

Example: Given the points A = (1, -3), B = (5, -5) and C = (6, -1), find the equation for (a) (b) the line that passes through A and parallel to BC. the perpendicular bisector of BC.

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Question 1 P = (t 3, 2t), Q = (3t, t2) and R = (t + 2, t) are three points on a Cartesian graph. Find the value of t if: (a) (b) OP is parallel to QR. (O is the origin) OQ is perpendicular to PR.

Solutions: (a) (b) t 0, t 1, t = 7 t = 15

Question 2 P, Q and R are located at (5, -3), (9, 5) and (1, 9) respectively. Find the equation of line that passes through P and is perpendicular to QR. Solutions: y = 2x 13

Question 3 Three points A, B and C have the coordinates (-1, 0), (3, 8) and (3, 12) respectively. Find the line which is perpendicular to the bisector for (a) AB Solutions: (a) (b) 2y = 9 x y = 10 (b) BC

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Question 4 A = (3, 3), B = (6, 8) and C = (2, 6) are three points on a Cartesian graph. Find (a) (b) the equation of line AB the equation of the line that passes through B and is parallel to OC (O is the origin).

Solutions: (a) (b) 3y = 5x 6 y = 3x 10

Question 5 A = (1, 7), B = (7, 5), C = (0, -2) are three points given. Find (a) (b) (c) the perpendicular bisector of AB. the perpendicular bisector of BC. the intersection point between the lines in (a) and (b).

Solutions: (a) (b) (c) y = 3x 6 y=5x (2.75, 2.25)

Question 6 Find the equation of the line (i) passing through (3, 2) with slope -1; (ii) passing through (-4, 1) with slope ; (iii) passing through (-2, -5) with slope 2. Solutions: (a) (b) (c) x+y=5 x 2y = -6 2x y = 1

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Question 7 Let ax + by = c be the equation of a line l. Show that bx ay = k is the equation of the family of lines perpendicular to l.

Hint: Using the property of perpendicular lines.

Question 8 Find the intersection points of the following pairs of lines. (a) y + x = 8; y = 3x + 4 (b) y = 5 x; 2y = 3 + x (c) x + y + 9 =0; y 3x 7 = 0

Solutions: (a) (b) (c) (1, 7) (7/8, 8/3) (-4, -5)

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