CDMA Link Budget

CDMA RF Planning Unit 5
ZTE University
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn
Main Content
Basic conception of the link budget IS-95 reverse link budget Cdma2000-1X reverse link budget
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Link Budget - Whats it for?
1. 2.
Establish Reverse Link Maximum Allowable Pathloss Sets Forward Channel Powers to match Reverse Link Coverage (based on fowards Pilot Channel)
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BASE Pilot TX BASE Paging TX BASE Sync TX BASE 2 - Traffic TX DOWNLINK Mobile Pilot RX Mobile Paging RX Mobile Sync RX Mobile Traffic RX
Use Max Uplink Pathloss to calculate Downlink BS TX Powers
1 - UPLINK
Calculate Max Uplink Pathloss
INSERTION & CABLE LOSS
BASE ANT GAIN
FADE MARGIN
PATH LOSS
SHO GAIN
BODY LOSS
DIV. GAIN
BASE Traffic RX
Loading Factor
M/S TX
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BASE Pilot TX BASE Paging TX BASE Sync TX BASE Traffic TX Mobile Pilot RX Mobile Paging RX
Maximum Uplink Pathloss (applied to Downlink)
Mobile Sync RX Mobile Traffic RX
2 - DOWNLINK
Use Max Uplink Pathloss to calculate Downlink BS TX Powers INSERTION & CABLE LOSS BASE ANT GAIN FADE MARGIN PATH LOSS SHO GAIN BODY LOSS
1 - UPLINK
Calculate Max Uplink Pathloss
DIV. GAIN
Maximum Uplink Pathloss

BASE Traffic RX Loading Factor M/S TX
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Composition of the Wireless Link

Transmitter Power output Loss of transmissio n line Gain Path loss
Transmission Line
antenna
antenna Transmission Line
Margin
Gain
Loss of transmissio n line

Sensitivity
Receiver
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Link Budget Model

Mobile Cable loss Antenna gain Path loss Margin Antenna gain Cable loss BTS
downlink
uplink
Link budget Link budget
Downlink and uplink Downlink and uplink

Keep balance Keep balance
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Determine allowable Determine allowable maximum path loss maximum path loss Determine maximum cell Determine maximum cell radius radius
building
Marginslow fade + penetration loss+...
Transmitter Side
TransmitterEIRP(dBm) = TransmitterPower (dBm) + TransmitterAntennaGain(dBi ) Cable(orBody ) Loss (dB )

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Receiver Side
Re ceiverSensitivity (dBm) = InterferenceNoise(dBm / Hz ) + ( Eb / No)req(dB) + DataRate(dB Hz )

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Penetration Loss
Building Penetration Car Penetration
Main mechanism
diffraction, refraction Calculation methodStatistics.

Representative value of building penetration loss
? ?
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Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Open
25 dB 20 dB 15 dB 6 dB 0 dB
Fading margin
Assuming at least 75% area at the edge of the cell90% within the cellcan reliably receive signal stronger than -105dBm. Normal deviation is taken as 8dB. From the chart, the probability at 0.675 is 75%. 0.675 x 8 = 5.4 dB -105 + 5.4 = -99.6 dBm The mean signal intensity m is designed as -99.6 dBm
0.675=5.4 d Normal distribution
Cumulate normal probability distribution 100% 90% 80% 75% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 0.675 10% 0% -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
area
Deviation from m
Px 0 = P [ x x 0 ] =
75%
x0
1 2
exp
( xm )2 2
2
]dx
RSSI
- 105 dBm
90%
=8dB univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn
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-99.6dBm
Fade margin Load factor
50% Cell Edge Street-Level No Load
BTS RX
Pathloss
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BTS RX
75% Cell Edge In-Building Body Loss Soft Handoff Gain No Load
Pathloss
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75% Cell Edge In-Building Body Loss Soft Handoff Gain No Load
Final Cell Radius More near!
BTS RX
Pathloss
75% Cell Edge In-Building Body Loss Soft Handoff Gain With LOAD
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Soft handoff gain

Soft handoff gain is the available margin for Uplink and Downlink in poor coverage areas (that is, soft hand-off region) due to combination of two or more relatively uncorrelated signals. The result is that we can maintain the required QoS for a lower signal threshold - the link can sustain a greater path loss. The soft handoff gain is dependent on the shadowing standard deviation and coverage reliability.
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1 Normally distributed Signal from 1 Base station - x

-70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 -100 -105 -110 -115 -120 x
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2 Separate Normally distributed Signals from 2 Base stations

-70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 -100 -105 -110 -115 -120 x y
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Combined Signal showing Soft Handoff Gain = aprox +4dB

-70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 -100 -105 -110 -115 -120
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-70 -75 -80 -85 -90 -95 -100 -105 -110 -115 -120
Combined Signal showing Soft Handoff Gain = aprox +4dB
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Path Loss
Allowable Path Loss(dB)= Transmitte rSide(dBm) ReceiverSidedBm) ( Penetratio Loss(dB) FadingMargin(dB) + TotalGain n
Propagation Model PL(dB)=Function(F, HA, HM, D, C) PLPath Loss (dB) F Frequency (MHz) D Distance (km) H BTS (MS) antenna effective height (m) C Terrain Correction: dense urban, urban, suburban, rural
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Hata Model, COST-231 Model

-50 -60 -70 -80 +90 +80 +70
RSSI, dBm -90

-100 -110 -120 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Field Strength, +50 dBuV/m

+60 +40 +30 +20
Distance from Cell Site, km
Blue line shows the result of drive test Gray line shows the predication result of Hata model
Input Frequency Distance Antenna effective height Terrain (urban, suburban, rural, etc.)
Hata Model Hata Model Hata Model Hata Model
PL (dB) ==69.55 ++26.16 log (F) - -13.82 log(H) ++(44. 99- -6.55 log(H) )*log (D) ++C PL (dB) 69.55 26.16 log (F) 13.82 log(H) (44. 6.55 log(H) )*log (D) C PL Path Loss (dB) PL Path Loss (dB) F Frequency (150Hz - -1500 MHz) F Frequency (150Hz 1500 MHz) D Distance (km) D Distance (km) H BTS antenna effective height (m) H BTS antenna effective height (m) C:Terrain correctiondense urban00dB C:Terrain correctiondense urban dB
COST-231 COST-231
urban- 55 dB urbandB suburban- 10 dB suburban- 10 dB rural- 17 dB rural- 17 dB
PL Path Loss (dB) PL Path Loss (dB) F Frequency (1500 - -2000 MHz) F Frequency (1500 2000 MHz) D Distance (km) D Distance (km) H BTS antenna effective height (m) H BTS antenna effective height (m) C Terrain correctiondense urban -2 dB C Terrain correctiondense urban -2 dB Urban: -5 dB Urban: -5 dB Suburban: -8 dB Suburban: -8 dB Rural: -10 dB Rural: -10 dB Open: -26 dB Open: -26 dB
COST-231 COST-231
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PL (dB) ==46.3 ++33.9*logF - -13.82*logH ++(44.9 - -6.55*logH)*log D ++C PL (dB) 46.3 33.9*logF 13.82*logH (44.9 6.55*logH)*log D C
Main Content
ZTE University
IS-95-A system 800M reverse link budget Propagation Environense Urban Urban Suburban D
MS rating Tx Power(dBm) MS Antenna Gain(dBi) Body LossdB MS ERPdBm) BS Antenna Gain(dBi) BS jumper loss(dB) BS feeder loss(dB/100m BS feeder length(m) other loss estimate(dB) BS antenna feeder loss(dB) Thermal Noise Density(dBm Noise FiguredB Bit Ratekbps Eb/No Loading Interference MargindB BS Sensitivity(dBm) Handoff GaindB Fading Deviation(dB) Edge Coverage Probability Fading Margin(dB) 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 6.80 0.50 3.01 -119.37 4 8 0.75 5.40 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 6.80 0.50 3.01 -119.37 4 8 0.75 5.40 148.67 20 128.67 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 6.80 0.50 3.01 -119.37 4 8 0.75 5.40 148.67 12 136.67 50 1.50 825 -9.72 112.63
Rural 23 0 3 20 11 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 6.80 0.50 3.01 -119.37 4 8 0.75 5.40 143.97 10 133.97 50 1.50 825 -18.91 103.44
Open 23 0 3 20 11 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 6.80 0.50 3.01 -119.37 4 8 0.75 5.40 143.97 6 137.97 50 1.50 825 -28.18 94.17
Remark
cluding the connector
as duplexer and arrester
idering diversity gain
f not soft handoff,it's zero.
Max Allowable Path Loss(dB 148.67 Building Penetration Loss (d Up Link Path Loss(dB) BS Antenna Height(m) MS Antenna Height(m) RF Central Frequency(MHz) Hata model Terrain Correctio 1km Path Loss AdB Slope B 25 123.67 30 1.50 825 0 125.43
lues come from field test
Hata model L=A+BlogR
35.22 34.41 33.77 33.77 33.77 BS Radius R(km) 0.89 1.40 5.15 8.02 19.81 The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
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Link Budget Notes 1

Body loss
A body loss of 3dB is often used in link budget.
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Link Budget Notes 2

Antenna gain
450M
In the dense urban area, for directional antenna, horizontal BW: 65, vertical BW: 710 , gain :15.5dBi vertical BW: 710 , gain :14dBi. In the urban and suburban area, for directional antenna, horizontal BW: 90, In the rural area, omni-directional antenna is used, gain :11dBi. There is different gain for different antennas selected. In case of keeping up other conditions, the antennas high gain is useful to increase the coverage radius. ZTE University
Link Budget Notes 3

Antenna gain
800M
In the dense urban area, for directional antenna, horizontal BW: 65, vertical BW: 710 , gain :17 dBi vertical BW: 710 , gain :15.7 dBi. In the urban and suburban area, for directional antenna, horizontal BW: 90, In the rural area, omni-directional antenna is used, gain :11dBi. There is different gain for different antennas selected. In case of keeping up other conditions, the antennas high gain is useful to increase the coverage radius. ZTE University
Link Budget Notes 4

Antenna gain
1.9G
In the dense urban area, for directional antenna, horizontal BW: 65, vertical BW: 710 , gain :18dBi vertical BW: 710 , gain :16dBi. In the urban and suburban area, for directional antenna, horizontal BW: 90, In the rural area, omni-directional antenna is used, gain :~11dBi. There is different gain for different antennas selected. In case of keeping up other conditions, the antennas high gain is useful to increase the coverage radius. ZTE University
Link Budget Notes 5

BTS antenna feeder loss
450M
There are two cases to discuss for the feeder from BTS to antenna: If the feeder is shorter than 15mnormally only inch long jumper is used. Therefore, in the budget list, the jumper loss is 1dBthe connector loss is 1dB, the total loss is 2dB. If there is not only inch jumper but also longer 7/8 inch feeder, the loss of 7/8 inch feeder should be considered as feeder loss=the length of 7/8 inch feeder*4(dB)/100m ZTE University
Link Budget Notes 6

800M
There are two cases to discuss for the feeder from BTS to antenna: If the feeder is shorter than 15mnormally only inch long jumper is used. Therefore, in the budget list, the jumper loss is 1dBthe connector loss is 1dB, the total loss is 2dB. If there is not only inch jumper but also longer 7/8 inch feeder, the loss of 7/8 inch feeder should be considered as ZTE University feeder loss=the length of 7/8 inch feeder*6(dB)/100m univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn
Link Budget Notes 7

1.9G
There are two cases to discuss for the feeder from BTS to antenna: If the feeder is shorter than 15mnormally only inch jumper is used. Therefore, in the budget list, the jumper loss is 1dBthe connector loss is 1dB, the total loss is 2dB. If there is not only inch jumper but also 7/8 inch feeder, the loss of 7/8 inch feeder should be considered as feeder loss=the length of 7/8 inch feeder*7(dB)/100m ZTE University
Link Budget Notes 8

Building Penetration Loss
Here is experience value. For dense urban, urban, suburban, and rural area, the loss is respectively 25dB, 20dB, 15dB, 6dB. Actual penetration can be adjusted by real surrounding building.
Interference margin
RxPower =
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1 1 Loading
Link Budget Notes 9

Antenna Height
Normally, in the dense area with concentrated capacity distribution, the antennas height is relatively low, in order to reduce the pilot pollution and interference to other area. In the open area with sparse capacity distribution, the antenna height is relatively high, in order to cover more area. For dense urban, urban, suburban and rural area, the antenna height is respectively 30m, 40m, 50m,
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50m.
Main Content
ZTE University
cdma2000 1x system 800M reverse link budget

Propagation Environme Traffic Type Bit Ratekbps 153.60 MS rating Tx Power(dBm) 23 MS Antenna Gain(dBi) Body LossdB MS ERPdBm) BS Antenna Gain(dBi) BS jumper loss(dB) BS feeder loss(dB/100 BS feeder length(m) other loss estimate(dB) BS antenna feeder loss(dB) Thermal Noise Density(dBm Noise FiguredB Bit Ratekbps Eb/No Loading Interference MargindB BS Sensitivity(dBm) Handoff GaindB Fading Deviation(dB) Edge Coverage Probability Fading Margin(dB) 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 153600 2.20 0.50 3.01 -111.93 4 8 0.75 Urban 76.80 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 76800 2.70 0.50 3.01 -114.44 4 8 0.75 5.40 143.74 20 123.74 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 1.00 data 38.40 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 38400 3.30 0.50 3.01 -116.85 4 8 0.75 5.40 146.15 20 126.15 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 1.18 19.20 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 19200 4.00 0.50 3.01 -119.16 4 8 0.75 5.40 148.46 20 128.46 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 1.38 9.60 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 4.90 0.50 3.01 -121.27 4 8 0.75 5.40 150.57 20 130.57 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 1.58 1X 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 4.90 0.50 3.01 -121.27 4 8 0.75 5.40 150.57 20 130.57 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 1.58 voice IS-95-A 23 0 3 20 15.70 1 6 50 1 5 -174 5 9600 6.80 0.50 3.01 -119.37 4 8 0.75 5.40 148.67 20 128.67 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 1.40 univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn
5.40 Max Allowable Path Loss(d 141.23 Building Penetration Loss ( Up Link Path Loss(dB) BS Antenna Height(m) MS Antenna Height(m) RF Central Frequency(MHz Hata model Terrain Correct 1km Path Loss AdB Slope B 20 121.23 40 1.50 825 0 123.69 34.41 0.85
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BS Radius R(km)
Link Budget Notes 1

Loading
In this budget, the loading is taken to be 50%. The loading value for 1X can be taken to be 75 by the reality.
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Link Budget Notes 2

Coverage Radius
In the same environmentthe higher the transmission data rate, the smaller coverage radius can be supported by 1x system. Compared with voice servicecoverage radius of high-speed data service is smaller. But in general, especially in urban area, it is capacity that limits the cell radius, so the real radius is smaller than that of link budget for existing IS95-A BS thus the data coverage radius supported by 1X can reach real BS coverage radius.
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CDMA Link Budget

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CDMA RF Planning Unit 5

Link Budget - Whats it for?

Link Budget - Whats it for?

Use Max Uplink Pathloss to calculate Downlink BS TX Powers

INSERTION & CABLE LOSS

BASE ANT GAIN

Link Budget - Whats it for?

Maximum Uplink Pathloss (applied to Downlink)

Mobile Sync RX Mobile Traffic RX

Maximum Uplink Pathloss

Composition of the Wireless Link

antenna Transmission Line

Loss of transmissio n line

Link Budget Model

Link budget Link budget

Downlink and uplink Downlink and uplink

Marginslow fade + penetration loss+...

TransmitterEIRP(dBm) = TransmitterPower (dBm) + TransmitterAntennaGain(dBi ) Cable(orBody ) Loss (dB )

Re ceiverSensitivity (dBm) = InterferenceNoise(dBm / Hz ) + ( Eb / No)req(dB) + DataRate(dB Hz )

diffraction, refraction Calculation methodStatistics.

Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Open

=8dB univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn

Fade margin Load factor

50% Cell Edge Street-Level No Load

Fade margin Load factor

50% Cell Edge Street-Level No Load

Fade margin Load factor

50% Cell Edge Street-Level No Load

Final Cell Radius More near!

Soft handoff gain

1 Normally distributed Signal from 1 Base station - x

2 Separate Normally distributed Signals from 2 Base stations

Combined Signal showing Soft Handoff Gain = aprox +4dB

Combined Signal showing Soft Handoff Gain = aprox +4dB

Hata Model, COST-231 Model

RSSI, dBm -90

Field Strength, +50 dBuV/m

Distance from Cell Site, km

Hata Model Hata Model Hata Model Hata Model

urban- 55 dB urbandB suburban- 10 dB suburban- 10 dB rural- 17 dB rural- 17 dB

cluding the connector

as duplexer and arrester

idering diversity gain

f not soft handoff,it's zero.

lues come from field test

Hata model L=A+BlogR

Link Budget Notes 1

A body loss of 3dB is often used in link budget.

Link Budget Notes 2

Link Budget Notes 3

Link Budget Notes 4

Link Budget Notes 5

Link Budget Notes 6

Link Budget Notes 7

Link Budget Notes 8

Link Budget Notes 9

cdma2000 1x system 800M reverse link budget

Link Budget Notes 1