Chapter 8-9 Study Guide

Metabolism-totality of an organisms chemical reactions Metabolic pathway-begins with a specific molecule which is then altered in a series of defined steps resulting in a certain product Catabolic breakdown release energy Anabolic build up use energy Bioenergetics-study of how organisms manage their energy resources Energy; kinetic energy; heat or thermal energy; potential energy Chemical energy-potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction Thermodynamics-study of energy transformations System vs. surroundings Closed vs. open system 1st law of thermo = law of conservation of energy 2nd law of thermo = entropy always increasing Spontaneous vs. unspontaneous Free energy-portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system (know formula) Enthalpy Unstable (high G) stable (low G) Equilibrium-state of lowest G Endergonic vs. exergonic 3 TYPES OF WORK Mechanical (beating cilia), transport (pumping substances across membrane), chemical (pushing endergonic reactions) Energy coupling ATP contains high energy phosphate bonds The recipient of the phosphate group from ATP is said to be phosphorylated Catalyst vs. enzyme At the summit reactants are in an unstable condition known as the transition state Once the enzyme substrate complex is formed the complex can revert back to the individual building blocks or the product

Substrate, active site Induced fit caused by interactions between chemical groups of substrate and amino acids of the enzyme interacting causing a tighter fit Enzyme can also catalyze reverse reaction though it always catalyzes the reaction in the direction of equilibrium 4 WAYS ENZYMES LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY Provides a template for the substrates to come together Stresses bonds that must be broken Active site provides a microenvironment more conducive to the reaction Direct participation in the reaction Enzymes have optimal conditions Cofactor vs. coenzyme Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitors Allosteric regulation-term used to describe any case in which a proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site Activators vs. inhibitors Cooperativity in allosteric regulation Feedback inhibition Fermentation vs. respiration Redox reaction; oxidation; reduction; reducing agent; oxidizing agent Dehydrogenase enzyme removes two hydrogen ions from the sugar and adds one to NAD+ and releases the other as a H+ ion into the surroundings Electron transport chain Glycolysis in cytosol; citric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix Oxidative phosphorylation uses electron transport chain Substrate level phosphorylation is when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP 36-38 net ATP per glucose molecules Glycolysis can occur without oxygen Glycolysis starts with glucose, uses 2 ATP and results in 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH Acetyl CoA-what pyruvate get converted to upon entry into the mitochondria by active transport When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA 1 CO2 and 1 NADH is given off

For each acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle 2 CO2 are given off in the cycle not including the one that was given off during conversion from pyruvate; 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, & 1 ATP created from each acetyl CoA in the cycle and 1 H2O is used Cytochromes-protein electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen ATP synthase Chemiosmosis-H+ gradient used to drive cellular work, primarily ATP synthesis 4 PARTS OF ATP SYNTHASE Rotor-spins as H+ ions flow past Stator-anchor synthase in membrane Rod-spins activating catalytic sites in the knob Knob-3 catalytic sites in the knob join ADP and inorganic phosphate Electron transport chain pumps H+ into inter-membrane space creating the gradient H+ gradient is an example of a proton-motive force Aerobic vs. anaerobic Alcohol fermentation converts pyruvate to 2 ethanols with the release of 2 CO2 Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to 2 lactates with no release of CO2 Facultative anaerobes Beta oxidation-metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments Phosphofructokinase controls the rate of respiration and is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP