Gs. Ts.

Pierre-Bernard LAFONT

Vng Quoc Champa

a D, Dan C va Lch S
Di s bao tr cua

The Council for the Social-Cultural Development of Champa

n hnh bi

International Office of Champa, 2011

Ti bn dng cho h thng mng Web

Champaka.info, 2012

Gs. Ts. Pierre-Bernard LAFONT (1926-2008)

Vng Quoc Champa

a D, Dan C va Lch S

Champa la vng quoc co nen van minh cao o, a tng ong mot vai tro quan trong trong tien trnh hnh thanh lch s Viet Nam. Tiec rang dan toc Champa hom nay van cha tiep thu mot tac pham nao ang c mang ten Lch S Champa trong ngha rong cua no. e tra li cho nhng khuyet iem o, Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont, mot hoc gia Phap chuyen ve Lch S va Nen Van Minh Ban ao ong Dng cua ai hoc Sorbonne (Paris) a au t rat nhieu thi gian hau bien soan lai mot cong trnh nghien cu mang ta e Vng Quoc Champa : a D, Dan C va Lch S. ay la tac pham lch s Champa au tien mang tnh cach tong the, khoa hoc va khach quan, keo dai t ngay Champa lap quoc vao the ky th II cho en khi vng quoc nay b xoa bo tren ban o vao nam 1832.

Champaka
Tp san nghin cu lch s v nn vn minh Champa
Hnh thnh vo nm 1999

Sng lp vin Hassan Poklaun, Po Dharma Tng bin tp Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma (Vin Vin ng Php) Ban bin tp Pgs. Ts. Danny Wong Tze-Ken (i hc Malaya, M Lai) Ts. Nicolas Weber (Vin INALCO, Paris) Ts. Shine Toshihiko (i hc Ngoi Ng Tokyo, Nht Bn) Pgs. Ts. Liu Zhi Qiang (i hc Dn Tc, Qung Ty) Pts. Emiko Stok (i hc Nanterre, Paris) Abdul Karim (Vin Bo Tng Quc Gia, M Lai) Musa Porome (IOC-Champa) Tr s 56 Square des Bauves 95140 Garges Les Gonesse, France Email: champaka1999@aol.com Web: www.champaka.info C quan n hnh International Office of Champa (IOC-Champa) Champaka 2012 Hnh ba: Cng cha Champa, Hng Qu, th k X (Photo. Champaka)

Trung Quc F_ai Vi_"t

H N_i

Lao

Honh S!n

Bi"n gi!i phia b&c Champa Bi"n gi!i 1069 Hu"

Bi"n gi!i 1306

Thai Lan

C H
Bnh F_inh

A
Nha Trang

Bi"n gi!i 1471 Bi"n gi!i 1611

Cao Mi"n

M
Cam Ranh Phan Rang

Bi"n gi!i 1653

A
Saigon 1658

Phan Thi"t Bi"n gi!i phia nam Champa

Po Dharma 1999

Ban o Champa trong qua trnh lch s

Trung Quc F_ai Vi_"t

H N_i

Lao

 Pleiku

Bnh F_inh

Harek Kah Harek Dhei Aia Ru

KAMPUCHEA
Banmethuot Aia Trang

Thanh F_ia KAUTHARA

GA N RA DU N PA
Parik Baigaor (Saigon Malithit Pajai

Dalat

Kam Ranh

Panrang Kraong

Ban o tieu vng quoc Panduranga

Bal Lai Bal Sri Banay Bal Batthinng Bal Hangaow Bal Pandarang

Po Dharma 1999

Thay li ta
Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma (EFEO-Vien Vien ong Phap) Gs. Ts. Pierre-Bernard Lafont sinh ngay 17 thang 2 nam 1926 tai Syrie (Trung ong). Tot nghiep tien s luat hoc tai ai hoc Sorbonne va xuat than t Vien Chnh Tr Hoc Paris, ong c bo nhiem vao Vien Vien ong Phap vi chc vu thanh vien khoa hoc chuyen ve nen van minh ong Dng, a tng co mat nhieu nam tai Viet Nam ke t 1953 e nghien cu ve dan toc Tay Nguyen va moi lien he vi ngi Cham sinh song vung duyen hai cua vng quoc Champa. Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont cung la ngi a tng gi chc giang vien cua ai Hoc Van Khoa Sai Gon, quen biet rat nhieu hoc gia Viet Nam, trong o co Gs. Nghiem Tham, Gs. Nguyen The Anh, Gs. Pham Cao Dng, v.v. Ben canh o, ong ta khong ngng gop phan vi Linh Muc G. Moussay e thanh lap Trung Tam Van Hoa Cham tai Phan Rang vao nam 1969. Ong ta cung rat than can vi thieu

Vung quoc Champa

tng Les Kosem, goc ngi Cham Campuchia nam vai tro chu ong trong to chc Fulro, tc la phong trao au tranh nham phuc hng lai qui che cua dan toc ban a tai mien trung Viet Nam vao nhng nam 1964-1975. T moi lien he nay, ong ta ng ra au cho mot so thanh vien Fulro sang Phap du hoc. S hien dien cua toi tai ai hoc Sorbonne vao nam 1972 cung nam trong d an nay. Ke t o, ong ta la giao s hng dan toi cho en ngay tot nghiep tien s vao nam 1986 va cung la bac thay a truyen lai cho toi mot kho tang kinh nghiem, t cach song lam cong dan trong mot quoc gia tan tien va dan chu, phng phap ly luan va nhan nh van e trong nganh nghien cu khoa hoc cho en khai niem ve vai tro cua mot ngi tr thc xuat than t vng quoc Champa a b xoa bo tren ban o. o la nhng cong lao vo gia ma toi khong the quen trong quang i cua mnh. Noi en lch s va nen van minh ong Dng th ngi ta phai nhac en Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont, mot hoc gia co tam hieu biet sau rong va co anh hng ln trong gii khoa hoc Phap. Sau ngay nham chc giao s tai ai hoc Sorbonne vao nam 1966, ong ta thanh lap Trung Tam Lch S va Nen Van Minh Ban ao ong Dng vao nam 1968 va tang cng moi lien he vi Vien Vien ong Phap e hnh thanh mot Chng Trnh Champa Hoc vao nam 1980 at di quyen ieu hanh cua toi. Ke t o, ong ta
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Thay li ta

tr thanh co van khoa hoc cua to chc nay, tap trung rat nhieu chuyen gia nham khoi phuc lai cong trnh nghien cu Champa a b bo quen ke t nam 1945 v tnh hnh chien tranh khong cho phep. Nam 1988, qua li e ngh cua Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont, Vien Vien ong Phap a di tru s Chng Trnh Champa Hoc sang Kuala Lumpur va giao trach nhiem cho toi ieu hanh c quan nay ma muc tieu nham m rong them chu e nghien cu ve moi lien he gia vng quoc Champa va the gii Ma Lai. Sau 30 nam hoat ong, Chng Trnh Champa Hoc a xuat ban tai Paris va Kuala Lumpur 20 cong trnh nghien cu ve Champa hau gop phan lam sang to lai di san lch s va nen van minh cua vng quoc nay: - Po Dharma, Phu luc th tch van ban Cham co lu tr trong th vien Phap, Paris, 1981 - Nhieu tac gia, Th tch t lieu hoang gia Panduranga viet bang tieng Han, Paris, 1984 - Po Dharma, Panduranga-Champa: Moi lien he vi Viet Nam, 1802-1835 (Tap I va II), Paris, 1987 - Nhieu tac gia, Ky yeu hoi thao Champa to chc tai ai hoc Copenhague, Paris, 1988 - P-B. Lafont, Po Dharma, Th tch Champa va Cham, Paris, 1989
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Vung quoc Champa

- Nhieu tac gia, The gii ong Dng va the gii Ma Lai, Kuala Lumpur, 1990 - Nhieu tac gia, Vng quoc Champa va the gii Ma Lai, Paris, 1991 - Alaudin Majid, Po Dharma (chu bien), Che o mau he Champa va Ma Lai, Kuala Lumpur, 1994 - P-B. Lafont, Ismail Hussein, Po Dharma (chu bien), The gii Ma Lai va the gii ong Dng, Kuala Lumpur, 1995 - Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abd. Karim, S Thi Inra Patra, Kuala Lumpur, 1997 - Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abd. Karim, S Thi Dewa Mano, Kuala Lumpur, 1998 - Adi Taha, Po Dharma (chu bien), ong phuc Champa, dan toc a ao tai Viet Nam, Kuala Lumpur, 1998 - Po Dharma, Bon t vng co Ma Lai-Cham bien soan tai vng quoc Champa, Paris 1999, dch sang tieng Ma va xuat ban vao nam 2000 - Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abd. Karim, Nai Mai Meng Makah hay la Cong chua en t Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, 2000 - Po Dharma, Abd. Karim, Nicolas Weber, Majid Yunos, Tai ban van hoc Cham : Chuyen co tch, truyen thuyet, s thi va tac pham viet bang th, Kuala Lumpur 2003
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Thay li ta

- Po Dharma, Mak Phoeun (chu bien), Ban ao ong Dng va the gii Ma Lai : moi lien he van hoa va lch s, Kuala Lumpur, 2003 - Po Dharma, T mat tran giai phong Thng en phong trao Fulro : Cuoc au tranh cua dan toc thieu so mien nam ong Dng (1955-1975), Paris 2005 - G. Moussay, Ng Phap Cham, Paris, 2006 - Po Dharma, Nicolas Weber, Abdullah Zakaria Bin Ghazali, S thi Um Marup, Kuala Lumpur, 2007 - Po Dharma (chu bien), Ky yeu hoi thao : Ngon ng va ch viet Cham, Kuala Lumpur, 2007 * Champa la vng quoc co nen van minh cao o nam mien trung Viet Nam, a tng ong mot vai tro chu yeu trong tien trnh hnh thanh cac quoc gia tai khu vc ong Nam A. Tiec rang oc gia hom nay van cha tiep thu mot tac pham nao ang c mang ten Lch S Champa trong ngha rong cua no. G. Maspero la s gia au tien a xuat ban vao nam 1928 mot cong trnh mang ten Vng Quoc Champa trong o tac gia ch ban en lch s cua Champa cho en ngay that thu cua thanh o Ban vao nam 1471. G. Coedes la
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Vung quoc Champa

hoc gia tiep theo cung quan tam en nen van minh co ai Champa, nhng ong ta ch trnh bay lch s cua vng quoc Champa nam trong lch trnh hnh thanh cac quoc gia An Hoa tai khu vc ong Nam A, xuat ban vao nam 1964. Po Dharma la nha nghien cu th ba a an hanh vao nam 1987 tac pham Panduranga-Champa : Moi lien he vi Viet Nam, trong o tac gia ch at trong tam en moi quan he cua Champa oi vi cuoc Nam Tien cua nha Nguyen keo dai t the ky th XV cho en khi vng quoc nay b xoa bo tren ban o vao nam 1832. Ben le cua ba tac pham khoa hoc nay, lch s Champa cung la chu e khong ngng xuat hien tren lan song sach bao va mang web viet bang tieng Viet ma noi dung ch la mot the loai van chng danh cho quan chung ai tra hay bieu tng cho quan iem cua mot so hoc gia tm cach xay dng lch s Champa theo lang knh ca nhan cua mnh. e tra li cho nhng khuyet iem o, Chng Trnh Champa Hoc e ngh phai xay dng lai lch s Champa mot cach tong the, khoa hoc va khach quan, chia lam hai thi ky ro ret. Lch s Champa thi can ai do toi am trach qua chu e T mat giai phong Thng en phong trao Fulro : Cuoc au tranh cua dan toc thieu so mien nam ong Dng (1955-1975), xuat ban tai Paris vao nam 2005. Lch s Champa thi co ai la tong the cua
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Thay li ta

nhng bien co a xay ra t ngay Champa lap quoc vao the ky th II cho en nam 1832. ay la mot cong trnh khoa hoc vo cung kho khan oi hoi mot kho tang hieu biet sau rong ve vng quoc nay. Theo quan iem cua Chng Trnh Champa Hoc, Gs. Ts. Lafont, mot hoc gia chuyen ve lch s va nen van minh ong Dng tai ai hoc Sorbonne (Paris) la ngi duy nhat trong gii khoa hoc Phap mi co the thc hien d an nay. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch cho s ra i cua tac pham Vng Quoc Champa: a D, Dan C va Lch S. Sau 15 nam au t vao d an, Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont rat quyet tam, mac du a gap phai bao kho khan ve sc khoe vao thi iem cua tuoi qua cao, hoan tat cho bang c tac pham nay vao nam 2007, trc khi ong ta t tran vao nam 2008, tho 82 tuoi. ay la mon qua qu gia ma Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont a e lai cho hau the hom nay. Vng Quoc Champa : a D, Dan C va Lch S do Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont thc hien la tac pham lch s Champa au tien mang tnh cach tong the, keo dai t ngay lap quoc vao the ky th II cho en khi vng quoc Champa b xoa bo tren ban o vao nam 1832. ay la cong trnh mang tnh cach Lc S Champa th ung hn, v muc tieu cua tac pham nham phuc vu cho quan chung pho
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Vung quoc Champa

thong, tap trung t gii sinh vien, cac nha nghien cu khong chuyen ve Champa hoc, cac gii thng gia va ngoai giao oan co moi lien he vi Viet Nam cho en oc gia thong thng muon tm hieu ve vng quoc Champa. Chnh v the, noi dung va cach cau truc dan bai cua tac pham nay rat ngan gon va sang sua nham giup oc gia tiep thu nhanh chong hn nhng yeu to c ban nam trong tien trnh hnh thanh lch s va nen van minh cua vng quoc nay. Trong tac pham nay, Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont t at mnh vao v tr cua mot s gia e xay dng lai lch s Champa mot cach khoa hoc va khach quan, bao gom nhieu chu e lien quan en tien trnh hnh thanh lch s cua vng quoc Champa, t yeu to a d, nguon goc dan c, di san van hoa, phong cach nghe thuat, i song tam linh, he thong to chc xa hoi va gia nh cho en the che chnh tr cua Champa. Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont cung khong bo qua he thong phan ky lch s cua vng quoc nay, phan tch lai mot cach khach quan moi lien he chnh tr va quan s gia Champa va quoc gia lang gieng pha bac trong suot chieu dai cua cuoc Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet, ma muc tieu ch nham a lch s cua vng quoc nay tr ve ung vi v tr cua no. Ke t o, tac pham mang ta e Vng Quoc Champa : a D, Dan C va Lch S do Gs. Ts. P-B. Lafont thc hien a tr thanh mot di san van hoa Champa vo cung qu gia va cung la kim ch nam danh cho nhng ai
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Thay li ta

muon tm hieu en lch s va nen van minh cua vng quoc nay. Vng quoc Champa: a D, Dan C va Lch S la tac pham viet bang tieng Phap mang ta e Le Champa: Geographie - Population - Histoire do nha xuat ban Les Indes Savantes an hanh vao nam 2007 tai Paris. Tac pham nay c chuyen ng sang tieng Viet bi ong Hassan Poklaun, mot nha tr thc Cham tot nghiep t trng trung hoc Phap (Lycee Yersin, a Lat), xuat than t Vien Quoc Gia Hanh Chanh va cung la ngi a tng dch sang tieng Viet nhieu tac pham chuyen ve Islam, nhat la Kinh Thanh Hoi Giao. Ban chuyen ng sang tieng Viet do ong Hassan Poklaun thc hien la mot cong trnh vo cung kho khan, v phong van tieng Phap co cach cau truc rieng biet. Chnh v the, cong tac phien dch tac pham nay khong the da vao phng phap t oi t, ma la trnh bay lai mot cach trung thc va chnh xac y tng nam trong cau van cua tac gia nham giup oc gia tiep thu nhanh chong noi dung cua tac pham. ay la mot cong trnh nghien cu mang tnh cach khoa hoc, nen ban chuyen ng sang tieng Viet cung thong qua hoi ong co trach nhiem oc lai ban thao, trong o co Abd. Karim (ai Hoc Putra, Ma Lai), Chau Van Thu
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Vung quoc Champa

(Tong Th Ky cua Council for the Social-Cultural Development of Champa) va toi, nham nang cao them gia tr va o chnh xac cua tac pham nay.

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Li m au
Champa la mot vng quoc xuat hien tai mien trung Viet Nam t the ky th II cho en au the ky th XIX. Vao nhng thi ky vang son nhat, lanh tho Champa bao gom vung ong bang duyen hai va ca khu vc cao nguyen cua mien trung Viet Nam hien nay, nam gia hai ban v tuyen 18 va 11. The ky th X la thi ky anh dau cho trang s huy hoang nhat cua Champa, nhng cung la giai oan ma vng quoc nay bat au oi pho vi ai Viet va mi thoat ra khoi nen o ho cua Trung Hoa e tao cho mnh mot quoc gia co chu quyen. Ke t o, vng quoc ai Viet khi au tao ap lc oi vi Champa ngay cang ln manh, gay ra s xup o thu o Vijaya (o Ban) vao nam 1471, keo theo cuoc Nam Tien nham xam chiem lanh tho pha bac cua Champa ong thi pha tan ca truyen thong An Giao, von la yeu to c ban trong tien trnh phat trien nen van minh cua vng quoc nay. Mac dau lanh tho Champa b thu hep vao khu vc pha nam ke t the ky

Vng quoc Champa

th XV nhng vng quoc Champa van con ton tai vi danh ngha la mot quoc gia oc lap co chu quyen, tiep tuc bieu dng sc nang ong e cung co lai he thong to chc xa hoi va dung nap them cac gia tr tinh than mi e xay dng cho mnh mot nen van minh co ac thu rieng. Tren bnh dien bang giao quoc te, Champa cung khong ngng gia tang cac moi quan he vi cac nc lan bang. Trc sc ep khong ngng cua ai Viet, mot quoc gia lang gieng pha bac vi dan so phat trien ngay cang ong uc, do o vng quoc Champa phai ng au vi bao bien co e bao ve bien gii cua mnh cang ngay cang b thu hep. Mot khi khong u sc ngan chan cuoc Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet, Champa ch con cach lam tr hoan bc tien cua ho ve pha nam cua ban ao ong Dng trong suot ba the ky ri, v cho en nam 1832 nha Nguyen mi xam chiem toan bo lanh tho cua quoc gia nay. Sau khi b xoa ten tren ban o the gii, vng quoc Champa ch e lai cho the he hom nay mot chuoi di tch lch s co xa, mot so van ban ghi khac tren bia a hay tren en thap, mot so t lieu viet tren cac la buong cung nh tren giay va mot cong ong chung toc rat t hao la nhng ngi tha ke mot nen van minh a tng anh dau nhng net vang son tren trang s cua ban ao ong Dng.
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Li m au

Cho en au the ky XXI, nhng thanh tu nghien cu ve Champa ch phat trien trong mot tam mc rat gii han. Chnh v the, cac cong trnh nham xay dng lai mot cach khai quat ve qua trnh cua Champa, ve dan c cua vng quoc nay ke ca dan c con song sot hom nay cung nh cac phng an nham phan tch lai mot cach khach quan hn nhng yeu to lch s cua no, a tr thanh mot chu e can thiet va hu ch nam trong tac pham nay.

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Mai en cuoi the ky th XX, cac nha nghien cu

thng cho rang lanh tho Champa trong nhng thi vang son nhat vao the ky th IX ch nam tren dai at cua mien duyen hai chay dai t mui Hoanh Sn pha bac cho en song inh (Ba Ra-Vung Tau) pha nam va be rong cua vng quoc nay rat eo hep b gii han t b bien Nam Hai cho en chan nui cua day Trng Sn ma thoi. Hay noi mot cach khac, lanh tho cua Champa ch bao gom cac vung ong bang duyen hai cua mien trung Viet Nam hien nay. ay ch la mot gia thuyet khong thuyet phuc cho lam, v gan 20 nam qua, cac t lieu lch s, di san khao co va cac van ban con lu lai a chng minh rang lanh tho Champa chang nhng nam tren mien duyen hai pha ong ma con bao gom, tuy theo giai oan cua lch s, ca khu vc Tay Nguyen cua day Trng Sn nam pha tay, co o doc chay thoai thoai cho en song Cu Long (Mekong). Vao nam 914, cac bia ky thuoc giao phai Phat Giao ai tha tm thay khu vc Kon Klor (Kontum) cho biet lanh tho Champa bao gom ca vung cao nguyen Kontum. Mot bia ky khac viet vao the ky XII nam trong khu vc cua M Sn cung nhac en cong ong Vrlas va Randaiy, tc la mot tap the toc ngi Tay Nguyen co a ban dan c

 nam tren khu vc Lam ong, Gia Lai (Pleiku) va Dak Lak a tng phuc tung vua chua Champa. ieu nay a am ch rang Tay Nguyen la khu vc nam tren lanh tho pha tay cua vng quoc Champa trc kia. Bc sang the ky th XIII, mot so chu thch trong tac pham Yuan-che (CCX 55a) cua Trung Hoa va nhat ky cua Marco Polo lien quan en cuoc tien quan cua Mong Co nham chinh phat Champa vao nam 1283-1285 cung cong nhan rang lanh tho Champa vao thi ky o bao gom ca khu vc cao nguyen Kontum va Pleiku. Them vao o, s hien dien cua cac en thap Champa vao the ky th XIV va XV tai thon Phu Tho gan Pleiku, mot so en thap khac nam trong tnh Phu Bon (Cheo Reo), thung lung Ia Ayun va Song Ba va xa hn na, tai khu vc Yang Prong thuoc ve pha nam cua Dak Lak (Ban Me Thuot) cau thanh mot yeu to vng chac nham xac nhan rang Tay Nguyen la khu vc nam trong bien gii chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa thi trc. Cuoi cung, cac t lieu viet bang ch Han, ch Cham, cac hoi ky cua nhng thng thuyen Au Chau vao the ky th XVII-XIX cung nh cac truyen thuyet dan gian cua cac toc ngi ban a tai mien trung Viet Nam va Lao quoc cung thng a ra nhng yeu to nham minh nh rang ke t the ky th XVI cho en ngay diet vong cua Champa vao nam 1832, lanh tho cua vng quoc nay bao gom mot phan at ai cua day Trng Sn va khu vc ong bang nam ve pha tay.
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Vng quoc Champa

a d

Tom lai, ve mat a d, at nc Champa la mot vng quoc nam mien trung Viet Nam bao gom mien duyen hai, khu vc Tay Nguyen ke ca cac day nui cua Trng Sn. Vung duyen hai cua Champa T bac xuong nam, mien duyen hai Champa trai dai khoang 800 cay so va khong qua 50 cay so chieu ngang, bao gom cac vung ong bang va chau tho (delta) nho hep, thng tach ri vi nhau bi cac mui a nho noi lien t chan nui Trng Sn cho en b bien Nam Hai (Vu T Lap, Vietnam. Donnees geographiques, Hanoi, 1977). Cac mui a nho nay thng chia cat mien ong bang thanh nhieu vung eo hep rat kho bang qua. a the a d thien nhien nay a bien Champa thanh nhieu khu vc t tr co ban sac va ac thu rieng ma cac bia ky va van ban thng nhac en. T ngay thanh lap, Champa la mot quoc gia co at ai rong ln. Vao nam 1069 va 1306, vng quoc nay a nhng lai cho ai Viet hai khu vc nam tren lanh tho cua tnh Bnh-Tr-Thien co ranh gii pha bac la mui Hoanh Sn va ranh gii pha nam la eo Hai Van (nui Bach Ma), von la mot bc mang ngan chan kh hau mot cach t nhien. Ve pha ong cua Bnh-Tr-Thien la khu vc eo
29

 bien khong cao cho lam, thng la nan nhan cua cac luong gio, dong nc, ho nc man va nhat la nan nhan cua cac song bien va tran bao nhiet i thng xay ra hang nam vao thang 9 va thang 10. Pha tay cua khu vc nay la cac ngon nui vi cac nh cao vt t 1200 en 1500 thc. Buong ngan nay bao gom nhieu vung ong bang (Ron, ong Hi, Le Thuy, Tha Thien, v.v..) ma be ngang khong bao gi vt qua 20 cay so ma phan at ph nhieu e canh tac thng b thu hep lai va c ti bi nhieu dong nc. Ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van la khu vc a Nang (Tourane) co bien gii pha nam la nui Chua, bien gii pha tay la nh nui vi be cao hn 1000 thc. Ben canh chan nui co nhieu go cao ln va nho. Ve pha ong la cac ho nc man vi cac con cat cua b bien. trung tam la ong bang cua tnh Quang Nam gom cac thung lung rong ln chay doc theo cac b song cua no. at ai ph nhieu cua ong bang thng san xuat nhieu vu mua lua quan trong. Gia cac the ky VII va XIII, vung nay la trung tam van hoa va chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa. Cac di tch lch s nam ngon ngang tren khu vc Tra kieu, quan the M Sn va ong Dng v.v. cau thanh nhng yeu to cu the e chng minh cho ly thuyet cua chung toi. Ve pha nam cua nui Chua la ong bang Quang Ngai. Vung nay c ti nc bi nhng dong song nho, thng b ngan cach vi nhau bi cac day nui a cng.
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Vng quoc Champa

 Cac con song nay vao mua ma thng hay lu lut va vao mua kho th kho rao. Cac dau tch con hien hu nam trong tieu vng quoc Amaravati, tc la khu vc Quang NamQuang Ngai, a giai thch the nao la cong trnh dan thuy nhap ien vo cung o so ma vua chua Champa a thc hien trong qua kh. pha nam Quang Ngai la ong bang b ngan lai pha tay bi cac ngon nui Bnh nh co chieu cao t 1000 en 1500 thc. Nam ngay ben chan nui la canh ong ruong lua bac thang chong len nhau tng lp c xem nh la mot ky thuat dan thuy nhap ien cua tieu vng quoc Vijaya ton tai cho en nam 1471. Pha nam cua canh ong nay la eo Cu Mong. Pha ong cua no la b bien san ho va mot so mom a lm chm. T bac xuong nam cua khu vc nay co nhieu canh ong, nh canh ong Bong Sn, Phu My va Qui Nhn, thng b tach ri vi nhau bi cac mui nui nho. c ti nc bi nhieu con song, cac canh ong nay cau thanh mot khu vc co at ai rat la mau m. i xuong ve pha nam cua tieu vng quoc Vijaya (Bnh nh) la lanh tho cua tnh Phu Khanh hien nay thuoc tieu vng quoc Kauthara. Khu vc th nhat cua no nam gia eo Cu mong va mui Varella, noi dai en hon Vong Phu bao gom nhieu canh ong nho hep nam ep vi chan nui vi chieu cao khoang 1000 thc co v tr rat gan vi
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 b bien gho ghe. Mot khu vc ngoai le la ong bang Tuy Hoa nam tren chau tho va tren thung lung co o cao trung bnh cua song a Rang. Qua khoi mui Varella xuong ve pha nam la nhng ngon nui nho biet lap va nhng vnh nc bien oi khi rat sau thng b khep lai bi nhng ban ao nh vnh Cam Ranh hay bi nhng hon ao nh vnh Nha Trang. V tr a d nay thng lam eo hep lai dien tch cua cac canh ong thien nhien, nh canh ong Ninh Hoa, Nha Trang hay Ba Ngoi. V at xau va kho rao hang nam, ong bang nay khong mang lai nguon san xuat nong nghiep ang ke. Khu vc th hai nam trong tieu vng quoc Kauthara la con cat trai dai t chan nui en b bien. Qua khoi khu vc Kauthara (Nha Trang) la ong bang cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga nam trong hai tnh Ninh Thuan va Bnh Thuan hien nay. ay la vung a d co rat nhieu con cat, chia thanh ba mien rieng biet. Ve hng bac la canh ong Phan Rang trai dai en tan mui Dinh con goi la Cap Pandaran va b chan lai pha tay bi cac nui a doc. Canh ong nay co nhng ngon nui rai rac va biet lap, an nc song Kinh Dinh va cac phu lu cua no, nhng chu sc nong do anh sang mat tri gay gat va t ma. Lng nc trung bnh t hn 700 mm, v day trng sn va hng bien a ngan no khoi cac cn ma mua ong. ong bang Phan Rang la khu vc thng b ap ao bi cac luong gio kho rao, thng tr thanh mot vung a
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Vng quoc Champa

 d co kh hau rat la kho han, oi hoi viec cung cap nc e trong trot. Chnh v the, cong viec dan thuy nhap ien a tr thanh mot nganh ky nghe nong nghiep hang au cua ngi dan Panduranga xa kia. Pha ong cua canh ong nay la con cat chay dai en tan Mui Dinh tiep noi vi ruong muoi Ca Na a c khai thac t nhieu the ky qua. Va cuoi cung la tieu canh ong Tuy Phong. Ve pha nam cua Tuy Phong la canh ong Phan R co hien tng kh hau rat gan gui vi khu vc Phan Rang. Canh ong nay b gii han ve pha ong bi cac b bien at cat va pha tay bi nui oi. Lng nc ma cua no gia tang t t khi i vao mien nam, nhng khong kem hn ong bang Phan Rang. Het khu con cat la canh ong Phan Thiet rong hn bon lan so vi canh ong Phan R. Mac du vi lng nc ma trung bnh 1200 mm hang nam va c ti bi nhieu dong song ngan, canh ong nay cung can he thong dan thuy nhap ien e phat trien nong nghiep, bi v at ai canh tac cua no la at cat nam chong len lp at bien. Sau canh ong Phan Thiet la con cat nam phu len cac b bien va cac bai cat noi tiep vi cac vung am lay. Khu vc hoang vu nay la bien gii t nhien gia Trung Viet va Nam Viet va cung la bien gii pha nam cua Champa trc ay.

a d

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Vng quoc Champa

Nhn qua ban o a hnh cua Trung Viet xa kia, ngi ta co the a ra ket luan rang dien tch ong bang at thap cua Champa rat thu hep, v day Trng Sn chay dai t mui Hoanh Sn nam qua ke can vi vung bien a lam rut ngan lai chieu dai cua cac con song. Ngoai ra, cac o doc t vung nui thng b cac dong nc thng lu khoet mon, mang theo a soi va cat boi xuong vung at thap. Nhng vat lieu nay, nhat la mien trung, a to boi cac vnh nc, cac ho nc man va cuoi cung cau thanh cac ong bang hien tai. Ngc vi dong nc thng lu, cac dong ha lu cua cac con song nay co mot o doc rat la yeu kem cho nen oi khi kho kiem mot loi thoat ra bien va thng bang qua cac khoang cach rat dai chay song song vi bien trc khi thoat vao ai dng. Ai cung biet rang kh hau hai phan cua Champa rat nong nc va am thap. Nhiet o trung bnh thay oi gia 30 o C vao thang bay Tay Lch va 20 o C vao thang gieng Tay Lch, nhng nhiet o toi a nam gia 40 o C va 15 o C Hue. Kh hau nay chu anh hng cua gio mua. Vao mua ong, cac luong gio thoi t ong-bac sang taynam va vao mua ha, t tay-nam sang ong-bac. Cac luong gio nay co tac dung en s sinh hoat cua nghe hang hai cho en s ra i cua ghe thuyen chay bang hi nc. Ve lng nc ma, no thay oi tuy theo v tuyen cung nh hng bien va hng nui. Cac cn ma dien ra toi a t
34

 thang chn en thang gieng Tay Lch ven bien mien trung va t thang mi en thang mi hai Tay Lch mien nam. Lch trnh cua cac mua ma nay phat xuat t he thong gio mua dien ra vao mua ong, t ap lc khong kh rat la ac biet va nhat la t cac tran bao nhiet i - trung bnh chn tran hang nam - thng hay can quet b bien vao thang mi va mi mot. Ngc lai, vao mua ha la mua kho keo dai mot thi gian kha lau, boi them bi cac ngon gio nong chay da t hng tay thoi xuong theo cac khe nui cua day Trng Sn. Tnh trang mua kho cang ngay cang gia tang bi s boc hi qua cao. Cac lp at cua vung ong bang thng la at phu sa. So con lai thng cha mot loai at a cng va mot so khac rat hiem cha loai at a bazan cua nui la. Loai at th nhat thng rut nc rat nhanh, bi v nguyen lieu gom co at cat. Cang xuong ve pha nam th nguyen lieu at cat cang tang them. Cong vi cac yeu to sinh thai a phng, loai at nay ch nuoi dng cho mot loai cay coi thng co gai. Bi v the, neu muon bien khu vc nay thanh at ai e trong trot th ngi ta phai phat trien manh viec dan thuy nhap ien. ay la cong trnh ma ngi dan Champa song ven bien trc kia a tng thc hien. Cac di tch con lu lai tai mien trung Viet Nam cho en hom nay a chng minh cho cac no lc ve ky thuat dan thuy nhap ien ma vng quoc Champa a tng phat
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 trien nham khai thac cac khu vc qua kho rao (Nguyen Thieu Lau, Les etangs desseches de la reion de MngMan, trong Institut Indochinois pour l'Etude de l'Homme V-1, 1942, trg. 131-134 + 5 planches). Tuy nhien nganh ky nghe nay van khong bao gi cho phep phat trien nhanh chong viec san xuat nong nghiep e lam gia tang dan so cua vng quoc Champa. Vung cao nguyen cua Champa Mien tay cua ong bang duyen hai Trung Viet co mot hnh thai thien nhien rat khac biet gia pha bac va pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Tha Thien va a Nang). Ve pha bac cua nui nay, cac oi a cng xuat hien giong cac mac xch theo hng tay-bac / ong-nam (nui Voi Mep, nui ong Ngai). Ve pha nam la khu vc co cac oi nui (nui Chua Quang Ngai, nui Kontum, nui Ba Bnh nh), ket hp thanh mot day rat cao va co o doc ng thang theo chieu bac nam xuong cac vung at thap. Ve pha tay cua o doc nay la day cao nguyen trung iep. Bat au t nui Vong Phu en mui Varella la khu vc a d co hnh thai xep ngang xuat phat t nhng ngon nui Chak Yang, nui Bi Dup (Khanh Hoa), nui Langbian (Lam ong), nui Brah Yang, nui Yung (Bnh Thuan) chay dai lien tuc, het nui nay sang nui kia, i xuong ve pha b bien
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Vng quoc Champa

 tao thanh cac vung ong bang nho hep nh a e cap phan tren. Mac du khong hoan toan la mot day Trng Sn (cordillere) ma ngc lai la mep ra (rebord) cua cao nguyen hng ve pha nc Lao co o cao khong qua 2610 met, cac day nh cao nay chay dai t ngon nui Ataouat (2500 met) nam tren bac v tuyen 16 cho en nui Vong Phu (Nha Trang) ket thanh mot bc mang ngan chan kh hau gia mien duyen hai cua mien trung Viet Nam chu anh hng cua gio mua cung nh cac tran bao nhiet i va nc Lao co thi tiet mua ong hoan toan khac han. Ta lng vao tuyen cao iem ng tr ca ong bang duyen hai bat au t nui Bach Ma la khu vc bao gom nhng vung cao nguyen i xuong thoai thoai tng chong, chay ve man song Cu Long (Mekong). Cao nguyen au tien cua Tay Nguyen la cao nguyen Kontum ma phan pha nam trai dai ra khoi bien gii Pleiku a nhan mot lng nc ma trung bnh 2500 mm gia nam 1950 va nam 1960. Cao nguyen nay co chieu cao khong qua 800 met la khu vc co nui la hoat ong xa kia a lu lai cac di tch cua chop nui la nh nui Hodrung, cac ho nc tren mieng nui la nh ho Tonueng va cac at ai thch hp cho viec trong trot. Cac vung at
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 nay xa kia la rng ram ma mot phan b con ngi tan pha. Vao nam 1950, ngi ta thay khu vc nay co nhieu cho b tan pha e bien thanh rng cay tre, nh cao nguyen Pleiku (vung Gia Lai). Ve pha ong cao nguyen nay la bac them i xuong ong bang duyen hai nh vung An Khe vi o cao khoang 400 met an nc ti doi dao va co mot ngon eo mang ten eo An Khe tiep giap b bien, vi o cao ngang vi Qui Nhn. Ve pha nam cua cao nguyen An Khe la thung lung Cheo Reo (Phu Bon) trai dai theo cac con song Ya Ayun va song Ba, tc la ni cao iem cua song a Rang chay xuong bien gan Tuy Hoa. Tiep theo cao nguyen Kontum chay xuoi ve pha nam la cao nguyen Dak Lak a tiep thu vao cac nam 1950-1960 mot lng nc trung bnh 1500 mm. Vi o cao t 600 en 700 met, cao nguyen nay hien ra gia Cheo Reo va Ban Me Thuot nh mot tam tham a bazan hi gn song. at trong cua no rat mau m an nc song Sre Poc (Srepok) thng, mot phu lu cua song Me Kong, b cat oan bi nhieu thac nc nh thac Dray Hlinh. Cang i sau ve pha nam, ngi ta thay nhng thung lung rong ln lan lon vi nhng khu vc co mo hnh khong ro ret thng hien ra cac ho nc, nh ho Lak, cac ao nc va cac am lay. Ve pha ong cua cao nguyen nay la khu vc bac them ket hp vi cac vung at thap, vung at sup cua Khanh Dng (M'Drak) cau thanh mot ong bang khoang chat vi a bazan ma eo Yok Kao (Phng Hoang) m
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Vng quoc Champa

 ca xuong vung Ninh Hoa. Gan mot the ky qua, ngoai cac khu vc a c s dung e trong trot, at ai chung cua vung nay, nhat la khu vc pha bac, van con la quang canh cua nhng khu rng tha, nhng bai trong, nhng ong co va ve pha nam la nhng khu rng ram rat ti tot. Ve pha nam cua cao nguyen Dak Lak la mot loat cac nh nui la ma mot so co o cao en 2400 met, nh ngon Chk Yang, ng tr tren mot cao nguyen goi la cao nguyen Langbian vi o cao trung bnh la 1500 met. Cao nguyen nay vi o cao rat gong genh, gom cac loai a nui la ma mot so tac gia con goi cao nguyen a Lat, co nhieu thung lung va ho nc nh ho Me Linh va thac nc nh thac Cam Ly. Cao nguyen nay la khu vc tru phu phat xuat t cac rng thong, cac bai co, cac hoa mau. Ve pha ong nam, cao nguyen nay chay dai ve pha bien theo mot loat khu at bac thang (terrasse), chang han khu at bac thang Dran (on Dng) rat la noi tieng. Neu cao nguyen nay i ve cac hng khac, th no thng cham dt bang cac sn nui hi doc ng. Ve pha tay cua cao nguyen Langbian la cao nguyen ba bien gii ak Nong, con c goi la cao nguyen Chhlong thng. Thc ra no ch noi dai cao nguyen Dak Lak ve canh nam-tay-nam va co quang canh cua cac ngon oi phu lap bi a san. Vi o cao trung bnh 1000 met, cao nguyen nay b chia cat thanh nhng thung
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 lung sau vi cac b sn co o doc ng. Phu lp bi a cat, a xt (diep thach) va oi luc bi a bazan, at ai cua ba bien gii ak Nong khong ph nhieu cho lam. Them vao o, nhieu sn nui doc ng cua no a tao ra nhng con lach vao mua ma va tnh trang thieu nc vao mua han. Ve pha nam cao nguyen Langbian la cao nguyen Di Linh hien ra nh la bc thang thap cua Langbian. Vi o cao tng bac gia 800 met va 1000 met, cao nguyen nay la mot ong bang lom gom co a cat va a bazan, b chia cat thanh nhieu khu vc bi con song ong Nai Thng va cac phu lu cua no tao ra. Cao nguyen Di Linh thng co nhng thung lung vi at ai trong trot rat la mau m. An nc ma doi dao vi lng nc ma trung bnh hang nam la 2115 mm, cao nguyen nay la khu vc rng ram luc ban au tai cac vung cao, nhng thng nhng cho cho cac khu rng xuong cap do con ngi gay ra. Kh hau mien cao nguyen mien trung Viet Nam thay oi theo tng vung. Nhng ai the, ngi ta ghi nhan rang t thang nam en thang chn Tay Lch la mua am thap vi may ma va sng mu. Vao thang mi cho en thang t th la mua kho, tc la thi ky ti mat nhat tuy theo o cao. Cao nguyen Langbian, nhiet o thng xuong en 10 o C vao thang hai. Nhiet o trung bnh hang nam
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Vng quoc Champa

 thay oi tuy theo kinh tuyen va v tuyen (+20 o C / -2 o C pha bac cao nguyen Kontum va 24,6 o C trung bnh e roi xuong cho en 8 o C tai trung tam cua cao nguyen ak Lak). Cho en the ky XX, cac vung cao nguyen nay van la khu rng ram vi nhieu hng thm khac biet gom cac loai cay hng tram nh loai cay aloes, cay bang, cay santal cau thanh mot th trng danh cho ngui A Rap va ngi Nhat. Cao nguyen nay cung co nhieu loai thu rng nh con voi tai cao nguyen Dak Lak, vung ba bien gii va Di Linh ma cac chiec nga a c xuat khau i khap A Chau; bo rng va trau rng tren cac cao nguyen Kontum, An Khe va Langbian; con ho hu (cervide) tren khap cao nguyen va bnh nguyen; cop rng ma da cua no thng ghi lai trong danh dach hang hoa cua thng thuyen di chuyen t a Nang en Malithit (Phan Thiet) trong vng quoc Champa thi o; con te giac ma sng va xng cot cua no cau thanh cac mon hang thng mai rat qu gia. en gia the ky XX, dan c tren cac vung cao nguyen Kontum, Pleiku, Dak Lak, Dinh Linh va vung Ba Bien Gii ch gom nhng ngi dan ban a ong Dng. Ho chuyen song ve nong nghiep pha rng lam ray du canh theo mua, di chuyen t vung nay sang vung khac sau khi at ai a het mau m. T le dan so trong vung nay rat
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 thap va ni c tru rat la tha tht (J. Boulbet, Le Miir, culture itinerante sur brulis avec jachere forestiere en pays Maa, ang trong tap ch Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient LIII-1, 1966, trg 77-98). * Nh chung ta va nhn qua, ong bang nam doc theo b bien cua Champa co t at trong trot va v the ch co the cung cap mot san lng nong nghiep rat la han che va co nh. San lng nong nghiep la yeu to gop phan vao viec gia tang dan so rat nhanh chong, vi ieu kien la vng quoc Champa phai gia tang dien tch trong trot. Nhng v ly do ton giao, Champa khong the m rong at ai cua mnh ra khoi bien gii c qui nh bi than linh cua vng quoc nay. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch tai sao cac cuoc chien do Champa khi xng khong phai la cuoc chien xam chiem at ai. Va sau nhng cuoc chien thang quan s, vng quoc nay cung khong bao gi sap nhap at ai cua nc lang gieng thua tran vao lanh tho cua quoc gia mnh (La notion de frontiere dans la partie orientale de la peninsule indochinoise trong tac pham Les frontieres du Vietnam, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1989, trg. 1819). ieu nay cung giai thch them tai sao dan so tai cac vung ong bang Champa a khong thay oi trong suot chieu dai cua lch s.
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a d

Cao nguyen cua Champa bao gom nhieu khu vc rong ln cha nhieu rng ram, nhng dan c cua vng quoc nay khong biet cach khai thac, ch bam vao he thong nong nghiep co truyen bang cach ot rng khai hoang e chuan b at trong. Phng phap nay khong cho phep phat trien nganh trong trot mot cach lien tuc tren mot khu at v chu ky mau m cua lp at ch co gii han. Chnh o la nguyen nhan lam suy giam nang suat thu hoach. ay cung la yeu to a lam cho dan so ong lai neu khong canh tan he thong san xuat nh chnh sach nong nghiep a tng phat trien vao gia the ky XX. iem cuoi cung ma ngi ta khong the bo qua c o la s chia cat at ai vung ven bien bi trang thai thien nhien cua a d va he thong san xuat ot rng khai hoang tren cac vung cao nguyen a ngan tr viec lien i chat che gia cac dan c Champa. Tai mien duyen hai, dan c sinh song t khi lien he vi nhau v cac chng ngai nui non mac du co the vt qua de dang. Tren cao nguyen, cac dan c cung b co lap tng khu vc bi cac vung at bo hoang ch cho at mau tai sinh. Hang bao the ky qua, yeu to a d a lam tr hoan i a phat trien dan so va he thong to chc cua xa hoi Champa. Trong khi o, ben kia pha bac ranh gii cua Champa, dan toc Viet lam chu mot a ban canh tac vo cung rong ln bao gom chau tho cua song Hong Ha cung
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 nh cac ong bang mien bac nh vung Thanh Hoa chang han, va khong ngng san xuat vu mua hang nam. o cung la yeu to a lam gia tang dan so dan toc Viet mot cach nhanh chong va phat trien he thong lien i cua ho mot cach chat che hn. Mot khi cuoc chien bung no gia hai quoc gia lan bang, van e a d a tr thanh mot yeu to thuan li cho pha ai Viet va bat li cho vng quoc Champa.

Vng quoc Champa

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Hoan toan trai ngc vi cac ly thuyet a a ra

gan mot the ky qua, vng quoc Champa khong nhng bao gom cac phan at nam ven bien cua mien trung Viet Nam hien nay ma ke ca day Trng Sn (Codillere Annamitique) va vung cao nguyen tiep noi vi no. Da vao yeu to a d nay, ngi ta a ra ket luan rang dan c Champa ket hp khong nhng ngi dan sinh song vung ong bang ma con bao gom ca dan c cua vung cao nguyen, thng goi la ngi Thng (Montagnards) hay la ngi ban x ong Dng (Proto-Indochinois). Chnh v the, vng quoc Champa khong phai mot la at nc rieng cua ngi Cham ma la mot quoc gia a chung gom ca dan toc Tay Nguyen, trong o moi sac dan thng ong mot vai tro rieng biet trong tien trnh lch s cua vng quoc nay ma chung toi se trnh bay phan di ay.

Nguon goc
Vao au ky nguyen cua Tay Lch, ngi ta khong biet nhieu ve nguon goc dan c sinh song trong lanh tho xa kia cua Champa. Cac ban van Trung Hoa c xem nh la nguon s lieu duy nhat nhng cung ch noi mot cach s lc lien quan en dan toc sinh song trong khu vc nam

 gia Hoanh Sn (Porte dAnnam) va eo Hai Van. Theo tai lieu nay, ay la khu vc nam ve pha nam cua bien gii Trung Hoa ma dan c bao gom mot so ngi Trung Hoa nhap c va a so con lai chiem phan quan trong la dan ban a vung ven bien va tren cao nguyen co cuoc song rat gan gui vi nhau. Theo tac pham Jinshu (trang 57, 4b. Ban dch cua Paul Pelliot), nhng ngi ban a nay cau thanh tng nhom biet ho tr lan nhau. Hn na cac tai lieu tren goi ho la dan toc man r (barbare), v rang oi vi tac gia Trung Hoa thi o, tat ca nhng ai khong phai la ngi Trung Hoa hay khong mang sac thai cua nen van minh Trung Hoa eu b gan cho cum t la ngi man r. Tai lieu tren cung qui luon ca ngi Khu Lien (Qulian) vao nhom man r nay, mot thuat ng e am ch cho toc ngi co nc da ram nang. Rieng ve dan toc sinh song tren lanh tho nam ve pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Hue), mot so tai lieu khao co a neu ra vai chi tiet kha ro rang hn. Theo tai lieu nay, cac hai cot di thi thng co c tm thay tren Tay Nguyen nam ve pha tay cua day Trng Sn la nhng hai cot cua ngi ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) co so au dai (dolichoce phales) vi than hnh vam v. Ngay t thi ky a mi (neolithique), ho la dan ban a ong Dng (Proto-Indochinois) duy nhat a tng lam chu khu vc Tay Nguyen va ton tai cho en gia the ky XX. Ben canh o, ngi ta cung tm thay cac hai cot vung ven bien co
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 nguon goc nam trong thanh phan dan ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) co au dai va di tru en Champa t th hai nhng lai pha tron vi mot so yeu to cua chung toc Mong Co do cac ngi nhap c goc Trung Hoa mang en. Vao thi ky a mi (neolithique), sau khi tiep thu nhieu nguon van minh cua thi tien s vao au ky nguyen Tay Lch, nhng ngi ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) nay a tr thanh mot tap the chung toc ma ngi Au Chau thng dung thuat ng Viet Nam e gan cho ho la ngi Cham, trong khi o cum t Cham hoan toan b lang quen trong ngon ng cua dan toc Tay Nguyen va cung khong bao gi xuat hien trong cac bia ky hay trong cac ban van xa viet bang tay tai vng quoc Champa. Cum t thng s dung e am ch cho than dan cua vng quoc Champa xa kia la Urang Champa (urang = ngi, ca nhan) ch khong phai la Urang Cham tc la ngi Cham nh mot so nha khoa hoc thng hieu lam. Hn mot the ky qua, cung v viec s dung t Cham la cach nuot am (apocope) cua t Champa e am ch mot sac dan c ngu t xa tai vung duyen hai Champa a tr thanh mot thong le, thanh ra ngi ta tiep tuc dung t Cham nay vi y ngha mang tnh ac trng e am ch chung nhng g thuoc ve Champa, khong nhat thiet thuoc ve dan toc Cham hom nay.

Dan c

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Vng quoc Champa

Ngon ng
Cac d kien khao co hoc cho rang nhng dan c ban a Ma Lai (Proto-Malais) co mat tren lanh tho Champa xa kia a s dung mot hay nhieu ngon ng thuoc gia nh Ma Lai a ao (proto-malayo-polynesienne). Qua cac tien trnh phat trien, ngon ng nay a bien thanh mot gia nh ngon ng mi trong o co tieng Cham (c s dung bi ngi Cham sinh song tai cac vung ong bang) va cac tho ng cung chung mot nguon goc vi tieng Cham, nh tieng Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai, Hroi, c s dung bi cac dan c cua vung cao thuoc mien trung-bac cua ban ao ong Dng. Tieng Cham a co mat tai vng quoc Champa vao the ky th IV. Xa kia, tieng Cham la ngon ng c lu hanh t Hoanh Sn en vung Bien Hoa. Nhng hom nay, ngon ng Cham ch con lu hanh tai cac thon ap ngi Cham trong hai tnh Ninh thuan va Bnh Thuan cung nh tai thung lung Nam Vang va chung quanh tnh Kampot cua Kampuchea. Tieng Cham thuoc gia nh ngon ng Ma Lai a ao (autronesien), mac du cha ng mot so yeu to thuoc gia nh Chau A Ng (austoasiatique). Ngon ng Cham a phat trien theo a tien hoa ro rang, ac biet nhat la s xuat hien cac phu am phat t trc co hong
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 (preglottalise) va viec vay mn nhieu t cua Phan ng, Viet ng va tieng Khmer, e roi hom nay tieng Cham khong gan gui vi tieng Ma Lai nh xa kia na. Ngon ng Cham xuat hien lan au tien tren mot bia ky (the ky th IV) viet bang tieng Cham co ai (vieux cham) c phat hien gan Tra Kieu trong tnh Quang Nam-a Nang hien nay (G. Coedes, La plus ancienne inscription en langue chame trong New Indian Antiquary, Extra Series I, 1939, trg. 46-49). Ch viet cua tam bia nay phat sinh t ch viet Devanagari cua An o ma vng quoc Champa thng dung e khac tren cac bia a song song vi tieng Phan cho en the ky th XV, tc la nien ai anh dau cho s bien mat hoan toan tieng Cham co ai e thay the vao o ch Cham trung ai (Cham moyen) va sau la ch Cham can ai (Cham moderne) tap trung bon dang khac nhau goi la: akhar rik, akhar yok, akhar tuel va akhar srah (tc ch viet pho thong). Ch Cham can ai thng c s dung trc tien tren mat la buong (olles) sau o tren giay (P.B. Lafont, Po Dharma va Nara Vija, Catalogue des manuscrits cam des bibliotheques francaises, Paris, Publications de lEcole Francaise dExtreme-Orient, vol CXIV, 1977, trg 2, 6-8 va sach co Cham mang ky hieu CM 23-2). Tai Viet Nam hom nay, ngon ng viet (langue ecrite) va ngon ng noi (langue parlee) cua ngi Cham co nhieu s khac biet ang ke.
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Dan c

 Ngon ng viet Cham a trai qua nhieu tien trnh phat trien nhng con gi nguyen nhng yeu to c ban rat gan gui vi he nguyen thuy cua ngon ng Ma Lai a ao trong khi o ngon ng noi cua dan toc nay th b n tiet hoa (monosyllabisme) qua cac cuoc tiep xuc vi tieng Viet ma ngi Cham a hoc trong cac trng lp va s dung no nh tieng pho thong hang ngay. Tai Campuchia, tieng noi va ch viet ma ngi Cham ang s dung a chu anh hng sau am tieng Khmer. Tren Tay Nguyen, trong thi ky nay dan c Champa s dung hai ngon ng rat khac biet nhng cha co ch viet, o la he ng thuoc nhom Chamic (nhom ngon ng cua tieng Cham) thuoc gia nh ngon ng Ma Lai a ao (austronesien) nh tieng Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai va Hroi va mot he ng khac, cung kha quan trong, cua nhom Mon-Khmer thuoc gia nh ngon ng ong Nam A-Chau (austroasiatique). Ngon ng Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai va Hroi thuoc nguon goc Ma Lai a ao nhng rat gan gui vi tieng Cham co ai hn la tieng Cham can ai. Ngon ng nay la tieng noi rat thnh hanh tren khu vc Tay Nguyen so vi ngon ng thuoc gia nh ong Nam AChau. Nhng bia ky viet bang Phan ng va Cham ng co ai cho rang nhng ngi sinh song tren Tay Nguyen la dan toc s dung ngon ng Chamic, co s lien he rat gan gui vi ngi Cham ong bang ke t the ky th XII, trong khi o van chng truyen khau cua dan toc Tay
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Vng quoc Champa

 Nguyen dung ngon ng ong Nam A-Chau thng noi en cac moi quan he gay gat trong qua kh gia cong ong nay va sac dan Cham sinh song ong bang.

Dan c

Dan so
Nh chung ta a thay, mien duyen hai cua Champa la khu vc nh c cua dan toc Cham, bao gom co cac vung at rat han hep va khong may thuan li cho viec trong trot. No ch cung cap mot so lng hoa mau gii han, khong giup cho viec gia tang dan so mot cach nhanh chong neu dan toc nay khong tm cach khai khan cac vung at mi. Tiec rang ngi Cham khong bao gi lam chuyen o, v ly do ton giao ma chung toi a neu ra phan tren. Theo truyen thong tn ngng, ngi Cham khong co quyen nh c ben ngoai bien gii thon xom cua ho, tc la a ban dan c a c qui nh bi cac than linh phu ho cho thon xom nay. Chnh v the, ho khong dam ni rong at ai ra khoi bien gii truyen thong, v s khong con hng quyen bao bo cua than linh Champa na. ieu nay khien cho bien gii cua cac lang xa va ngay ca bien gii cua quoc gia Champa tr thanh bien gii co nh va vnh vien, khong bao thay oi. Chnh o cung la nguyen nhan a giai thch tai sao dan so cua Champa tai cac vung ong bang khong he thay oi trong qua trnh lch s.
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Vng quoc Champa

Trai ngc vi vung duyen hai, khu vc cao nguyen Champa co dien tch rong menh mong, nhng ngi dan ban a song ni o ch biet khai khan at ai theo hnh thc du canh ot rng lam ray, tc la cong thc canh tac hoa mau mot cach lien tuc trong mot thi gian vao khoang 3 nam sau o phai bo hoang t 15 en 20 nam e cho at ai nay tr lai mau m (P-B. Lafont, Lagriculture sur brulis chez les proto-indochinois des hauts plateaux du centre Vietnam, ang trong Les cahiers dOutre-Mer. Revue de Geographie, Tome XX, 1967, trg. 37-50). Chnh v the, dan toc ban a song mien cao cua Champa khong the gia tang at ai trong trot cung nh dan so cua ho mot cach nhanh chong. Nhng yeu to va neu ra a chng minh rang ty le dan so Champa khong thay oi cho en thi ky cao chung cua nen van minh An Giao vao the ky th XV. Neu ngi ta khong biet ro dan so cua than dan Champa vao the ky XVI-XIX la bao nhieu, th ngi ta cung khong biet ch so that s cua dan toc Champa la bao nhieu trong suot chieu dai cua lch s. Cung v qua chu tam en cac s kien mang noi dung An Giao, cac bia ky Champa ch nhac en mot cach tnh c vai bien co lien quan en dan c trong vng quoc nay. Neu t lieu nay co neu ra mot vai ch so dan c i na, th ay ch la tong so quan ch thua tran tren bai chien trng, vi so lng oi luc c phong ai e
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 nham tang boc va ton vinh cac nha lanh ao Champa thang tran th ung hn (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de Msn XXI A & B trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg 965). Theo bien nien s Viet Nam, quan oi Champa trc the ky th XV co vao khoang mot tram ngan ngi, nhng ay ch la con so mang tnh chat suy oan khong bieu tng cho so lng quan lnh that s cua vng quoc Champa thi o. Rieng dan so cua thu o Champa vao the ky th XV, bien nien s Viet Nam neu ra hai lan. Lan au, tai lieu nay cho rang Thanh o Ban (Vijaya) co vao khoang 2500 gia nh (tng ng khoang mi ngan ngi) va lan th hai, bay mi ngan ngi. Vao cuoi the ky XX, ngi ta cung khong biet mot cach chnh xac so lng ngi Cham va ngi Tay Nguyen mien trung Viet Nam. Nhng con so do cac nha nghien cu va cac vien thong ke chnh thc hay ban chnh thc a ra ch la con so phong chng va oi luc them bt e xac minh cho ly thuyet cua ho ma thoi. Th du ien hnh la dan so ngi Cham tai Viet Nam xuat hien trong cac tai lieu thng thay oi t 76 000 ngi (Cao Xuan Pho, Hanoi, 1988) cho en 95 000 ngi Cham (Po Dharma, Paris, 1997) trong luc o con so 60 000 ngi dng nh gan gui vi thc te hn. Ve ngi Cham tai Campuchia, ho la tap the a bo ri vung ong bang duyen
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Dan c

 hai Champa ra i lanh nan t cuoi the ky XV e thoat khoi cac tham hoa Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet. So lng dan so cua ho cung la mot van e cha giai quyet thch ang. Cac nha nghien cu Au Chau thng nham lan ho vi cac ngi Ma Lai sinh song tai Campuchia, tc la hai dan toc cung chung mot gia nh ngon ng va tn ngng Hoi Giao va thng lien he vi nhau qua cac cuoc hon nhan hon hp. Them vao o, cac nha nghien cu Au Chau cung khong bao gi a ra mot con so chnh xac hay khoang chng lien quan en tong so rieng cua ngi Cham hay ngi Ma Lai tai vng quoc Campuchia, ma ch neu ra tong so chung cua cong ong Cham-Ma Lai theo Hoi Giao ma thoi. Chnh v the, so lng dan toc Cham va Ma Lai tai Campuchia van la mot ly thuyet mang tnh cach tru tng ma thoi. Con so ang tin cay nhat ma ngi ta thng ngh en la con so cua vien ieu tra dan so thc hien vao nam 1998 thong ke co 250 000 ngi Khmer Islam tc la ca ngi Ma Lai va ngi Cham theo ao Hoi Giao cong lai. Ngc lai vi nhng g ma ngi ta thng a ra, ch so ngi Cham t hn ngi Ma Lai. Ke t o, ngi ta c lng dan so ngi Cham tai Campuchia, tc la tap the t cho mnh goc Cham va noi tieng noi Cham, co vao khoang 100 000 ngi.
T khi chien tranh ong Dng lan th hai cham dt vao nam 1975, co vao khoang 20 000 ngi Cham sang
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Vng quoc Champa

Dan c

nh c tai Ma Lai va mot so lng nho hn tai mien tay cua Hoa ky va Cong Hoa Phap. Hau nh toan the cac ngi t nan nay la ngi Khmer Islam a ri bo Campuchia t khi quan Khmer o nam chnh quyen vao nam 1975. a so nhng ngi t nan nay t cho mnh goc Ma Lai ch khong phai la Cham. Mot so con lai, thng t gii thieu mnh la ngi Muslim thay v ngi Cham Hoi Giao. Con nhng ngi Cham ti nan nuc ngoai xuat than t mien trung Viet Nam th co so lng rat t. Ho a bo x ra i v s b tra thu sau bien co 1975.

Lien quan en ngi Tay Nguyen co tieng noi thuoc gia nh ngon ng a ao, dan so cua ho van con lu m mac du bang ieu tra nam 1991 a liet ke nh sau: dan toc E e (Rhade) co vao khoang 194 000 ngi mac du ch so cua ho khong qua 120 000 ngi ; dan toc Raglai co 71 696 trong luc o ho ch co khoang 50 000 ngi ; Dan toc Churu co 10 746 ; dan toc Jarai dng nh co khoang 150 000.

An hoa
Sau nen van minh cua thi ky a mi (neolithique) c xem nh la giai oan sang choi nhat, ngi ta phai
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 noi en nen van minh cua thi ai ong thiec (bronze) t Trung Hoa tran xuong pha tron vi mot vai anh hng cua van hoa ong Sn. Thi ai nay bat au a khu vc mien trung va nam cua vung duyen hai Trung Viet vao mot khong gian mi cua thi tien s ke t the ky th VI trc Cong Nguyen. Sau thi ai cua ong thiec (bronze), khu vc vung duyen hai Trung Viet a tng co mot nen van minh cc thnh, bat au tiep thu them mot nen van minh mi na t An o truyen sang ke t the ky au cua Cong Nguyen. Cho en hom nay, ngi ta khong tm thay nhng dau tch co noi en lch s cua s phat trien An Giao tren lanh tho mang ten la vng quoc Champa. Ngc lai, ngi ta ch biet cac thng thuyen va nha buon An o chuyen i tm vang a tng en vung ong-nam va trungong cua ban ao ong Dng vao au the ky Cong Nguyen cang ngay cang ong ao. Ho thng thiet lap cac tram giao thng buon ban tai cac vung ven bien co ong dan c sinh song. S hien dien cua nhng tu s (Brahman) va giai cap thng lu (Ksatriya) cua An o a bien cac tram giao thng nay tr thanh trung tam truyen ba nen van minh An Giao vao cong ong cua ngi dan ban a (G. Coedes, Les Etats hindouises dIndochine et dIndonesie, Paris, De Boccard, 1964, trg 44-72). Ngi ta cung khong biet luc nao nen van minh An Giao tr thanh mot ton giao thnh hanh trong khu vc nay, mac du mot so
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Vng quoc Champa

 nha nghien cu cho rang s phat trien cua An Giao ch bat au vao khoang the ky th IV. Ngi ta van khong biet s du nhap An Giao vao Champa qua he thong ng bien hay la theo ng bo nh trng hp cua khu vc nam pha nam cua ban ao ong Dng (tc la Funan va ban ao Ma Lai). Qua trnh An Hoa (indianisation) nay chac chan a giup cho nhng nha tang l Ba La Mon du nhap mot cach de dang vao cuoc song dan ban a Champa, mot cong ong a tng san co mot nen van minh hng thnh nham xay dng lai cho mnh mot nen mong chnh tr vng chac hn da vao he thong cua An Giao. Hoan toan trai ngc han vi ly thuyet a tng a ra gan mot the ky qua, An Giao la he thong ton giao ch gianh cho mot so giai cap xa hoi vng quoc Champa ma thoi, ch khong phai la mot tn ngng quan chung danh cho moi tang lp cua ngi dan ban a Champa thi o. Tren thc te, An Giao ch at nen tang vao cong ong ngi dan ban x co moi quan he chat che vi cac ngi An nhap c, ac biet la cong ong cua ngi ban a Champa thuoc ang cap cao, chap nhan tiep thu nen van minh An o va go mnh vao nep song cua ho. ay la hien tng a tng xay ra vao the ky th XV va cho phep ngi ta a ra ket luan rang ch co mot thieu so thuoc tang lp cua giai cap thng lu Champa mi co quyen theo An Giao trong khi o a so than dan Champa con lai ch tiep thu mot so yeu
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Dan c

 to tn ngng mang tnh cach ky thuat c sn phet len tren mot lp mong cua mau sac An Giao ma thoi. V rang a so quan chung Champa van tiep tuc duy tr truyen thong va ban sac van hoa rieng t kha tien bo cua ho a co san trc khi ngi An cha xam nhap vao vng quoc nay. Ke t o, ngi ta thng ngh rang An Giao la mot tn ngng ac quyen ch danh cho giai cap lanh ao Champa thng da vao o e ap at nen thong tr cua ho len tren thanh phan cua xa hoi ni ma ho a tng xuat than. Cung nh s phat trien cua nen An Hoa (indianisation), cac tang lp lanh ao Champa a da vao mau t cua devanagari cua An o e sang che cho mnh mot loai ch viet rieng va co c hoi e s dung Phan ng cho en nam 1253. Va giai oan An Hoa (indianisation) nay a mang lai cho vng quoc Champa hai nen giao ly ro ret o la Shiva Giao va Phat Giao va mot he thong to chc xa hoi da vao s phan chia quan chung thanh bon giai cap xa hoi cha truyen con noi, c ton tai cho en the ky th XV (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XVI trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 950). Nen van minh An Hoa nay con cung cap them cac tac pham van hoc ve ton giao, s thi (epic), van chng ky thuat cung nh he thong quan chu cau thanh mot nen tang cua to chc quoc gia Champa
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Vng quoc Champa

 An Hoa va con ton tai di thi Champa ban a (Champa indigene) sau the ky XV. Lien quan en khu vc mien cao, cac tai lieu cho thay rang vao nhng the ky au cua Tay Lch, dan chung Tay Nguyen cha tiep thu nhng anh hng cua An Giao va cuoc song cua nhom toc ngi nay van con trong tnh trang kem m mang. Mai cho en luc bia ky Batau Tablah (gan thon Van Lam, Phan Rang) viet vao the ky XII cho rang cac dan toc Randaiy (Rhade), Mada, Mleccha va cac ngi dan lac hau khac chap nhan than phuc vng quoc Champa. Ke t o, dan toc Tay Nguyen thuoc gia nh ngon ng a ao (austronesien) mi bat au tiep thu mot nen van hoa va ky thuat mi do dan toc Cham truyen sang, a giup ho t bien hoa t nhom ngi lac hau (Mleccha) sang hnh thai xa hoi cua dan toc mien nui (Kirata). Qua trnh lch s nay a cho phep dan toc Tay Nguyen phat trien nhieu moi quan he rat la chat che vi dan toc Cham ma bia ky Champa thng ghi lai, mac du bia ky nay cung nh cac en ai cua Champa An Giao tm thay tren cao nguyen khong bao gi noi ro dan toc Tay Nguyen a hoa nhap vao giai cap xa hoi Champa An Hoa nh ngi Cham sinh song vung duyen hai hay khong ?

Dan c

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Vng quoc Champa

To chc xa hoi
To chc xa hoi cua dan c Champa hoan toan khac biet nhau vao thi ky An Hoa va sau the ky XV. Cung vao hai thi ky nay, he thong xa hoi ngi dan song vung ong bang va mien cao khong co s tng ong ro ret. Vao thi ky An Hoa, vung duyen hai la a ban dan c cua dan toc Cham, trong o so lng ngi Cham mang dong mau An o qua cac cuoc hon nhan hon hp rat la t. Ngi ta cung khong biet cong ong ngi Cham thi o theo che o phu he hay mau he. V rang mot bia ky ghi bang hai ngon ng (Phan va Cham) tm thay tai M Sn co noi dung mau thuan vi nhau. Phan viet bang tieng Phan (Sanskrit) th nhan manh ve vai tro phu he trong trieu ai cua vua Harivarman IV, trong khi o phan viet bang tieng Cham lai ton vinh quyen mau he trong gia nh cua ong ta (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XII trong BEFEO 1904, trg 904, 934-935, 937-938). S mau thuan nay co the phat xuat t nguyen nhan sau ay. Mot khi bia ky Champa viet bang Phan ng, th tac gia cua bia ky nay phai ton trong truyen thong cua An Giao trong o dong doi vua chua cua ngi An o eu theo che o phu he, trong khi o cac oan van viet bang tieng Cham th tac gia nay phai e cao che o mau he, mot he thong to chc gia nh van con ton tai trong cong ong ngi Cham tai mien trung Viet Nam vao au the ky th XXI nay. Cho en hom nay,
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 khong ai co the tra li cho s mau thuan nay. Theo tam bia tm thay M Sn viet bang tieng Cham co , dan toc Cham vao thi ky o a hoa nhap vao he thong xa hoi chia thanh bon giai cap (caste) theo qui luat cha truyen con noi, nhng ch co mot nhom thieu so mi co quyen nam trong thanh phan giai cap qu phai thng lu (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg 948, 950). Giai cap au tien la nhng bac tu s Ba La Mon (Brahman) ma mot bia ky ghi rang khong co toi nao nang hn bang toi giet tu s Brahman (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 925). Gia cap th hai la thanh phan thng lu (Ksatriya) thng lien ket vi cac nha tu s Brahman e tao thanh mot giai cap hon hp goi la Brahman-ksatriya (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 963-964) ma mot so ngi thng cho rang o la giai cap lanh ao ton giao va quan s. Cac giai cap thng tang nay cau thanh mot tang lp lanh ao nam toan quyen trong guong may chnh tr va ton giao tai cac tieu vng quoc hay lien bang Champa. Bia ky cung thng nhac en vai tro dong toc (vamsa), ch khong phai la bo toc (clan) cua mot so v hoang t len lam quoc vng lien bang Champa ma bia ky goi la Vua cua Vua (rajadhiraja). Ba dong toc quen thuoc nhat o la Narikelavamsa (dong cay da), Kramukavamsa (dong cay cau) va Brsuvamsa. Cung v cac bia ky khong bao gi nhac en ten dong toc cua cac thanh phan gia cap xa hoi khac, thanh ra ngi ta cung khong biet quan chung bnh dan
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Dan c

 Champa co mot he thong dong toc hay khong, va neu co th ho co mang mot ten goi nao hay khong ? Giai cap th ba la giai cap vaisya tc la tap the bao gom nhng ngi nong dan sinh song mien duyen hai ; nhng ngi khai thac rng nui cua day Trng Sn ; nhng ngi buon ban va thanh phan chuyen song ve nghe bien nh nghe anh ca, thng thuyen tren bien Nam Hai va nghe cp bien. Giai cap th t danh cho thanh phan dan chung con lai goi la sudra ma ngi ta khong biet ho la ai, v bia ky ch lu y en hai giai cap Brahman va Ksatriya ma thoi. Them vao o, cac t lieu lch s cung khong quen lu y rang dan toc Champa thi o thng hay chong oi lan nhau, keo theo s ran nc gia ngi Champa mien nam, ac biet la tieu vng quoc Panduranga, vi nhng ngi Champa mien bac. Chnh v the, tam bia Po Klaung Garai khong ngan ngai ghi rang nhng ngi dan Champa mien nam luon luon noi loan chong lai vua chua cai tr quoc gia Champa (L. Finot, Panduranga, trong BEFEO III, 1903, trg. 643, 645). Ben canh nhng thanh phan nam trong bon giai cap nay, cac bia ky cung noi en s hien dien cua hulun, mot thuat ng ma ngi ta co thoi quen cho en hom nay gan cho no la ngi no le . Tren thc te, halun khong am ch cho ngi no le ma la ngi mat quyen t do (non-libre), v ho phai lam nghe lao dch e en bu cho mot van e g o, nh lao ong e tra n nan, phuc dch trong he thong ton giao, v.v. (L. Finot, BEFEO IV,
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Vng quoc Champa

 1904, trg. 915). V rang, tam bia Lamnga tm thay khu vc Phan Rang co liet ke ca ngi Tau, ngi Xiem (Thai Lan) va ngi Pukam (Mien ien) thuoc vao thanh phan ngi hulun trong vng quoc Champa thi o (L. Finot, BEFEO III, 1903, trg. 634). Cuoi cung, mot so t lieu con cho rang co mot so t ngi Thng sinh song ong bang v chu anh hng cua ngi Cham, t cho mnh la ngi nam trong qui che halun. ay ch la mot gia thuyet khong ang tin cay cho lam. Trong suot giai oan cua Champa An Hoa, ngi ta hoan toan khong biet the nao la to chc xa hoi cua dan toc Tay Nguyen thi o. Ho chia thanh hai sac dan (ethnies) : nhom s dung ngon ng thuoc gia nh a ao (austronesien) th theo che o mau he va nhom noi tieng mon-khmer (austroasiatique) th theo che o phu he. Nhng sac dan noi tieng a ao c goi chung la ngon ng Chamic (tc la ngon ng rat gan vi tieng Cham) co moi quan he rat chat che vi ngi Cham. Bang chng cu the la mot so dan toc Tay Nguyen a tng on tiep quoc vng Champa va ca trieu nh cua ong ta chay len cao nguyen lanh nan khi thu o Vijaya b lot vao tay cua quan Mong Co vao nam 1283 va 1285. Dan toc mien cao nay cung tng tham gia vao cuoc chien ben canh vua chua Champa e chong lai quan Mong Co a chiem ong vung
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Dan c

 duyen hai cua vng quoc nay. Lien quan en mot so sac dan mien nui khong tuan phuc uy quyen trieu nh Champa, cac bia ky thng goi ho la Mleccha (ngi Man, theo Han-Viet), tc la tap the dan toc con cham tien. Theo cau chuyen truyen khau bnh dan vao gia the ky XX cua sac dan co tieng noi mon-khmer ke lai, mot so ngi Mleccha c xep vao the loai nhom qui hang, trong luc o mot so con lai khong mang mot qui che ro rang. Tren thc te ngi ta khong biet g them ve dan toc Tay Nguyen ngoai tr di tch ton giao nh thap Yang Praong xay dng tai tnh Dak Lak (Ban Me Thuot) vao gia the ky th XII. S hien dien cua en thap nay a xac nhan s hoa nhap cua mot so lng quan trong ngi Randaiy (Rhade) vao i song cua Champa keo theo s hoa nhap cua mot so sac dan khac mien nui va cang noi len ro net hn ve vai tro cua ho trong cuoc chien ben canh vua chua Champa nham chong lai quan Mong Co vao the ky th XIII. Sau giai oan suy tan cua Champa An Hoa, tc la vao gia the ky XV cho en au the ky XIX, tai lieu lch s noi ve Champa tr nen chnh xac hn. Nhng van ban nay cho biet t nhieu the ky qua va co le trc the ky th XVI na, dan toc Cham mien trung Viet Nam theo che o mau he, mot qui che phap ly trong o ngi an ba nam toan quyen trong moi sinh hoat va phan chia tai san
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 cua gia nh. Cho en bien co chnh tr vao nam 1975, dan toc Cham van tiep tuc duy tr che o mau he va mau c, tc la qui luat buoc ngi con trai phai ra khoi vong phat trien kinh te cua gia nh ma ho a xuat than e ve song chung vi ngi v cua mnh (P-B. Lafont, Contribution a letude des structures socials des cham du Viet nam, trong BEFEO LII-1, 1964, trg. 157-171). oi vi ngi Cham nh c tai Campuchia, viec theo ao Islam cua ho a lam bien oi i moi c cau to chc xa hoi Cham truyen thong, bat buoc ho phai t bo che o mau he e thay vao o he thong to chc xa hoi theo che o phu he, tc la qui che danh cho ngi an ong co nhieu u quyen hn phu hp vi cac giao ieu cua kinh Koran. Ai cung biet, s suy tan cua Champa An Hoa a lam sup o i che o giai cap trong vng quoc nay. Ke t o, tieu vng quoc Panduranga mien nam ch con duy tr hai tang lp xa hoi ma thoi. Tang lp th nhat mang tren la thar patao bamao mah, tc giai cap qu toc, bao gom cac bac vua chua, cac thanh vien trong gia nh hoang gia va nhng ngi than thuoc cua vua chua cung nh cac gii quan chc cao cap trong trieu nh. Tang lp con lai goi la bal li-ua hua hawei tc la ngi thng dan chia lam ba nhom. Nhom th nhat bao gom nhng ngi an ong va phu n co qui che cua cong dan bnh
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 thng (homme libre), nh ngi nong dan, ngi lam cong (ke ca ngi lam cong b boc lot va cng ep), ngi buon ban va ngi song ve nghe bien. Nhom th hai la nhng ngi cong dan mat quyen t do (non-libre), tc la ngi t tnh nguyen hay b bo buoc e lam cong cho ngi khac hau tra mon n cua mnh. Nhom th ba la halun, tc la nhom ngi lam toi t ma ong chu co the ban nhng cho ngi khac neu can, nhng ho co quyen huy bo qui che halun nay e tr thanh cong dan bnh thng neu ho co phng tien e tra mon n cua mnh (Inventaire des archives du Panduranga du Fonds de la Societe Asiatique de Paris, Pieces en caracteres chinois, Paris, Centre dHistoire et Civilisations de la Peninsule Indochinoise, 1984, trg. 34, 48). Giai cap xa hoi qu toc va thng dan nay do gia nh mau he truyen lai va khong ngng ong mot vai tro quan trong trong cau truc xa hoi cua ngi Cham hom nay, nhat la Cham Jat hay Cham Ahier (anh hung Ba La Mon giao). Theo thong le, ngi Cham thng danh u ai cho nhng hon nhan gia ngi cung chung mot giai cap va rat han che cho s ket hon gia cac co gai thuoc giai cap thng dan va cac chang trai thuoc giai cap qu toc, bi v dong mau cua me mi la yeu to e quyet nh nguon goc dong toc cua mnh trong che o mau he.

Vng quoc Champa

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Dan c

Sau the ky th XV, nhieu cong trnh nghien cu cho thay rang xa hoi cua dan toc Tay Nguyen chia thanh bo lac co cac ten goi rieng, nhng khong co moi lien i vi nhau ve dong toc gia nh (F. M. Lebar, G. C. Hickey, J. K. Musgrave, Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia, New haven, HRAF Press, 1964, trg. 135-158, 249-255). Cho en the ky th XXI, cac cong trnh nay cung neu ra ket qua rang s hnh thanh cua cac bo lac ch la ket qua cua cac cuoc kep nap nhng lang mac chap nhan lien minh vi nhau hay cac lang mac b thua tran. Chnh v the, mot so thanh vien trong mot bo lac khong he quen biet nhau va cung khong mang mot y thc he oan ket vi nhau ro rang. Hn na cac moi tng quan gia cac lang mac thng da vao moi lien he cua cac cuoc hon nhan qua lai thng xay ra trong mot mot khu vc rat la eo hep. T the ky th XVI, xa hoi cua dan toc Tay Nguyen chia thanh 2 the che ro rang. Cac sac dan Jarai, Ee, Churu, Raglai, Hroi thuoc gia nh ngon ng a ao (austronesien) th theo che o mau he. Nhom ngi con lai (austroasiatique) theo che o phu he. Ben canh o, mot vai gia nh cua dan toc Tay Nguyen thng lien ket vi nhau qua cac cuoc hon nhan gia hai th toc (clan) khac nhau. Trong trng hp nay, moi thanh vien theo che o mau he th mang ten th toc phu mau cua mnh va nhng ai theo che o phu he th do phai nam truyen lai. Th toc
69

 (clan) tc la tap the co cung chung mot to tong, ngan cam nhng thanh vien trong th toc nay ket hon vi nhau. Nhng cap v chong c phep lay nhau tc la nhng ngi phat xuat t hai th toc khac nhau. Vao gia cac the ky XVII va XIX, dan toc Tay Nguyen, ac biet la nhng ngi s dung ngon ng thuoc gia nh a ao (austronesien) va theo che o mau he, thng co cac moi quan he rat chat che vi ngi Cham va hoa nhap vi ho. Cac van ban viet bang Cham ng cho biet mot trong so phu nhan cua vua Po Rome (1627-1651) la ngi goc Ee (CM 41-4; CAM micro- film 1-3) va sau khi vng quoc Champa-Panduranga (Tran Thuan Thanh) b xoa bo tren ban o vao nam 1832, lanh tu cua phong trao khang chien chong trieu nh Hue vao nam 1834-1835 a chon mot ngi goc Raglai co v la cong chua goc dan toc Cham, len lam vua Champa e phuc hng lai nen oc lap cua vng quoc nay (CM 24-5; CM 32-6; ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien XVI, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi, 1962, trg. 197). Cac tai lieu viet bang Cham ng vao the ky XVII va XVIII con cho thay co nhieu ngi mien nui a tng gi nhieu chc vu quan trong trong trieu nh Champa. ieu nay a chng minh rang vao thi ky o co mot s lien ket chat che gia ngi Cham va ngi mien nui va hai tap the chung toc nay eu co quyen va ngha vu ngang nhau trong vng quoc Champa. Moi quan he hai hoa nay van tiep tuc cho en nam 1835, khi vua Minh Menh ra lenh
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Vng quoc Champa

 ngan cam moi tiep xuc gia ngi ngi Cham song ong bang vi dan toc song mien cao. Ke t o mi co s chia cach ro ret gia cac sac dan trong mot vng quoc Champa a suy tan.

Dan c

Tn ngng
T luc hnh thanh quoc gia cho en ngay sup o thu o Vijaya vao nam 1471, vng quoc Champa khong ngng vay mn nhng yeu to tn ngng cua An o e xay dng he thong ton giao cua mnh. Hoan toan trai ngc lai vi nhng g ma mot so nha nghien cu a hieu lam, cac nghi thc An Giao nay ch danh rieng cho cac thanh phan qu toc va giai cap thng lu Champa ma thoi. V rang cac tang lp than dan thong thng van tiep tuc duy tr tn ngng a phng cua ho a co san trc thi ky An Hoa. Mac du chap nhan mot so anh hng cua An Giao, nhng tang lp nhan dan thong thng nay khong ngng cai bien mot so yeu to cua An Giao tr thanh he thong tn ngng ban a cua mnh. Trong suot mi hai the ky, cac giai cap qu toc va thng lu Champa thng thc hien hai nghi le An Giao rat la ro ret: Nghi thc tn ngng hoang gia va tuc ton th ca nhan. Nghi thc tn ngng hoang gia la nghi le mang tnh cach quoc gia thng dien ra trong thanh a cua M
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 Sn, von la trung tam ton giao cua vng quoc nay. Trong suot thi ky An Hoa, tuc th ang Shiva c xem nh v than quan trong nhat, cau thanh mot he thong tn ngng cua Champa thi o. Viec ton th than Shiva thng gan lien vi s th cung phu nhan (Sakti) cua ngai, tc la v n than c ton vinh thanh thanh mau cua vng quoc Champa. Ton th ang Shiva a tr thanh mot nghi le quan trong nhat trong vng quoc Champa so vi viec th cung nhng v than khac nh Brahma va Vishnu cua An Giao c to chc tai quoc gia nay (L. Finot, Inscription de My-sn, trong BEFEO II, 1902, trg. 190). Cac bia ky cung nh cac hnh tng than linh con lu lai a xac nhan ieu o. Trong suot thi ky Champa An Hoa, than Shiva thng bieu tng qua mot bc tng co than the nh con ngi vi con mat th ba nam ngay tren tran, co hai hay nhieu canh tay cam cac le vat, thong thng la co si day buoc cua Brahman (cordon brahmanique). Than Shiva con bieu tng qua hnh dang cua Linga, tc la mot bc tng hnh tru co mu chom hnh ban cau giong nh tng dng vat, co phan cham tro gian d hay cau ky. Tng Linga oi luc ng rieng re mot mnh nhng hau het thng ket lien tren mot cai chau dung tay the (cuve ablution). Moi Linga thng mang mot ten goi rieng. Mot so tng Linga nam trong thanh a M Sn thng bieu tng cho mot trieu ai, hoac noi theo ngon t hien ai hn, tng trng cho mot quoc gia , nh tng Linga mang ten
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 Bhadresvara, tc la bieu tng cua nha vua Bhadravarman I va vng quoc Champa. Phu nhan (Sakti) cua Shiva cung ong mot vai tro quan trong trong tn ngng cua Champa. V n than nay thng c trnh bay di hnh the con ngi hoac n oc hoac ngoi tren lng cua Nandin, tc la con bo dung lam phng tien di chuyen cua Shiva. Phu nhan cua than Siva thng c ton th qua nhieu ten goi khac nhau, ac biet nhat la n than mang ten Bhagavati mien nam cua Champa. Cho en the ky th X, ten n than nay thng dnh lien vi viec th cung Po Nagar Nha Trang, tc la Ba Chua N Than (Maitre de la Deesse), sau nay tr thanh v n than c ton vinh nhat mien nam Champa di danh ngha la Yang Po Nagara (Thanh mau cua vng quoc). Sau the ky th X, n than Yang Po Nagara thng sat nhap vao viec th cung v nam than Bhadresvara cua en M Sn ma muc ch la da vao s hoa ong cua tn ngng e tang cng viec thong nhat hai mien bac nam cua Champa. Rieng ve tuc th ca nhan, cac nghi le nay thng c to chc bi cac vua chua, cac v hoang t va cac gii chc cao cap trong trieu nh. Nhng nghi le nay ch mang mot tam quan trong tng oi ma thoi, mac du cac bia ky khong ngng nhac en. Mot so nghi le ton th ca nhan thng danh rieng cho nam than Vishnu, nhat la vao cac
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 the ky VII-VIII (E. Huber, Etudes Indochinoises. IX Trois nouvelles inscriptions du roi Prakacadharma du Campa : Linscription de ng Mong trong BEFEO 1911, trg. 262). Va nghi le nay cung thng ap dung cho n than Laksmi, tc la phu nhan cua Vishnu ma cac tai lieu thng nhac en vao the ky VIII va XIV. Ngi ta cung khong quen ton th nam than Brahma, mac du khong thng xuyen cho lam va mot so v than linh khac ma bia ky thng neu ra. Nhng noi dung cua cac le nghi nay thng mang tnh cach van chng tn ngng hn la nghi le ton giao. Trong so cac tuc th ca nhan nay, nghi le danh cho mon phai Phat Giao cung chiem mot v tr rat la quan trong vao mot so thi ky, ac biet nhat la vao cuoi the ky th IX di trieu ai cua Indravarman II, tc la v vua Champa a danh mot u ai ac biet cho Phat Giao ai tha (mahayana) va rat ton sung Avalokitesvara, mot v Bo Tat rat c ton knh tai vng quoc nay. Indravarman II la ngi a xay dng tai ong Dng, pha nam Tra Kieu, mot thanh a Phat Giao ln nhat e th phng c Laksmindra-Lokesvara ma H. Parmentier a viet mot so bai nghien cu, thiet ke hoa o ve thanh a nay cung nh kiem ke lai nhng di tch va tng Phat a tm thay trong quan the hnh ch nhat tai ong Dng, e ang tai trong tac pham LInventaire archeologique de lIndochine. II Monuments cam de lAnnam (Paris, Leroux, 1909-1918). Phat Giao ai tha (mahayana) la he thong tn ngng a
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Vng quoc Champa

 tng gi mot vai tro u the tai Champa cho en nam 914, tc la nam anh dau cho s bien mat bia ky Phat Giao tai vng quoc nay. ieu nay khong co ngha la tn ngng Phat Giao b suy sup han, v cac tng bang ong va mot so bao vat Phat Giao van tiep tuc xuat hien vao the ky X va XI. Chnh o la d kien a chng minh rang Phat Giao van con hien hu tai Champa cho en the ky th XI. Ben canh nhng nghi le ma chung toi va e cap en, cac vua chua Champa cung xay dng nhieu ien th ton giao quan trong trong suot thi ky An Hoa, ac biet tai thanh a M Sn va Po Nagar Nha trang, nham ton vinh cac v than linh va dang li knh can en bac tien nhan hien thanh vi niem hy vong la cac v vo hnh nay se em lai s an bnh cho vng quoc va trieu ai cua ho. Noi got nhng cong trnh xay dng do vua chua Champa a thc hien, cac hoang t va quan chc cao cap trong trieu nh cung tng gop phan vao chng trnh thiet ke cac ien th hoac dang tang cho cac en thap nhng tng Linga ma mot so co vang bao boc ben ngoai e th cung ang Shiva. oi vi cac v hoang t, c ch dang tang Linga cho en thap thng nham vao muc tieu nham ton vinh dong toc qu phai cua ho. oi vi quan chc cao cap trong trieu nh, ay la hanh ong nham bieu dng v tr va quyen lc cua ho trong xa hoi. Ngoai ra, cac bia ky thng ghi rang vua chua va dong qu toc Champa cung thng tr
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 cap cho cac en thap nhieu at ai canh tac, gia suc, ngi phuc dch, gao thoc, vang bac, v.v. So lng hien vat nay thng vt qua mc a lam hao mon i mot phan tai nguyen cua quoc gia Champa thi o (E. Huber, BEFEO XI,1911, trg. 19-20). An Giao the hien qua cac nghi le hoang gia Champa ch la tn ngng danh rieng cho tang lp qu toc. Mot khi cac giai cap qu toc nam gi quyen hanh b tieu diet trong cuoc vien chinh cua ai Viet vao the ky th XV, ngi ta nhan thay rang truyen thong An Giao ma trieu nh Champa thng da vao o t ngay lap quoc e lam nen mong cho to chc quoc gia cua mnh cung bien mat. Cung trong thi iem o, khu vc mien nam cua Champa (tc la Panduranga va Kauthara) cha b ri vao nen o ho cua ai Viet, tm cach xay dng cho mnh mot quoc gia hoan toan mi me va mot he thong tn ngng mang nhieu yeu to tien hoa hau giup nhan dan Champa khong phan biet giai cap eu co quyen gia nhap va tham gia. Mo hnh ton giao va mi ra i sau nam 1471 thng the hien qua c tin vao cac ang vo hnh goi la yang. Theo triet ly cua tn ngng nay, than linh la tap the sieu hnh luc nao cung hien dien ben canh van vat va nhan loai bat c ni nao tren lanh tho cua Kauthara va Panduranga (CM 35 -14). Chnh v the, tuc th than linh
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 thng nham vao muc tieu nham nang cao s che ch cua than linh hay lanh xa nhng s trng phat cua cac v vo hnh nay. ay ch la tn ngng cua nhng ngi dan ban a ong dng a co san trc ngay du nhap cua An Giao va tiep tuc ton tai nh nhng le nghi dan gian trong suot thi ky An Hoa, mac du trieu nh Champa khong cong nhan no nh tn ngng chnh thc cua quoc gia nay (P. Mus, LInde vue de lEst. Cultes indiens et indigenes au Champa, trong BEFEO XXXIII, 1933, trg. 367, 374). Sau ngay hp thc hoa tuc th than linh bi cac gii lanh ao ton giao va chnh tr mien nam Champa (CAM 104 : 4-5), tuc th than linh nay dng nh phat trien dan dan thanh mot he thong tn ngng trong o cac nhan vat vo hnh quan trong nhat tr thanh cac ang than linh co u quyen lc nham can thiep mot cach trc tiep vao i song cua con ngi. ieu nay a giai thch rang tai sao ngi ta phai quan tam rat nhieu en cac than linh bao ve cac mng ap va nhng nghi le danh cho cac v than nay. Mien nam Champa la khu vc co kh hau rat kho can. Ch co cac bac than linh mi co u quyen lc tren he thong dan thuy nhap ien va mang lai mua mang tru phu hau nuoi song ngi dan. Chnh v the, cac bac vo hnh co trach nhiem bao ton mng ap thng gi mot v tr hang au trong danh sach phong than cua vng quoc nay. o cung la nguyen nhan e giai thch rang ben canh cac le te
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 gia suc (de va ga) thng dien ra vao thang gieng va thang bay cua lch Cham, ngi ta con lam le te mot con trau hang nam danh cho than linh bao ve mng ap nam trong khu vc Phan Rang (CAM 22-4). Va c bay nam mot lan, ngi ta con tien hanh mot ai le long trong hn goi la le te con trau bach tang (CAM 30-13). Ben canh tuc th cac v than linh mang tnh cach a phng cau thanh mot he thong tn ngng rat la pho bien trong quan chung dan gian cua mien nam Champa, ngi ta con thay xuat hien mot the loai tn ngng mi na, o la tuc th cung cac tng than linh An Giao khong b tan pha trc cuoc Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet. Trc the ky th XV, moi bc tng eu mang ten cua v nam than hay n than ma no bieu tng. Nhng sau the ky th XV, qui che tn ngng nay khong con ton tai na. Hau het quan chung dan gian mien nam Champa khong quen thuoc cho lam vi cac le nghi hoang gia do giai cap qu toc Champa thng to chc nham vinh danh tam than (Brahma, Vishnu va Siva) hay ton th mot so than linh khac nam trong he thong An Giao. Va dan chung mien nam Champa cung khong biet ten tuoi, chan dung va nguon goc lai lch cua cac v than An Giao cau thanh bieu tng cua bc tng nay. Mac du van biet nhng bc tng o thng tng trng cho cac ang sieu hnh va thieng lieng di thi An Hoa, nhng dan toc Cham mien nam Champa van tm cach nhan cach hoa nhng
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 hien vat nay thanh nhng v than linh hoan toan mang phong cach a phng cua ho. Chnh v the, ho thng gan cho bc tng An Giao mot ten goi cua cac v than linh a phng Panduranga-Kauthara hay ten goi cua nhng nhan vat mang tnh cach huyen thoai hay nhng nhan vat co that trong lch s mang nhieu c tnh xuat chung va a tng ong gop cong lao nham bao ve cho nhan dan mien nam cua vng quoc nay. Vao the ky XIX va XX, mot so nha nghien cu cho rang viec th cung cac tng than nay ch la s tiep noi cua cac tap tuc tn ngng Champa di thi ky An Hoa. Ke t o, ho thng goi nhng ngi Cham thc hien viec th cung cac tng than An Giao la Cham Ba La Mon. ay la gia thuyet hoan toan sai lam. V rang dan toc Champa mien nam khong ton th ang Siva hay nhng v than linh An Giao trong ngha rong cua no, ma ngc lai ho ch ton th cac bac than linh a phng cua ho qua cac tng vat mang phong cach than linh An Giao ma thoi. ay la 2 th du ien hnh nhat : Bc tng cua Po Ina Nagar (Ba Chua X) tai en Nha Trang la v n than An Giao mang ten la Bhagavati (phu nhan cua ang Shiva) xay dng vao the ky X va th XI. Tuy nhien, ngi Cham hom nay ch xem nh mot v n than sinh ra t bot nc bien va cac tng may, co chc nang tao ra vu tru va c ton vinh nh mot v than quan
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 trong nhat tai mien nam Champa (CAM 57-3). Mac du ngi Cham hang nam thng en dang hien cac le vat cho Po Ina Nagar, nhng ho cung khong biet the nao la lai lch va ten tuoi that s cua v n than An Giao nay. Bc tng cua Po Klaung Garai (CAM microfilm 15-5) la th du ien hnh th hai. Theo tai lieu viet bang tieng Cham, Po Klaung Garai la v vua huyen thoai a day cho dan toc nay phng cach xay dng ap nc, dan thuy nhap ien, c xep vao nhan vat hang au trong danh sach than linh cua mien nam Champa. Nhng tren thc te, Po Klaung Garai ch mot Mukhalinga (tng co khuon mat con ngi) cua ang Shiva nam trong he thong An Giao ma ngi Cham khong can biet en. Nhng th du khac co nguon goc tng t nh bc tng Shiva trong en Po Rome (1625-1651) ma ngi Cham cho o la tng cua vua Po Rome (CAM 152-7) tc la v lanh tu that s cua vng quoc Champa mien nam a co cong thong nhat lai y thc he oan ket gia hai cong ong Cham Ahier (tam goi la Ba La Mon) va Cham Awal (Hoi Giao khong chnh thong). Ngi ta cung khong quen nhac en mot th du khac na o la tng than Shiva lien ket vi chau tay the c th phng trong mot cai en tai Phan R ma dan toc Cham cho o la bc tng cua vua Po Nraup (1652-1653). Them vao o, quan chung Cham thng cho rang tat ca nhng tng than Nandin (bo than), Ganesa (than co au voi), Makara (than bien) hay mot so tng mang phong
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 cach An Giao c tm thay t long at mien nam Champa eu la tng than a phng cua dan toc nay, bi v ngi Cham tin rang nhng bao vat nay moc t di at len. Di thi An Hoa, moi nghi le trong trieu nh Champa thng oi hoi co s hien dien cua nhng v tu s Brahman. Chnh v the, nhng ai le tai mien nam Champa nham vinh danh cac than linh a phng thng at di quyen chu tr cua cac chc sac ton giao Cham Ahier, nh Po Adhia va Ong Basaih co s hien dien cua Ong Camnei (phu trach bao ton le vat), Ong Kadhar (phu trach ve am nhac va bai xng ca) va mot so chc sac phu thuoc khac tr giup. Trong cac nghi le nay, tat ca chc sac Cham Ahier eu mac nhng loai le phuc rat la ac biet ma ngi ta co the tm thay trong tac pham Busana Campa = Cac trang phuc Champa xuat ban tai Kuala Lumpur (Muzium dan Antikuiti & EFEO, 1998). Vao khoang cuoi the ky XVI, mot so tn o Cham Ahier bat au tiep thu anh hng van hoa Hoi Giao qua trung gian cua cac nha thng thuyen Ma Lai va A Rap thng ghe qua cac b bien Champa, keo theo s ra i cua mot cong ong Cham Awal con goi la Cham Bani (tc la Cham theo Hoi Giao khong chnh thong) tai Panduranga va co the ca khu vc Kauthara xa kia (P-Y. Manguin, Lintroduction de lislam au Campa trong BEFEO
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 LXVI,1979, trg. 255-287). Nhng ngi ta van con a ra bao nghi van co chang vng quoc Champa thi o a theo Hoi Giao that s? Cau tra li chac chan la khong. V rang ngi Cham vao thi ky o ch tiep nhan vao tn ngng ban a cua mnh mot so chng muc cua kinh thanh Koran ma a so cac ban van eu viet bang ngon ng Cham pha lan vi ngon ng A Rap ay loi chnh ta. Ngoai ra, ngi ta con thay ang Allah xuat hien trong van chng Cham khong mang mot y ngha nh la Thng e duy nhat theo ngha rong trong giao ly cua Hoi Giao ma ch la mot ang sieu hnh ng hang au trong danh sach than linh quan trong cua ngi Cham Panduranga ma thoi. Them vao o ngi Cham Bani nay ch thc hien mot so giao ieu c ban cua Hoi Giao ma thoi, chang han nh viec bo th (zakat) ma y ngha cua no khong con nguyen thuy na. Ho khong thi hanh le nguyen 5 lan trong mot ngay. Le nhn chay vao thang Ramadan ch danh cho cac v Imam va cac tang l. Le cat b (circoncision) cho phai nam cua ho ch la mot nghi thc tng trng. Ho cung khong thi hanh viec hanh hng tai Makkah vung Trung ong, v s hien dien cua ho se lam mat i ban tnh thieng lieng cua thanh a nay. Mac du t nhan mnh la Cham Bani (Bani la tieng A Rap, co ngha cac a con) theo Hoi Giao, nhng ho van tiep tuc duy tr che o mau he va mau c, mot qui che to chc gia nh va xa hoi hoan toan i ngc lai vi phong tuc cua Hoi Giao. Them vao o,
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 khong ai co the nhap ao Hoi Giao cua ngi Cham Bani, neu than mau cua ho khong phai la Cham Bani (CAM microfilm 6-2). Cuoi cung, ngi Cham Awal la mot cong ong co mot tn ngng rieng nhng luc nao cung song lien ket chat che vi ngi Cham Ahier, tc la Cham Ba La Mon chap nhan Po Auluah (Allah) nh ang tao hoa a phng cua ho. Ngi Cham Awal cung thng tham gia trong cac nghi le rieng cua Cham Ahier, mac du nghi le nay khong lien he g vi giao ly cua Islam. Vao dp le mua rija (CAM 27-30) hoac cac le te than nong, cac v chc sac Cham Bani nh Po Gru, Imam va Katib eu co mat trong cac le tuc nay ben canh cac chc sac Cham Ahier. Hoan toan khac biet vi cong ong Cham Bani mien trung Viet Nam, hau het ngi Cham sinh song tai Campuchia eu theo Hoi Giao chnh thong, ngoai tr mot vai thon xom le loi con theo phong tuc tap quan Cham Bani. Ho ton trong ung mc thc hien 5 le nguyen trong mot ngay nh giao ieu cua Islam, tuan lenh gat gao nhng ieu cam k trong tn ngng nay va cac ngha vu khac cua giao phai Hoi Giao Sunni. S gia nhap Islam cua ngi Cham tai Campuchia phat xuat t moi quan he chat che vi ngi Ma Lai sinh song tai vng quoc nay, von la cong ong a ong gop tch cc vao viec truyen ba tn ngng Hoi Giao vao vng quoc Champa ke t the ky
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 th XVI. Them vao o, ngi Ma Lai cung khong ngng khuyen khch cong ong Cham Campuchia nen hoc hoi giao ly vi cac Ulama (chuyen gia ve luat Hoi Giao) tai Kelantan va Terengganu (hai tieu bang cua Ma Lai) e gia tang c tin cua ho. ieu nay cau thanh yeu to e giai thch rang tai sao ngi Cham Campuchia a tng trai qua t may chuc nam qua, di bao ap lc cua mot so phong trao cai cach Islam co a ban hoat ong trong khu vc ong Nam A. Khu vc Tay Nguyen mien trung Viet Nam la ni ma ngi ta tm thay mot so hien vat va en thap Champa. ieu nay a chng minh rang tai vung cao cua Champa thi o cung co nhng tap tuc tn ngng An Giao, rat gan gui vi van hoa vung ong bang ven bien cua vng quoc nay. Tam bia viet bang Phan Ng Klon Klor gan Kontum a xac nhan s hien dien cua An Giao tren khu vc Tay Nguyen, mac du bia k nay ch nhac en mot nhan vat mang ten la Mahindravarman va cung khong cho biet ai la ngi sang tac cac bia ky Phan ng nam trong long chao cua song Ba, thuoc tnh Gia Lai. Chnh v the ngi ta thng neu ra bao cau hoi co chang tac gia cua bia ky nay la ngi Tay Nguyen mang anh hng van hoa Cham hay ho la ngi Cham t vung ong bang sang nh c tren mien cao cua Champa vao nhng thi ky o.
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Dan c

Ai cung biet, vao cac the ky XVIII, XIX va XX, Tay Nguyen van la khu vc co mot nguon goc tn ngng ban a rieng biet. oi vi dan toc nay, vu tru la mot khong gian hoan toan nam trong tay cua ang vo hnh, cua cac bac than linh va vong linh ma dan toc ban a Tay Nguyen phai ton vinh va qui phuc hay tm cach lanh xa nhng s hung ac cua no (J. Boulbet, Pays des Maa, Domaine des genies, Nggar Maa, Nggar Yang, Paris, Publications de EFEO, vol. LXII, 1967). Ho tin rang phng cach hu hieu nhat e at c long tin cua the gii vo hnh la to chc nhng nghi le te vat nham ton vinh cac bac than linh kem theo li khan nguyen cua mot trong cac ngi tham d. ieu nay a giai thch nguyen nhan s ra i cua nhieu le te tren khu vc Tay Nguyen cho en khi Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam a ra chien dch chong pha me tn d oan bang cach ngan cam cac tap tuc nay vao cuoi the ky XX.

Van hoa
Cac bia ky viet bang Phan ng hay Cham ng co la nguon t lieu duy nhat cung cap nhng tin tc ve Champa vao thi ky An Hoa. Tiec rang nhng nguon t lieu nay ch ghi lai nhng g a xay ra trong trieu nh va giai cap lanh ao, khong bao gi e cap en thc trang van hoa va
85

 xa hoi cua ai a so quan chung song ven bien hay tren cao nguyen. Giong nh tat ca cac xa hoi khac di thi An Hoa, tn ngng tr thanh mot chu e luon luon ng tr trong cuoc song cua giai cap lanh ao Champa cho en the ky XV. Mot phan do s tac ong cua An Giao trong moi sinh hoat cua xa hoi va phan khac do cac giai cap qu toc Champa khong ngng vay mn t quan niem ve vu tru cua An Giao cho en noi dung van chng Phan ng e lam yeu to cho nen van minh cua mnh. Bia ky la van ban chnh thc bieu tng cho bc tranh van hoa cua tang lp qu phai Champa ma noi dung ch nham ton vinh nhng ai co s hieu biet sau am ve van chng Phan ng, thau triet van pham cua Panini (nha ng phap An o) va am tng ve tac pham Mahabhasya (bnh luan ng phap), cau thanh chu e rat c yeu chuong trong cac gii u tu Champa cho en the ky XII, tc thi ky anh dau cho s ra i cua mot so bai th Phan ng do vua Jaya Harivarman I sang tao va s xuat hien cua mot bien nien s viet bang Phan ng theo the van van (sloka) mang ta e Arthapuranasastra (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn trong BEFEO IV, 1904 trg. 963964). Bc tranh van hoa nay con nham vao muc tieu nham phat trien s hieu biet ve th van co ien cua An Giao, nhat la s thi (epopee) mang ten Mahabharata va Ramayana rat c pho bien trong trieu nh Champa thi
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 o. Bang chng cu the o la nhieu tac gia cua bia ky Champa thng lap i lap lai mot so oan van trch t tac pham cua hai s thi nay. Mot so bia ky khac vao the ky th VII con ton vinh mot so tac gia Champa a co cong sang tac s thi da vao noi dung cua tac pham Ramayana (P. Mus, Linscription a Valmiki de Prakacadharma (Tra kieu) trong BEFEO XXVIII, 1928, trg.147-152). Tat ca nhng s ngng mo nay thng mang yeu to pho bien van chng An Giao hn la truyen ba giao ly cua An Giao. oi vi giai cap lanh ao Champa thi o, nen van hoc uyen bac oi hoi u tien viec thau triet noi dung cua Dharmasastra (tac pham luat hoc) ma vng quoc Champa thng da vao o e xay dng he thong phap ly cua mnh, cha noi en s hieu biet ve van chng ky thuat (nghi thc cua cac le tuc) va khoa hoc sieu hnh (science magique) cua An Giao (E. Huber, Lepigraphie de la dynastie de ong-dng, trong BEFEO XI, 1911, trg. 291, 296 va 303-309). Mot yeu to quan trong khac cua nen van hoc uyen bac nay o la thien van hoc cau thanh mot chu e danh cho cac nha chuyen mon, nhat la tu s Brahman. Thien van hoc la mot khoa hoc rat can thiet cho viec tnh toan thi gian va thiet ke nien lch Champa, tc la lch am-dng hon hp (annee luni-solaire) pha lan vi lch Saka cua An Giao, bat au sau lch Cong Nguyen vao
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 nam th 78. Lch Champa thng mang tnh chat va tn ngng va sieu hnh, ma ngi ta da vao o e qui nh cac ngay thang cua cac le nghi va nhat la thiet lap danh sach cac ngay k trong mot nam, nh ngay may man, ngay rui ro, ngay vo can, v.v., cau thanh yeu to chi phoi trc tiep vao nhp song va cung cach s ly hang ngay cua dan toc Champa thi o (L. Finot. Inscriptions du Quangnam, trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.107, 109). Ben canh di san van hoa Phan ng cua tang lp qu phai ton tai cho en the ky XV, vng quoc Champa con co mot nen van hoa dan gian phat trien rat manh trong moi tang lp cua quan chung. Nen van hoa dan gian nay co nguon goc phat xuat t nen van minh cua vng quoc Lin Yi ke t the ky III-IV, bang cach tiep nhan mot so yeu to ky thuat mi nhap c t Trung Hoa pha lan vi mot lp nc sn cua van hoa An Giao. Van hoa dan gian nay cang phat trien nhanh chong vao nhng the ky tiep theo, nh s ong gop cua cac oan thuy thu nuc ngoai thng ghe vao hai cang cua Champa e tiep te lng thc va nc uong trc khi tiep tuc van hanh thng thuyen cua mnh tren bien Nam Hai noi lien vung Trung ong va An o vi luc a Trung Hoa. Nen van hoa dan gian nay khong ngng thang tien song song vi nen van hoa Phan ng cang ngay cang tch cc hn, a lam lu m dan dan i nhng yeu to mang tnh chat An Giao. o cung la nguyen nhan giai thch cho suy tan cua nen vam minh Phan ng
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 tren lanh tho Champa. Nam 1253 anh dau cho ban bia ky cuoi cung viet bang Phan ng tai vng quoc nay. Sau o ngi ta ch con tm thay cac bia ky viet bang co ng Cham ma thoi. Nhng tren thc te s suy tan cua Phan ng a phai mau t lau, bi v Champa bat au giam dan i viec s dung bia ky viet bang Phan ng ke t the ky th IX va khong con quan tam cho lam en nguyen tac van pham cua ngon ng An Giao nay. Ke t o, van chng co ien An Giao cung ri vao vong quen lang, e roi cac tang lp giai cap qu toc Champa khong con nh en Mahabharata, mot tac pham thien anh hung ca (epopee) noi tieng cua An o ma vng quoc Champa khong con nhac en cau th cua no na ke t au the ky th XIII, ngoai tr tac pham thien anh hung ca Ramayana ma noi dung cua no ch con ton tai di hnh dang cua mot cau chuyen ngan gon viet bang bang van xuoi lu truyen en hom nay vi nhan e Pram Dit Pram Lak. Sau the ky th XV, nen van minh cua Champa An Hoa cang ngay cang tan lui i e nhng bc cho s ra i cua mot nen van minh mi ma ngi ta goi la nen van hoa ban a Champa. Khi lanh tho Champa b thu hep vao hai tieu vng quoc Kauthara va Panduranga ke t the ky th XVI, toan bo di san tn ngng cua An Giao b sup o e roi khong con ai ton th na, ngoai tr mot nghi le duy nhat o la Sati, tc la le tuc danh cho hoang hau Champa t thieu
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 tren dan hoa e cung chet chung vi ngi chong cua mnh. Le tuc Sati tai vng quoc Champa a xay ra lan au tien vao luc am tang cua Harivarman IV vao nam 1081. Nhan dp nay, 14 n hoang Champa quyet nh t thieu tren dan hoa cua chong e bay to long trung thanh oi vi nha vua (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XII C trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 936, 939). Le Sati cung dien ra trc mat cua Linh Muc Odoric de Pordenone nhan dp ong ta vieng tham Champa vao au the ky th XIV va con ap dung cho en the ky th XVII vao luc le hoa tang cua vua Po Rome (1627-1651). Cung v n hoang Champa khong chap nhan len dan hoa cua quoc vng Po Rome, ngi ta phai khac tren bc tng cua v n hoang nay e anh dau s t choi cua ba chong lai nghi le Sati cua hoang gia Champa thi o. ieu nay a chng minh rang le tuc Sati ch bien mat sau the ky th XVII e thay the vao o bang mot hnh thc khac, o la le dang hien cac di san vat chat thuoc ve ngi qua co tren dan hoa ma phu nhan cua ho thng thc hien e chung i theo ngi chong vao coi khac. Nghi le nay a lam bien mat nhieu kho tang van hoc co ien Cham e roi hom nay ngi ta ch con nh en ten cua tac pham ma thoi (Po Dharma, Nicolas Weber, Abdullah Zakaria Bin Ghazali, Akayet Um Marup, KKKW &EFEO, 2006, trg. 9). Chnh v the, dan toc Cham hom nay ch con lu lai mot vai tac pham mang noi dung phap ly phong tuc ma dan toc nay thng da
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 vao o e lam khuon mau cho he thong to chc xa hoi hom nay. Ke t o, moi yeu to van hoa co ien cua Champa t bien mat e thay the vao o mot he thong van hoa mi mang tnh cach dan gian hn, tc la s ket hp gia van hoa ban a cua mien nam Champa va van hoa cua dan toc a ao (Nam Dng va Ma Lai), tc la mot tap the toc ngi co moi quan he thng trc t lau vi dan toc Cham song ven bien va rat gan gui vi nhau ve mat nhan chung, ngon ng va van hoa. Nh va nhac qua phan tren, nen van minh cua mien nam Champa ch la mot di san van hoa co s tien hoa ve mat tn ngng va le nghi trong o co hang tram nhan vat sieu hnh (yang) a phng tr thanh cac bac than linh cua vng quoc ma tat ca cac tang lp xa hoi Cham eu ton th qua cac nghi le cung te gia suc, cha noi en cac ai le nh Kate, Ca-mbur (CAM 125) hoac le cung au mua cay cay ma muc ch ch nham tay ue ma ta ra khoi am ruong bo hoang vao mua kho can trc khi bat au viec trong trot tr lai. Vao cuoi the ky XVI va au the ky XVII, cac thng thuyen Hoi Giao Ma Lai a mang lai cho ngi Cham song ven bien mot so yeu to van hoa a ao cua ho. ang ly ra ho a bien ngi Cham thi o thanh mot cong ong theo ao Hoi that s, nhng s viec xay ra khong phai la nh the. V rang, dan toc Cham, mac du a
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 chap nhan mot so tn ieu cua kinh thanh Koran, khong bao gi t bo yeu to tn ngng dan gian cua ho. Chnh v the, tn ngng cua nhom ngi Cham Awal ch la mot s pha tron gia yeu to vay mn t Hoi Giao va tap tuc a phng. Cung v dan toc Cham cua mien nam Champa, nhat la Cham Ahier, thng hay cai bien mot so thien s cua Hoi Giao thanh nhom than linh a phng cua ho, thanh ra ngi ta rat kho ma phan biet au la bien gii cua s tra tron nay. Chnh v the moi nhan xet ve nguon goc tn ngng cua dan toc Cham khong bao gi phu hp vi nhau. Mot th du ien hnh, o la ang Allah viet thanh Po Uvalvah (CM 27-27) c xem nh mot v vua huyen s au tien ghi trong bien nien s cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga- Champa. Thien s Muhammad ma ngi Cham goi la Po Rasulak (CM 39-1) c xep vao danh sach ben canh cac thien s Hoi Giao khac trong bang phong than cua dan toc nay. Viec cong sinh gia hai tn ngng nay a tao ra nhng anh hng trc tiep en mot so quan niem van hoa cua ngi Cham tai mien trung Viet Nam. Chnh v the, ke t the ky XVII, ngi Cham Bani (Hoi Giao khong chnh thong) co mot khai niem ve vu tru hoan toan khac han vi ngi Cham Ahier va khong nhn he thong tao hoa the gian nh trc thi nhap ao Hoi Giao na (CAM 97-2 va CAM 143-2). Mac du cong viec tnh toan thi gian hoan toan da vao mot phng phap chung, nh viec ghi chep
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 ngay thang trong nien lch da vao ten cua 12 con giap, ngi Cham Ahier va Bani hien nay van dung hai nien lch khac nhau va ngay thang khong trung hp vi nhau (CAM 138-4). Chnh v the, cac chc sac ton giao nam quyen thng t quyet nh thay oi ngay le thng nien mang tnh co nh c thc hien bi hai cong ong Cham Ahier va Bani, th du nh le rija nagar, mot khi le tuc nay ri nham vao ngay ai le cua ngi Cham Bani nhat la trung vao thang an chay (Ramadan) cua ho. Mot so yeu to van hoa khac cung bat au hnh thanh tai mien nam Champa, ac biet nhat la s ra i cua mot he thong ngon ng ch viet mi. Ke t au the ky XVI, ch viet Cham thi co ai bat au nhng bc cho ch viet Cham thi trung ai va mot so loai ch viet khac, cau thanh mot phng tien dung e dien at t tng. Ke t o, cac tac pham van chng cua mien nam Champa ch viet bang tieng Cham ma thoi, du o la tac pham van hoc co chung mot nguon goc cua cac quoc gia An Giao tai khu vc ong Nam A ma noi dung luc nao cung nham ton vinh mot nhan vat chnh yeu tren san khau cua kch trng, thng ong vai hoang t, luc nao cung tng trai qua cac cuoc song phieu lu d thng e roi cuoi cung, ong ta tr ve que hng sau ngay chien thang ve vang chong lai oi tng cua mnh va len ngai vang e noi ngoi
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 cua vua cha. Tac pham Inra Sri Bikan la mot kieu mau ien hnh nam trong the loai van chng nay (CAM microfilm 11-2). Ke ca tac pham vay mn t the gii Ma Lai, mac du ngi Cham ban a van xem o nh la mot kho tang van hoc co gia tr chung, nhng ho phai chnh ly lai noi dung cho phu hp vi he thong cau truc tam linh va yeu to van hoa Cham trc khi du nhap tac pham nay vao vng quoc Champa. Chnh v the, a so ngi Cham cha quen thuoc vi van hoc nc ngoai, khong bao gi ngh rang cac thien anh hung ca (akayet) cua ho, ac biet nhat la Akayet Inra Patra va Akayet Deva Mano ch la tac pham co nguon goc xuat phat t kho tang van hoc cua Ma Lai (Po Dharma, G. Moussay, Abdul Karim, Akayet Dowa Mano, Kuala Lumpur, PNM va EFEO, 1998). a tien hoa nay cung phat trien khong ngng trong nen nghe thuat Champa thi o. Ve mat am nhac ma mot so nhac cu thng c dung vao thi ky Champa An Giao nh an vina (n tranh An o), an thu cam (harpe) hay trong vo, thng xuat hien tren cac phu ieu cua en M Sn va Phong Le a bien mat, e nhng cho lai cho cac nhac cu khac, ngoai tr gong chieng co ien la con ton tai cho en ngay nay. Nhng hau het cac nhac cu ma ngi Cham ang s dung hom nay ch la nhng vat the vay mn t the gii Ma Lai. Ve mat ieu mua cung the. Ke t the ky th XV ve sau, cac ieu vu khong con la nghe thuat oc quyen cua than thanh na. Cac tng Siva
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 nhay mua cua en Phong Le hay Khng My va cac tng vu n (apsara) cua en Chanh Lo hay Tra Kieu ma cac nha ieu khac thng trang iem cho nhng chiec be cua tng Linga, khong con xuat hien na. Cac tng vu cong ma ngi ta thng dang hien cho cac en thap trong viec th cung cung bien mat luon theo thi gian (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 942, 943). Ke t o, ieu mua ch la mot chuoi nhp ieu cua cac bc chan va ong tac cua vu n uon eo nhp nhang theo ieu nhac, chang han nh ieu mua goi la patra. Con ve ieu mua mang tach cach tap the cua oan vu n va vu cong ma ngi ta trnh dien ngay nay tren cac en thap ch la phong cach nghe thuat c che tao vao cuoi the ky XX nham vao muc ch cho kinh te du lch ma thoi. Ngi ta hoan toan khong biet g ve nen van hoa cua ngi Tay Nguyen vao thi ky An Giao, bi v khong co mot bia ky nao noi en. Ngc lai, ngi ta biet ro the nao la yeu to van hoa cua dan toc mien cao vao gia the ky th XX, tc la trc ngay hien dien cua hang van ngi Viet di c t mien Bac vao mien trung va mien nam en nh c tren Tay Nguyen ke t nam 1955, tao thanh mot cong ong ngi Kinh a so lan ap vao a ban dan c cua dan toc ban a thieu so va tan pha i nen van minh cua ho.

Dan c

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oi vi dan toc ban a Tay Nguyen (ProtoIndochinois), s chuyen van cua vu tru hoan toan nam trong tay cua vo so ang vo hnh cau thanh mot tap the than linh co quyen lc e lam sinh ong bau tri, trai at, thien nhien ngay ca van vat va tiep tuc ng tr tren trai at ma ho a tao ra. ieu nay a giai thch rang tn ngng cua dan toc Tay Nguyen luc nao cung lien ket chat che vao i song va cac sinh hoat hang ngay cua ho. Do o dan toc Tay Nguyen thng xuyen phai ngh en viec cung quay than linh v ho tin rang nhng li cau nguyen trong le tuc nay co the tao ra mot anh hng tren quyen lc cua ang vo hnh nay bang cach vo hieu hoa nhng than linh hung d hoac ton vinh nhng than linh co c o t bi (xem P-B. Lafont, Prieres Jarai, Paris, EFEO Textes et Documents sur lIndo-chine VIII, 1963). Nen van hoa ton giao nay con phat trien trong cac luat tuc con goi la cham ngon phap ly (coutumier) cua tng sac dan. Ngoai viec ieu hoa cac qui c sinh hoat trong xa hoi, luat tuc con co muc tieu giao huan con ngi ve cung cach c x oi vi chnh ban than cua mnh va oi vi cac ang vo hnh ang chu tr van menh cua vu tru. Luat tuc thng oi hoi moi dan toc Tay Nguyen phai biet hoan thien, cau thanh mot qui c oi hoi moi ca nhan phai ton trong s tng quan trong cac cuoc sinh hoat hang ngay va bo buoc ho phai phuc tung cac v than linh t t tng cho en hanh ong. Luat tuc va luan ly cau thanh mot chu e
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 chung va thng chong chat len nhau. Theo dan toc ban a Tay Nguyen, luat tuc va luan ly ao c eu phat xuat t mot nguon goc chung, v ca hai yeu to o hoan toan do ang than linh cai quan vu tru ban cho ho ma thoi. Dan toc Tay Nguyen la cong ong toc ngi khong co ch viet. Chnh v the, moi kien thc cua ho eu phat sinh t van hoa truyen khau, du o la li cau nguyen, luat tuc hay cac tac pham van hoc. Nham giup tap the quan chung biet en noi dung cua van ban nay, van chng dan gian hay luat tuc thng c trnh bay theo the th, e moi khi c xng len th am tiet gieo van co phan nhp nhang co tnh lam noi bat len cac ieu khuc cua tac pham. Nhp ieu va s hoa hp am ieu cau thanh yeu to nham ong gop vao viec tiep thu nhanh vao tr nh. Cung nh o ma mot so tac pham van chng nh tuc ng, co tch, truyen thuyet, chuyen ke va thien anh hung ca cua dan toc Tay Nguyen a c lu truyen cho en hom nay (D. Antomarchi, Le chant epique de Kdam Yi, trong BEFEO XLVII-2,1955, trg.590-615). Va nen van hoc nay con co muc tieu nham phat trien s hai hoa cua xa hoi, duy tr nhng yeu to kinh te co truyen va nhat la nham xac nhan quyen lc toi cao va tnh xuat chung cua cac ang vo hnh oi vi the gii cua cac sinh vat.

Dan c

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To chc chnh tr
Cung giong nh cac quoc gia nam trong khu vc vao thi ky An Giao va nhng giai oan tiep theo, Champa la mot vng quoc da vao quan chu chuyen che e lam mo hnh to chc chnh tr cua mnh. Nhng Champa khong phai la mot quoc gia trung ng tap quyen nh mot so nha khoa hoc thng hieu lam, ma la mot quoc gia lien bang tap trung nhieu tieu vng quoc (principaute) gom co : Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya, Kauthara va Panduranga. Moi tieu vng quoc c chia thanh cac n v hanh chanh at di quyen quan ly chung cua tieu vng. ng au cua lien bang Champa la v thu lanh ong o tai Vijaya t the ky XI en the ky XV mang danh hieu la rajadiraja (vua cua cac vua), tc la nhan vat duy nhat co quyen nhan le ang quang (abhiseka) e len ngoi vua cua lien bang ma bia ky thng ghi lai. Nghi le nay c to chc tai thu phu Vijaya, mot a iem nam lan can thanh pho Qui Nhn hien nay. ay la mot qui che chnh tr khong phu hp cho lam vi c vong cua Panduranga, mot tieu vng quoc mien nam luc nao cung tm cach tach ri ra khoi lien bang Champa e tao dng cho mnh mot quoc gia oc lap rieng.
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Tat ca cac v vua Champa eu la nhng ngi xuat than t giai cap Ksatriya (giai cap qu toc, tng lanh quan s) hay la nhng Brahman-Ksatriya (tu s-qu toc). Khi a len ngoi, ho thng at mot tam mc quan trong vao viec than thanh hoa ban than cua mnh. Moi v thu lanh t xng mnh la vua cua vng quoc Champa, nhng ong thi la hien than cua mot v than, thong thng nhat la hien than cua ang Siva. Chnh v the, vua Champa thng ra lenh tac tng mang hnh the ca nhan cua mnh nhng lai eo cac o trang sc cua v than linh. Moi v vua thng at cho mnh mot ten goi mang tnh cach ton giao ben canh danh xng chnh thc cua trieu ai (L. Finot, Stele de Cambhuvarman a M-sn, trong BEFEO III, 1903, trg. 210-211). Vua chua Champa la bieu tng cho quyen lc va vinh quang trong mot quoc gia ma cac bia ky thng ton vinh qua nhng li tang boc oi khi rat la qua ang. Nhng mo hnh chnh tr nay cung khong ngan cam c vao the ky XII va XIV mot so hoang t thng ng ra chong lai uy quyen cua nha vua hoac tm cach lat o chnh quyen Champa, nh trng hp Indravarman V va Maha Qu o a tng nhung tay vao cuoc ao chanh nham chiem quyen ngoi vua tai vng quoc nay. Cac cuoc tranh chap quyen hanh gia cac v hoang t cong them s khung hoang chnh tr trien mien gia mien bac va mien nam Champa cung la nguyen nhan a lam suy yeu i y thc he
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 oan ket cua vng quoc nay. ieu nay a giai thch rang quyen lc cua vua chua phai nam tren phap ly cua mot quoc gia ma lch s cua Champa thng chng minh ieu o. Vao nhng giai oan xao tron va giao thi, cac nha vua thng chon sc manh cua quyen lc nh la chnh sach u tien e tran ap oi phng va cung co ngai vang. Ho ch ban tam en nhng bien co chnh tr mang tch cach thi s co the lam lung lay oai quyen cua trieu nh hn la lo ngh en van e xay dng mot the che chnh tr da vao hien phap cua mot quoc gia. Vao nhng giai oan yen bnh, cac vua chua Champa thng lo am bao trat t va an ninh trong nc hau ne tranh nhng viec tranh chap chong lai uy quyen cua nha vua. Nham am bao viec ieu hanh quoc gia va tang cng quyen lc cua mnh, cac v quoc vng Champa thng thanh lap mot noi cac chnh phu tap trung mot so quan than cao cap (hauts dignitaires) ch khong phai cac v bo trng trong ngha rong cua no. Ben canh o, vua chua Champa con co mot he thong khue phong gom co cac ba hoang hau va nhieu cung phi my n. Cac quan lai trong noi cac thng la nhng nhan vat xuat than t giai cap thng lu co anh hng ln trong quoc gia, vi muc ch nham bien ho thanh mot tap the luon luon trung thanh vi vua. Cho en hom nay, ngi ta khong biet the nao la danh xng va quyen han cua cac v quan lai cao cap trong
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 noi cac Champa. Ngc lai, nhiem vu chnh yeu cua ho la quan tr nganh thu thue, huan luyen bo binh va thuy binh e chuan b cho viec chinh chien. Moi u t ln nhat cua moi v quoc vng Champa la nguon kinh ph quoc gia. Chnh v the thue ma la yeu to can thiet trong viec phat trien ngan kho cua hoang gia hau nang cao cuoc song cua cac quan ai than trong vng quoc, nuoi dng quan oi, xay dng cac cong trnh dan thuy nhap ien, thiet ke cac cung ien hoac xay dng cac en ai ton giao e lam nen mong cho uy quyen cua mnh. Tiec rang, cac nhu cau chi ph thng vt qua kha nang cung ng cua quoc gia, bi do s ngheo kho cua dan chung va s mien thue danh cho cac trung tam ton giao ma mot so bia ky cua ong Dng thng neu ra (L. Finot va E. Huber, BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 89 va 95; BEFEO V, 1905, trg. 280, 281). e phuc hoi ngan kho nha nc, mot so quoc vng Champa phai ngh en cac chien dch anh pha cac nuc lang gieng, nhat la vng quoc ai Viet, hoac ap dung vu lc e anh thue cac tau be di chuyen trong hai phan cua mnh. V nhu cau can thiet trong chnh sach phong thu quoc gia, vua chua Champa thng at moi trong tam vao van e xay dng mot oi ngu luc quan va hai quan hung manh ma hnh anh cua cac binh s, cac ong vat tham chien va cac chien cu van con lu lai tren cac bc phu ieu tai en Angkor Vat, Bayon (Angkor) va Banteay Chmar cua vng quoc
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Dan c

 Campuchia

Vng quoc Champa

(M.

Jacq-

Hergoualch,

Larmement

et

lorganisation de larmee khmere aux XII et XIII siecles, Paris, PUF, 1979). Sau ngay sup o nen van minh An Giao mien bac vao nam 1471, vng quoc Champa mien nam van tiep tuc hien hu, nhng lai t bo moi the che chnh tr vay mn t An o rat co hieu lc cho en the ky th XV, e thay the vao o mot he thong to chc quoc gia hoan toan mi me, da vao truyen thong ban a cua Kauthara va Panduranga, pha lan vi mot so yeu to cua the gii Ma Lai, mot khu vc ma vng quoc Champa a hoa nhap vao ke t cuoi the ky th XV qua cac mang li thng mai hang hai noi lien vi cac hai cang nam tren b bien Nam Hai cua Trung Hoa (D. Lombard, Le Carrefour javanais. Essai dhistoire globale: II. Les reseaux asiatiques, Paris, Editions de lEHESS, 1990). Ke t o, cac quoc vng Champa mien nam t bo hoan toan quan niem than thanh hoa ban than cua mnh nh thi xa xa e tr thanh cac nha lanh tu chnh tr ieu hanh quoc gia trong ngha rong cua no. ay cung la thi iem anh dau cho s ra i cua mot khai niem chnh tr rat mi me trong o quyen lc cua mot chnh quyen ch da vao s giau co va thnh vng cua mot quoc gia ma thoi. Ke t o, Champa khong con chu tam nhieu en viec phat trien nong nghiep co truyen nh vao thi An Giao na ma la tm cach lam chu he thong trao oi kinh te gia nhng hai
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 cang ln nam trong khu vc. Chnh v the, cac quoc vng Champa a bien he thong thng mai hang hai thanh mot to chc oc quyen cua nha vua va a nhieu lan tr thanh cac ai thng gia giong nh cac quoc vng Ma Lai thng ap dung. Nham phat trien manh he thong kinh te mi nay, cac quoc vng Champa sau the ky th XV thng tuyen chon vao giai cap ieu hanh quoc gia cua mnh mot so nhan vat goc ngi a ao nham nam gi cac chc vu co van kinh te cho hoang gia Champa cung nh viec thiet lap va phat trien cac moi quan he vi cac thng gia, cac ngi lai tau, cac ai dien chu hang va nhat la moi quan he vi nc ngoai ma cac tai lieu Champa cung nh cac li tng thuat cua cac nha thng thuyen Tay Phng thng ke lai. Cung nen nh rang, vao gia the ky XVI va XVIII tieng Ma Lai la ngon ng ngoai giao rat thong dung vung ong Nam A Chau. V rang tat ca cac cuoc trao oi kinh te chnh tr qua cac cuoc oi thoai hay viet thanh van ban chnh thc gia cac quoc gia nam trong khu vc hay vi nhng ngi Tay Phng eu thc hien bang ngon ng Ma Lai. Hiep c gia vng quoc Campuchia va Hoa Lan ky vao nam 1656 nhng viet bang tieng Ma Lai la mot th du ien hnh. Chnh v the, trong trieu nh cua cac quoc gia nam trong khu vc ong Nam A Chau thi o thng co nhng ngi noi tieng Ma Lai rat thong thao.
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 Ho phai la nhng ngi Ma Lai chnh thong mi co the noi ranh tieng me e cua ho va co kha nang e oc ca van ban viet bang tieng A Rap. Ben canh nhng ngi Ma Lai gi vai tro co van, vua chua Champa thng tuyen chon vao trieu nh cua mnh nhng quan lai goc ngi Cham Ahier (tam goi la Ba La Mon) va bat au t the ky XVII ca ngi Cham Bani (Hoi Giao khong chnh thong) va ke ca ngi Tay Nguyen nh sac dan Ee, Churu va Raglai, tc la dan toc noi tieng noi a ao. Moi sac dan phuc vu trong trieu nh Champa thng ong vai tro rieng biet trong to chc ton giao, quan s, tai chanh (kiem soat viec thu thue, v.v..), kinh te (kiem soat viec ai vang, v.v..) va hanh chanh. He thong to chc chnh tr mi nay a dien ra tai mien nam Champa cho en gia the ky th XVII. Ke t o, vua chua nha Nguyen, sau khi at quyen bao ho tren lanh tho Panduranga, ng ra chon la nhng nha cam quyen Champa rat than can vi mnh hau kiem soat ho chat che hn bang cach ban cho ho nhng vng hieu toi cao vi muc ch do danh ho phai phuc tung oai quyen cua trieu nh Hue. Tnh trang nay keo dai trong suot cuoc noi chien gia Nguyen Anh va Tay Sn t nam 1771 cho en nam 1802. Trong khoang thi gian nay, cac quoc vng Champa nam quyen cai tr at nc mat het tat ca quyen hanh va ch hanh ong nh ke mua roi theo chieu bai cua nha Nguyen, nhng ho van con ton tai tren ngai vang cho
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 en khi hoang e Minh Menh quyet nh khai tr ho va xoa bo danh xng Panduranga-Champa ra khoi ban o vao nam 1832.

Dan c

Kinh te
Cac tai lieu lch s t khi ban en mot cach sau am ve tnh hnh to chc kinh te Champa trc hay sau the ky XV. Mac du nh the, ngi ta cung biet rang vng quoc nay co hai nen kinh te song phng vi nhau trong qua kh, o la nen kinh te t cung t cap (eonomie de subsistance) cua ai a so quan chung tap trung hau het cac nong dan va ng dan doc theo b bien va nen kinh te li nhuan (eonomie de profit) ma trieu nh Champa thng ap dung vi cac nha buon nc ngoai. Hau het cac dan c Champa song vung ong bang cung nh toan the ngi Tay Nguyen chuyen song ve nong nghiep. Nghe trong lua von la sinh hoat chnh cua ho. Chnh v the, an cm tr thanh cum t rat pho thong trong cac quoc gia thuoc ve khu vc ong Nam A. Cung nh cac van bia co noi dung lien quan en viec dang hien hoa mau cho cac en thap ma ngi ta biet rang c dan Champa sinh song vung ong bang la tap the chuyen khai thac ruong lua qua he thong dan thuy nhap ien (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg.959, 962). Ngc lai, dan toc song
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 vung cao th khai thac canh ong at trung (champs de depressions) doc theo ngon oi. V kh hau kho han thng dien ra tai mot so vung pha nam, thanh ra cac khu vc canh tac cua Champa can phai co he thong dan thuy nhap ien bat nguon t cac mng ap. Ke t o, cum t cap nc tr thanh cong trnh chnh yeu cua cac nha vua danh cho tap the nong dan (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 942,943). ng nhien ngi ta khong biet ro cho lam, du la phong chng i na, ve so lng san xuat lua gao vao thi ky Champa An Giao, bi v san pham nong nghiep thng nh gia bang jak. Ngoai san pham lua gao, cac tai lieu Cham co khong bao gi cho biet cac loai giong hoa qua va cay coi dung trong nganh trong trot tai vng quoc nay, ma ch nhac en cac loai thc pham, hat giong va cac phng tien kinh te t cung tc cap ma thoi. Cung nh t lieu viet bang tieng Ma Lai, ngi ta biet rang vng quoc Champa co mot so loai cay trong tren cac manh at khong can dan thuy nhap ien nh cay me, cay au, cay chuoi, cay ma, cay da ma ngi ta dung lam ru da nh tai lieu Trung Hoa ghi lai. Theo nhat ky cua Linh Muc Odoric de Pordenone lien quan en chuyen cong du cua ong ta tai khu vc A Chau vao the ky XIV, ngi dan Champa vao thi ky o co u lng thc e sinh song. Ngi ta cung khong biet nhieu hn ve nganh nong nghiep Champa sau the ky XV mac dau cac thng thuyen Au Chau co mat tren hai phan cua vng quoc nay ke t nam 1540 a
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 thng xuyen lap bang ke khai cac loai hang hoa va thc pham ma ho co the dung vao viec buon ban. Trong so cac loai hang hoa nay, ngi ta cung khong biet en cac loai san pham cong kenh san xuat tai Champa ma ngi nc ngoai khong dung en. Lua la mot loai giong thnh hanh nhat trong nganh nong nghiep cua vng quoc nay, nhng ngi ta cung khong biet san lng trong trot la bao nhieu, trong luc o lua gao la lng thc chnh yeu dung vao viec oi chac, vay mn hoac tra gop. V rang dan toc Cham sinh song tai ong bang thi o khong trong cau va trau, thanh vay ho dung lua gao e oi chac san pham nay vi ngi Viet Nam. Ngoai loai ngu coc nay, ngi dan Champa thng trong khoai lang (Convolvulus Batatas Linne) dung lam lng thc thay gao vao luc that mua. Bong vai (Gossypium hirsutum) la san pham rat phat trien trong khu vc Bnh Thuan trong khi o thuoc la rat thnh hanh tai vung Phan Rang. Ho cung trong cay da va cac loai cay trong khac t quan trong hn. Song song vi viec canh tac cac loai cay coi dung e tieu thu, ngi dan Champa con chuyen lam nghe thu nhap nhng san pham thien nhien do nui rng cung cap, nhat la rau cai va hoa qua ma ho thng s dung e lam mon an hang ngay. Ho cung lam nghe san ban cac loai thu nho, nh tho rng, ga rng, con te te (pangolin), chim rng, con cong (BEFEO XI, 1911, trg. 291, 296). Nghe san ban cua ho thng dien
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Dan c

 ra hang ngay, nhat la nhan dp ong an, a em lai cho ba cm cua ho co tht, v viec chan nuoi mang tnh cach gia nh khong the cung cap cho ho nhng mon tht thng xuyen, mot phan do benh dch suc vat, ac biet la cum bo thng hay tan pha nganh chan nuoi gia suc va phan khac th xuat phat t le te thng s dung qua nhieu thu vat gay ra nan thieu thieu thon ve gia suc, gia cam ma ho chan nuoi trong gia nh. Cuoi cung cac nong dan nay cung lam nghe cau ca song va ca ho nham tang cng them thc pham e dung trong gia nh. Cac ng dan Champa song ven bien Nam Hai chay dai hn 800 cay so cung co mot cuoc song kinh te rat gan gui vi tang lp nong dan, nhng ch co mot s khac biet hn o la ng dan dung hai san cua mnh e oi lay gao cua nong dan. Chnh v the ca va gao la thc pham c ban cua vng quoc Champa thi o, nhat la pha nam Champa, mot hai phan rat nhieu ca ma Linh Muc Odoric de Pordenone a ghi nhan vao the ky XIV. Hau het nhan dan Champa ch chuyen song ve nghe nong nghiep va ng nghiep. Ngc lai, vua chua va quan than Champa thng at trong tam vao nen kinh te co li nhuan qua cac viec buon ban vi cac thng thuyen An o, Trung Hoa, Ma Lai, A Rap, va ke t the ky th XVI vi ngi Au Chau. Cac thng thuyen nay thng mua cac san pham co hng thm, da thu rng va kim loai
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 qu theo s oi hoi cua th trng. Quoc vng Champa la ngi chiem oc quyen e cung cap nhng san pham cho th trng nay. Vao nhng nam au cua Tay Lch, vng quoc Champa dng nh a bat au tham gia vao viec trao oi kinh te vi mot so quoc gia lan can. Mot so manh v cua hien vat goc Trung Hoa va An o c tm thay tai Tra Kieu a chng minh ieu o. Ke t cac nam au cua the ky th V, tai lieu Trung Hoa thng ghi rang Champa la quoc gia a co mot oi ngu hang hai quan trong thng dung vao viec anh pha cac b bien ai Viet pha bac va chuyen ve nganh di chuyen hang hoa tren ai dng. Chnh v the, mot so tai lieu lch s thng cao buoc rang nganh hang hai cua Champa thi o ch la n v chuyen lam nghe cp bien. Mac dau ngi ta khong biet so lng tau be thuoc n v hang hai cua vng quoc nay, nhng ngi ta co the ngh rang Champa phat trien rat manh nganh thng thuyen cua mnh vao au the ky th IX, khi khu vc Tay A va Trung A, v tnh hnh an ninh khong cho phep, khong dung c ng bo xuyen luc a Chau A con goi la con ng t lua, e lam he thong giao thong na. Ke t o, cac nha thng gia buon ban phai chon ng bien e ch hang hoa cua ho. Phai noi rang nganh thng mai hang hai a em lai cho Champa mot nguon t li vo cung ln lao, bi v
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 cac tau be quoc te phai dng chan tai b be cua vng quoc nay e tiep te lng thc va nhat la Champa co nhieu hai cang noi tieng nh Turan (a nang hien nay), Kam-ran (Cam Ranh), Sri Banoy (hai cang cua Vijayapura trong vnh Qui Nhn hien nay), Malithit (Phan Thiet), v.v. Va cac v vua au tien cua Champa a tng hng nen tru phu cua nganh thng mai nay la trieu ai cua Indrapura (ong Dng) ma cac t lieu khao co hoc a tng chng minh. Ke t o, Champa tr thanh mot quoc gia hung manh ve nganh hang hai. Nam 1177, ham oi Champa a chuyen ch nguyen oan quan cua mnh e anh pha Angkor va vao nam 1203, co hn hai tram chiec tau buom a thap tung v vua Champa ong o Vijaya e vt bien lanh nan (Viet S Lc III). Lc lng hang hai nay cau thanh nhng n v hai quan a giup vng quoc Champa gia tang manh me nganh trao oi thng mai cua mnh vi Trung Hoa, An o va cac nc Trung ong chuyen ve nghe buon ban cac san pham. S sup o cua thu o Vijaya vao nam 1471 khong lam can tr nen thng mai cua Champa b thu hep lai mien nam, v vng quoc nay tr thanh mot quoc gia a hoi nhap rat nhanh vao vong cau kinh te cua tieu vng quoc Malacca (Ma Lai), tc la trung tam thng mai quoc te thi o. Ke t o, Champa tm cach a nganh thng thuyen cua mnh vao cac mang li thng mai hang hai noi lien cac hai cang cua tau be va cac kho cha hang hoa
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 nam tren cac b bien Nam Hai. Va tnh hnh thng mai nay keo dai en gia the ky XVII, tc la thi iem ma vua chua nha Nguyen a ngan cam cac tau be nc ngoai cap ben Champa va mua ban vi vng quoc nay, mot nganh thng mai a mang lai nhieu li nhuan cho vua chua va quan than Champa thi o. Trong so cac mon hang oi chac chnh yeu trong nganh hang hai a em lai nguon li nhuan quan trong cho trieu nh Champa vao thi ky An Giao hay sau the ky th XV, ngi ta phai ke en mot loai san pham cua Champa a tng gay bao tieng vang t Nhat Ban cho en Trung ong o la go tram (gahlau), toa hng thm rat la ac biet ma cac nha thc vat hoc (botaniste) van cha tm ra nhng b an trong tinh chat hng thm cua no. ay la mot loai cay oi hoi bao kien nhan va nghi le phien phc trc khi khi cong i tm, no va cung la san pham rat qu trong danh sach hang hoa t thu xa xa. Tram hng Champa c xem nh la loai tram qu gia nhat bi ngi An o vao au ky nguyen ; bi ngi Trung Hoa ke t thi ky Lam Ap (Lin Yi), v go nay c liet ke vao danh sach cua san pham ma Champa phai trieu cong hoang e cua ho ; bi cac tac gia A Rap nh Al-Masudi vao the ky th X va Al-Idrisi vao the ky XII e roi ho goi tram hng Champa la sanf ( tieng A Rap: sanf = Campa) ; bi cac tac gia Bo ao Nha di ten goi cua go nay la calambac ke t
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 gia the ky th XVI va vao the ky ke tiep bi cac thng gia Hoa Lan. Tram hng Champa la chu e ma ngi ta tm thay hau het trong nhng hoi ky cua ngi thng gia thi o, v th trng cua go qu nay a mang lai mot nguon li nhuan ln lao nhat. Bi v the, vao the ky th XV ngi Trung Hoa cho biet gia tram hng mua tai Champa, neu tnh theo trong lng, th bang gia bac kim vao the ky th XVII. Ngi Au Chau con ghi rang gia tr cua tram hng co the gia tang gap 15 lan gia gia mua tai Champa va gia ban lai tai Nhat Ban hay tai Trung ong. Theo ngi Au Chau, co s khac biet gia tram hng mang ten la bois d'aloes hay calambac vi tram hng ten la bois daigle ma cac nha thc vat hoc van khong biet ro nguon goc cua no. Ngc lai nhieu tac gia hien ai van thng ngh rang tram hng (bois d'aloes) va tram hng (bois daigle) co gia tr ngang nhau, trong khi o cac nha buon Au Chau vao the ky XVII tr gia tram hng bois daigle re hn 20 lan so vi tram hng mang ten la bois d'aloes hay calambac. Neu ngi ta biet ro ve th trng cua go tram hng (bois d'aloes) th ngc lai ngi ta t biet ve gia ca cua cac san pham lam nghiep khac ma cac tai lieu Trung Hoa va Bo ao Nha thng ghi lai t au the ky th XVI. Mot so san pham lam nghiep a tr thanh mon hang thng mai oc quyen cua nha vua hay quan lai Champa thi o la vo cay que rng cua mien trung Viet Nam
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 thng gi sang Nhat Ban cho en khi quoc gia nay quyet nh be mon toa cang vi the gii ben ngoai vao the ky XVII. Ben canh que rng la cay an hng (santal) va au khau (cardamom) thng moc tren vung cao ma ngi ta hai hat e xuat khau sang Trung Hoa. Trong so cac san pham khac ma cac nha thng thuyen thng at mua tai Champa gom co cac loai da thu, sng thu, go qu va mot so noi tang (viscere) thu vat ma vien bao che thuoc men cua Trung Hoa thng yeu cau o la noi tang cua trau rng, bo rng Nam A (banteng), con hu, te giac cau thanh mot an ong vat rat ong ao tren vung cao nguyen. Theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, vua Champa a chieu cong vao nam 995 cho hoang e cua quoc gia nay mi chiec sng te giac, hn ba tram chiec nga voi. Ngi ta cung khong quen nhng loai da cua thu d khac, nh cop va beo, va song vung ong bang va tren cao nguyen, thng c xuat khau en cac hai cang co kho d tr hang hoa ch ngay chuyen ch sang Au Chau. Sau cung, mot san pham khac cung nam trong danh sach hang hoa xuat cang o la nga voi rng ma cac ngi Tay Nguyen phai nop mot phan nao cho trieu nh Champa thi o nh mot loai thue co ky han ma cac vua chua cua vng quoc nay thng s dung vao cac the ky XVI va XVII e oi chac di hnh thc mon hang da long

Dan c

113

 thu (pelleterie) vi cac thng thuyen nc ngoai tren ng sang Trung Hoa. Cac v vua Champa cung kiem soat viec khai thac mo kim loai qu va nam oc quyen thng mai ve san pham nay ke t cuoi the ky XV. Kim loai qu quan trong nhat trong th trng thi o la vang lan lon trong cat cua song rach. Viec khai thac mo vang tai Champa tr thanh mot ky nghe ang ke v so lng va trong lng cua nhng bao vat lam bang vang ma cac v vua Champa An Hoa a tng dang hien cho cac v than cua ho la mot th du ien hnh. Chang han vua Harivarman V, ch rieng nam 1114, a dang hien cho than Sri Sanabhadresvara chn mon vat bang vang vi trong lng hn 20 kilogram (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 951, 952). Mon th hai la bac co khoi lng rat ln nam trong cac mo mien nam cua Indrapura, Amaravati va pha bac cua Vijaya, ma quoc vng Champa thi An Giao a dang cung mot cach rong rai cho cac ien th ton giao. Vao nam 1174, vua Jaya Indravarman V a dang hien gan 60 kilogram bac cho than Sri Sanabhadresvara nham trang tr mot can ien th nho va cong trnh xay dng phan phu thuoc cua en nay nham ca ngi s quang vinh cua ong ta (BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 971, 974. Sau ngay Vijaya sup o, Champa khong con lam chu mot so con song co mo vang va toan bo cac mo bac. Tuy nhien, Champa van tiep tuc san xuat vang mac du so lng t hn ma cac v vua cua vng quoc nay nam oc
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 quyen buon ban vi cac thng thuyen Bo ao Nha, Hoa Lan va Viet Nam. Cung trong thi gian o, ngi ta cung khong biet Champa co khai thac mo bac hay khong, bi v cac tai lieu ke t au the ky XVI khong nhac en ten cua kim loai qu nay.

Dan c

Nghe thuat
Cac en ai nam rai rac tren lanh tho cua Champa An Hoa xa kia a thu hut rat nhieu s lu y cua nhng nha nghien cu ngi Phap khi ho at chan en cac vung ong bang cua mien trung Viet Nam thi o. Ve sau, viec kham pha quan the di tch lch s nam trong thung lung cua M Sn vi 70 en ai cua no b chon vui di co cay hoang phe cha noi en cac di tch trang nghiem trong khu vc ong Dng ma H. Parmentier va C. Carpeaux a ra cong khai quat t au the ky th XX a giup cho ngi ta co mot cach khai quat ve tam mc quan trong cua nen nghe thuat en ai Champa (Missions archeologiques francaises au Champa, Photographies et itineraires 19021904, Paris, Les Indes savants, 2005). Viec cap nhat hang loat cac bc tng va cac tac pham ieu khac Champa nam trong chng trnh bao ton di san lch s do cac nha khoa hoc va kien truc s cua Vien Vien ong Phap (EFEO) thc hien a xac nhan mot lan na gia tr cua cac
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 di tch nay. Mot so hien vat khao co c kiem ke mot cach co he thong va mot so khac c a vao Vien Bao Tang do ong H. Parmentier thanh lap tai Tourane (a Nang). Ke t cuoi nam 1969, mot so en thap nam trong quan the M Sn va khu vc ong Dng cung nh cac cao a khao co va van hoa khac cua ong Dng a b tan pha di bom an cua khong lc Hoa Ky e roi cac c quan van hoa cua Cong hoa Xa hoi Viet nam phai ra cong thao mn va trung tu ca chuc ngoi en nam trong khu vc nay sau ngay cham dt chien tranh vao nam 1975. Neu hom nay ngi ta tiep thu c mot cach khai quat ve ky thuat kien truc en thap Champa mien trung Viet Nam du di tch nay van con hien hu hay a b tan pha i na cung la nh cac hnh ve va ban in ma cac nghien cu chuyen ve Champa a lu lai. Ve phng dien cau truc, cac en thap Champa ch la cong trnh kien truc mang tnh cach tn ngng cua An Giao va Phat Giao do gia nh hoang gia thc hien va luon luon rap theo mot khuon mau ong nhat. Trong mot quan the en thap luc nao cung co mot ngoi thap chnh ien mang ten la Kalan, ben trong co mot bc tng than linh, thng la linga. Chung quanh thap chnh dien la cac en phu thuoc (thong thng la hai en) co dien tch khong ln cho lam. Cac ngoi thap nay thng la hnh vuong xay bang gach nung, mot nganh ky nghe rat noi tieng cua vng quoc nay.
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 Trong suot chieu dai lch s cua Champa An Hoa, nghe thuat kien truc en thap khong thoat khoi s tien hoa trong khong gian. Chnh v the cac chuyen gia phai he thong hoa lai cac the loai phong cach kien truc va nien ai cua no da vao cac yeu to rat thuyet phuc ma moi ngi eu nhat tr chap nhan cho en hom nay (P. Stern, Lart du Champa (ancient Annam) et son evolution, Toulouse, Douladoure, 1942). Mac du cac t lieu Trung Hoa thng cho rang dan c Champa la nhng nghe nhan co nang khieu bac thay chuyen ve nghe thuat xay cat en thap bang gach nung. Cac van bia cung khong ngng noi en s phat trien nghe thuat rat la manh me tren lanh tho cua Champa, nhng vng quoc nay khong e lai cho hau the t the ky th III cho en the ky th VII, mot di san nghe thuat nao ngoai mot vai mon hien vat co nguon goc cua nc ngoai, nh bc tng Phat ong Dng lam bang ong tuyet ep, nhng nhap cang t An o. Ke t the ky th VII, nghe thuat kien truc tai Champa mi bat au i vao mot ky nguyen mi. Viec kham pha nhng di tch trang le xay dng vao gia the ky th VII va au the ky th VIII a cho phep cho ngi ta a ra ket luan rang Champa la vng quoc co mot nen kien truc cao o thng mang mot phong cach nghe thuat
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Dan c

 rieng biet, khi au bang phong cach kien truc goi la M Sn E 1 (mau t A, B, C, D, E, v.v. ch nh cho nhom en ai nam trong quan the cua M Sn va con so 1, 2, 3. v.v. ch nh so ien th cua tng nhom). Phong cach M Sn E 1 ma ong J. Boisselier a phan tach la mot quan the di tch co mot sac net rat la oc ao, mac dau no pha lan mot phan anh hng nghe thuat t nc ngoai, ac biet la nghe thuat cua An o, Mon (Dvaravati), Nam Dng va tien Angkor (J. Boisselier, Arts du Champa et du Cambodge Preang korien. La date de Mi-sn E 1, trong Arts Asiatiques XIX-3-4, 1956, trg.197-202). Phong cach nay co mot net ac trng cua no, o la cac chan tng cua en thap thng c trang tr mot cach long lay. Cac o tran (tympan), m nha (frontons ) va ca chiec be (piedestal) cua tng a cung co nhng phu ieu cham tro. ieu ang chu y them, o la moi hnh tng eu co phong cach xep nep quan ao rieng, chieu hng c ong, o trang sc, bui toc va mu mao tren au cua no. T gia the ky th VIII cho en gia the ky th IX, thu o chnh tr va quyen lc cua Champa c di vao mien nam, nam trong khu vc cua Panduranga (xem phan lch s). Ke t au cua the ky th IX, ngi a ang chng kien r ra i cua mot phong cach kien truc mi goi la phong cach Hoa Lai thuoc tnh Ninh Thuan, tap trung ba ngon thap, nay ch con co hai. Cac en ai Hoa Lai xay dng theo kieu hnh khoi (cubique) vi chieu cao khoang
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 hai mi met va chong chat len nhau bi cac bc tang thu nho lai. ac trng cua thap nay la cac vom kien truc nho ra nam tren ca, c trang tr theo kieu canh la ln (rinceau). Canh ca ra vao cua thap nay co khuon hnh chiec tru lam a thach (gres) va nhng cho nao co mo hnh ca gia tao (fausses portes) thng co nhng than linh gac ca (Dvarapala) ng hai ben. ay la phong cach rieng biet cua mien nam Champa. Ke t cuoi tam thap nien cua the ky th IX, phong cach Hoa Lai bien mat e nhng bc cho mot nghe thuat kien truc mi rat ac biet va uy nghi hn ma ngi ta goi la phong cach ong Dng, tc la vao thi iem ma thu o chnh tr c di sang Vijaya cua mien bac Champa. Mac du b tan pha bi quan oi Hoa Ky trong cuoc chien tai Viet Nam, ong Dng van la mot quan the di tch Phat Giao ln nhat va oc ao nhat cua Champa. Theo tac pham Le Musee de sculpture cham de a-nang (Paris, AFAO, 1997, trg. 68-69), tu vien Phat Giao ai Tha tai ong Dng c xay dng t nam 875 cho en au the ky th X chiem mot chu vi rong ln, dai mot cay so ba tram thc, tap trung nhieu canh lau ai xay bang gach chn, phan chia thanh nhieu khu vc. Tat ca cac ien th nay c trang tr bi cac bc phu ieu khac tren tng. Phan ln dien tch con lai cua bc tng thng c cham khac qua mo hnh la cay cau thanh nhng net
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Dan c

 c ban trong phong cach kien truc cua ong Dng, tc la loi trang tr co hoa van la cay bao phu khoang trong cua mat thap. Phong cach nay cung c ap dung vao hai ien th Phat Giao khac co cung nien ai cua no, o la en ai Hu va M c. Bc vao them cua ky th X, nghe thuat kien truc Champa c chuyen sang mot phong cach mi na goi phong cach M-sn A 1 va c chia thanh hai giai oan ro ret. Giai oan au goi la phong cach Khng M va giai oan th hai la phong cach Tra-Kieu. Giai oan th nhat bieu tng cho ba ngon thap rat ac biet qua phong cach cau truc rat hai hoa cua no. Nhng canh trang tr cua nhng en nay anh dau mot s chuyen tiep gia phong cach cua ong-dng va nhng giai oan ke tiep. Phong cach cua M-sn A 1 anh dau cho s phat trien cao o ve nghe thuat kien truc en thap cua vng quoc Champa. Thap chnh dien A 1 nam trong khu vc nay la bieu tng cho nen nghe thuat cua di tch M-sn ma bom an cua quan lc Hoa Ky a tan pha thanh tro bui. ay la en ai xay bang gach nung c cong nhan nh la ky quang cua vng quoc Champa. My Sn A 1 tap trung rat nhieu en nam trong khu vc A, B, C, D ma ngi ta co the tham khao tren ban o do AFAOEFEO (op. cit., trg. 72-73) thc hien. Phong cach My Sn A 1 anh dau cho s can oi hai hoa cua nen kien truc vi nhng ng net rat trong sang. Bc tng cua no thng
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Vng quoc Champa

 chia thanh nhng tam khuon mang ng ch noi va ben tren cua ngon thap thng co nhng mieng tam tham nhoi ra co cham khac vi mo hnh ngon la, gan lien vao cac goc cua cac mai tang lau gia, cang len cao th kch thc cua no cang giam dan. Giai oan th hai cua My Sn A 1 khi au bang nhng kien truc t chan tng cua thap A 1 vi nhng o tran (tympan) cham tro, noi lien vi cac chan tng cua cac en ai khac. Cac ien th hnh bat giac cua khu vc Chanh Lo cung thuoc ve ac trng cua giai oan nay ma bieu tng phong cach cuoi cung cua no la mot ien th Po Nagar Nha Trang xay dng vao au the ky th XI. Sau thi ky vang son cua the ky th X, nghe thuat Champa bat au trai qua mot giai oan chuyen hoa lau dai ke t au t the ky XII qua phong cach kien truc ngheo nan va cang ngheo nan ro net hn trong suot the ky th XIII. Bieu tng cho nghe thuat nam trong giai oan chuyen hoa nay la phong cach cua cac en ai nam trong khu vc Bnh nh va Thap Mam. o la Thap Bac (5 en) vi cac khung ca vom nho co hnh mui nhon ; Thap Nga (3 en) con goi la thap Dng Long, co he thong rui keo (linteau) rap khuon theo ky thuat xay dng cua thi Bayon Angkor; Thap ong con goi la thap Canh Tien va Thap Vang con goi la Thoc Loc. ac trng cua phong cach nay la s xuat hien cac day ca vom nho (arcature) chung
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Dan c

 quanh cac ngoi thap va lan quan (frise) cua nhng tru cot co nhng hnh ong vat mang tnh huyen thoai. Theo ong P. Stern, cach trang tr qua cong kenh nay thng bieu tng qua mo hnh ieu khac cua phong cach Thap Mam, tc la theo mo hnh nep cuon cua con oc sen, thng cham dt bang mot cai moc. Ke the ky th XIV, nghe thuat kien truc Champa bat au suy tan va ngay cang gia tang. Trc het no bieu lo qua ng net nghe thuat qua loi thi roi dan dan mat i ve tinh khiet va thanh lch cua no. Phong cach cua giai oan suy oi nay bat au vi cach xay dng cua thap Po Klaong Garai co than hnh cua ngoi en rat phat trien va o so, nhng cac bc tng dung vao khung trang tr phan tren cua thap ch la nhng hien vat qua nho va s sai. Phong cach nay van con tiep dien vi ngon thap nam ve pha nam cua en Po Nagar Nha Trang ma nghe thuat ieu khac rat la n s va tam thng, cha noi en cac en Yang Praong va en Yang Mum tren mien cao nguyen. en thap cuoi cung bieu tng cho s suy oi nay la thap Po Rome. Mac du truyen thuyet thng reu rao cho s cao nien huyen b cua no, thap Po Rome ch la mot cong trnh xay dng vao cuoi the ky XV hay vao au the ky th XVI ma thoi. Thap nay la phong cach kien truc cuoi cung cua vng quoc Champa xay bang vat lieu cng, nhng o ch la cai en co hnh dang cua mot khoi gach tran truong chong chat len nhau.
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Dan c

Cung nh s kham pha ke t cuoi the ky th XIX rat nhieu hien vat khao co nh bc tng, tam uc, be lot, a ngang, phu ieu, v.v. ma mot so c cap nhat hoa va chuyen ve vien bao tang a Nang hoac vien bao tang Guimet Paris hau tranh khoi s tan pha cua chien tranh, nghe thuat ieu khac hnh tng Champa tr thanh mot e tai c ang tai tren nhieu tap ch khoa hoc, cu the nhat la tac pham cua tac gia J. Boisselier (La statuaire du Champa. Racherches sur les cultes iet liconographie, Paris, Publications de lEFEO, vol LIV, 1963) nham trnh bay va phan tch mot so hien vat nghe thuat cua vng quoc nay. ay la mot tac pham nghe thuat Champa co gia tr khoa hoc rat cao ma ngi ta khong the bo qua nhng phan chnh yeu cua no. Trong so cac hien vat thuoc phong cach M Sn E 1, ngi ta phai nhac en mot chiec be rat ep va hoan m nam ben trong cua thap nay c phat hien vao nam 1903. Chiec be nay la mot hien vat co mo hnh trang tr rat tuyet vi tren moi khung mat cua no, qua cac ieu mua cua vu nam, cac nhac s cung vi mot so nhan vat khac. Ngi ta cung khong the bo qua mot tran tng (fronton) bieu tng cho nen nghe thuat ieu khac rat trang nha, nham trnh bay than Vishnu t the ang nam ngu co chiec bong sen

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 moc t run cua v than nay e anh dau s khai sinh cua ang Brahma. Ngoai hai bc tng than gac ca (Dvarapala), cac hien vat thuoc phong cach Hoa Lai (gia the ky VIII- gia the ky IX) co so lng rat la t oi, ac biet la nhng tng Phat nho bieu tng cho Avalokitesvara (Quan The Am) lam bang ong mang anh hng nghe thuat Nam Dng. Phong cach ong Dng cung e lai nhieu hien vat nghe thuat cua Champa. No bao gom nhng hien vat bieu tng cua c Phat cung nh nhng hoat canh i song cua ngai ; cac v tang l ; cac v thanh du mot so b t au, van con khoac ao thay tu ; mot vai nhan vat khac ; cac v Dvarapala (than gac ca) khoac len mnh mot chiec sampot (vay an ong) ; nhng hnh tng co net mat khac han vi ngi thong thng ; nhng ong vat that s hay mang tnh cach huyen thoai (cac con voi, naga, makara v.v..). Nhng khuon mat cua phai nam trong phong cach ong Dng thng co mui tet va moi tre vi mep rau day nam ben tren. Cac hnh tng cua phai n thng co khuon mat khong bao gi co nu ci, vi bo ngc tran truong nham pho trng cap vu ban cau va thng mac chiec sarong thong xuong tan mat ca cua chan. Mot trong nhng hien vat, co le la bc tng ep nhat cua phong cach nay, la mot bc tng ln lam bang ong cao gan 120 cm c khai quat tai ong Dng vao nam 1978 va a c ong J. Boisselier nghien cu ( Un bronze de Tara
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 du musee de a-nang et son importance pour lhistoire de lart cu Champa, trong BEFEO LXXII, 1948, trg. 319337, 5 ban khac). ay la tng Tara (Quan The Am phai n) co mot bo mat vi nhng net hi nghiem khac, vi cap vu to va mac hai chiec vay chong len nhau phu xuong tren ban chan. Tng nay cung la mot tac pham ang lu y nhat, v no bieu tng cho s lien hp gia phong cach thuan tuy cua vng quoc Champa vi nen nghe thuat cua An o va Trung hoa. Phong cach M Sn A 1 c xep vao nien ai cua the ky th X cung cap vao nhng giai oan au cua no con goi la giai oan cua en Khng M, nhieu nhan vat co nhng net ti ep hn so vi thi ky trc va thng eo nhieu o trang sc hn, nh cac si vong co, cac si eo tai thong xuong, v.v... Nhan vat nam thng mac tam sampot phu ti au goi. Mot trong nhng tac pham nghe thuat ep nhat vao giai oan nay la bc tng na than lam bang a goi la tng Devi tai Hng Que ma bui toc c to iem bang mot manh trang li liem, bieu tng cho Sakti (phu nhan) cua than Siva, tc la mot bc tng ma tren o ngi ta trang iem bang nhng o n trang di ong bang vang tren tai va tren mai toc, nhan cac cuoc le nghi nao o. Giai oan nay cung la giai oan anh dau cho s chuyen tiep sang phong cach cua Tra Kieu. Nghe thuat ieu khac cua giai oan nay cung cap mot s thong nhat
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Dan c

 thc s ve phong cach, vi nhng nhan vat that s thng co bui toc tron c bao phu lai va mot chiec mu mien (diademe) ; nhng nhan vat huyen thoai c trnh bay tren nhng phu ieu gan phan tren hay phan di cua bc tng ; nhng hnh vu n (apsara) dng nh eo cac o n trang rieng cua ho va nhng con vat thc s hay than thoai nh garuda, nandin, s t, gala ; nhng con voi, v.v., co nhng bo ieu rat la khac biet. Mot trong nhng kiet tac cua phong cach Tra Kieu la chiec be vu n ma moi cot tru pha tren eu c trang tr bang mot dang ieu cua co vu n co mot net rat oc ao va mot ve ep tuyet vi, tieu bieu cho mot tac pham nghe thuat that s cua vng quoc Champa. Tiep theo phong cach cua Tra Kieu la phong cach Thap Mam bieu tng cho mot nen nghe thuat cao hn, khong cha ng mot anh hng nao cua nghe thuat An o va Java nh thi trc na. Cac hnh tng cua than linh, nha tu kho hanh va vu n (apsara) luon luon da lng vao cac ien th, thng co bui toc va sac phuc (sampot ngan va ao bo sat vao than) va thng eo n trang, ac biet la o vat eo tai thong xuong va si day that lng cau thanh ac thu cua phong cach Thap Mam. Cac loai ong vat trong phong cach nay noi chung la hnh tng cua cac con vat than thoai (gajasimha, makara, con rong, v.v..) mang nhieu ng net cham tro rat phong phu. Bieu tng cho phong cach nay la loai vu ban cau trang tr tren
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 nhng chiec be dung e lam e cho tng Linga. ay la hnh the oc ao nhat trong nen nghe thuat ieu khac cua khu vc ong Nam A. Trong suot hai the ky XIV va XV, nghe thuat Champa cung cap t tac pham ieu khac hn, va n gian hn. ai a so cac nhan vat trong giai oan nay ch hien dien tren cac phu ieu phan tren cua bc tng. Nhng bc tng nay t khi trnh bay ban chan cua nhan vat va tren au cua no thng co vng mien hoac la cai mu co chop cao (mitre). Bo mat th co mieng kha rong va cap mat ban nguyet. Trong so nhng bc tng thuoc giai oan cuoi cung cua An Giao nay, ngi ta phai noi en bc tng Shiva cua thap Drang Lai (Dak Lak) va cua Yang Mum (Cong Tum). Ngoai nhng bc tng bang a, ngi ta khong the bo quen mot so hien vat ma cac v vua chua Champa thng cong hien cho cac than linh tren en thap, o la cac mon n trang bang vang hay bac dung e trang iem cac tng than, cac bnh chau, bnh cha nc co quai va nhng o vat khac dung vao cac le nghi. Hau het nhng tac pham bang vang, bac, ong thau (laiton), ong (cuivre) ma cac th kim hoan hay th bac Champa a thc hien, khong con hien hu na. Trong suot chieu dai cua nhng cuoc chien do ngoai bang gay ra, nhng kim loai qu va n
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Dan c

 trang nay cau thanh nhng hien vat lam cho quan ch them thuong nhat. anh cap cac hien vat ma vua chua Champa a dang hien cho than linh cung la muc tieu chnh yeu nham tieu diet i s che ch cua cac than linh o oi vi vng quoc nay. Du sao i na, ngi ta van biet ro nguon goc mot so tac pham nghe thuat o, bi v cac van bia Champa chang nhng cho biet ten tuoi cua nhan vat a dang hien nhng tac pham nay ma con liet ke vao danh sach nhng ten than linh a nhan mon qua, ong thi mo ta mot cach chi tiet lien quan en trong lng va so lng cua no. ay la oan van ma bia k ghi lai lien quan en cai chen (kosa) c dung lam hien vat e dang hien cho than linh vao nam 1010 cua lch Sakaraja, (Les inscriptions de M-sn XVI B, trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 948, 950-951) do L. Finot dch:
Ngai Cri Jaya Indravarmadeva y thc rang than Bhadresvara la v chu te cua van vat hu hnh ni the gian, a at lam mot kosa luc dien (sanmukha) bang vang c trang tr hnh con rong thien (nagabhusana) va nhng hoa van cua chau bau co mau sac nam tren mui nhon cua nhng vng mien. Va cai ma ngi ta goi la urdhvakosa lam bang vang tuyet vi. Va ngi ta lam mot be (adhara) nam ben di cua Kosa nay vi mot mieng a cua mat tri (suryakanti) nam tren nh cua vng mien. Dien hng (?) ve pha ong co mot
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Dan c

hong ngoc (rubis)... tren nh cua chiec vng mien va trang tr hnh con rong thien cua vua chua (nagaraja). Cac dien hng ve ong-bac va ong-nam co mot ngoc sa phia (saphir)...trong con mat cua con rong thien [va] tren nh cua chiec vng mien. [Dien] hng ve pha nam co mot hong ngoc (rubis) ... tren nh cua vng mien. [Dien] hng ve pha tay co mot hoang ngoc (topaze) ... tren nh cua chiec vng mien. [Dien] hng ve pha bac co mot hat trai (uttaratna ?). Chiec kosa bang vang nay co 314 thil 9 dram ... vang; sau mat cua kosa, vi vng mien, con rong thien [nam] ben tren, va cai adhara urdhvamukha can 136 thil; tat ca la 450 thil 9 dram.

Viec phat hien vao nam 1995 mot chiec tau ch hang b chm pha nam cua hon ao Palawan (Philippines) cung cho phep cho ngi ta biet c vao khoang the ky XV, cac vung lan can cua Vijaya tc la thu o Champa, a san xuat va xuat khau en cac nc lan bang va co the xa hn, nhng o gom xuat x t khu vc Go Sanh va vung lan can cua no (K. Morimura, Ceramics Salvaged from a Sunken Vessel of Pandanan Island in Philip- pines, trong Trade Ceramics Studies so 16, 1996, trg. 111-125). Theo e ngh cua mot gia thuyet du khong thuyet phuc cho lam, viec san xuat o gom tai Champa
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 van con tiep dien trong suot the ky th XVI. Co chang ay la san pham nghe thuat duy nhat con ton tai cho en luc Champa An Giao b sup o. Ke t nam 1471 tr i, Champa khong con tiem lc va nang lc e xay dng cac en thap, sang tac cac tac pham nghe thuat hay lam cac o n trang na, v nang khieu a tng a nghe thuat Champa len nh cao cua s sang choi a bien mat i. Chnh v the, nhng tng Kut c sang tac vao thi ky Champa ban a e lam dau hieu cua nhng ngoi mo thuoc ve gia nh mau he, khong phai la yeu to thuyet phuc nham chng minh rang nen nghe thuat Champa van cha suy tan. (Nghiem Tham, Ton giao cua ngi Cham tai Viet Nam trong Que Hng 34, 4-1962, trg. 108-123). Kut ch la mot khoi a nho co hnh dang cua mot tam bia mo. Mot so Kut thng co hnh dang cua mot bong ngi hay co bo mat c cham tro t nhieu. Nhng a so con lai ch co mot ng vien gian d, khong bieu tng cho s tham my cua mot nen nghe thuat. Chnh v the, cac nha chuyen ve nghe thuat Champa khong bao gi quan tam en cho lam.

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Cho en hom nay, lch s Champa van con la mot

chu e can c nghien cu them mot cach sau rong, v a so t lieu cua vng quoc nay b bien mat theo thi gian va van ban con lu lai th co so lng qua t, nhng thng cha ng mot noi dung rat kho hieu. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch tai sao nhieu nha nghien cu thng da vao nhng li tng thuat s sai va ngan gon trong bien nien s cua Trung Hoa e thiet ke lai lch s thi co ai cua vng quoc nay. Ai cung biet, nhng chi tiet cua s kien nam trong bien nien s Trung Hoa thng c chep lai sau mot thi gian dai cua bien co a xay ra, co phan them bt e phu hp vi quan iem cua chnh quyen thi o, bat chap moi hau qua co the xay ra. Them vao o, bien nien s cua quoc gia nay ch ban en nhng g co s lien he gia Champa va Trung Hoa ma thoi. Rieng ve bia ky viet bang tieng Phan va Cham co ma ngi ta thng da vao o e nghien cu ve Champa vao nhng thi ai ke tiep th khong c doi dao cho lam so vi so lng bia ky xuat hien Campuchia. Hn na, noi dung cua nhng bia ky nay thng b gian oan trong khong gian cua nien ai, v mot phan b tan pha theo hoach nh cua chnh sach Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet. Tren tong so 206 tam bia Champa

 con ton tai va a c kiem ke, ch co 81 tam bia a c nghien cu va phien dch. Chnh o cung la nguyen nhan khong cho phep cac nha khoa hoc i sau vao chi tiet cua lch s Champa. V qua quan tam en van e ton giao, cac bia ky Champa thng hay bo qua nhng bien co chnh tr quan trong a xay ra tai vng quoc nay. Hn na, mot so bia ky a mat i ngay thang va nien ai, cho nen viec s dung nguon t lieu bia a oi hoi nhieu phan khach quan va luon luon de dat. Ben canh bia ky, ngi ta con co mot nguon t lieu lch s na o la cac bien nien s viet bang ch Cham trung ai (cham moyen) va can ai (cham modern). Tiec rang, nhng van ban nay ch e cap en Champa sau the ky th XV, tc la ch chu tam vao lch s cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga ma thoi, chung toi cha noi en nhng kho tang t lieu khac a bien mat theo moi trng t nhien cua kh hau va tnh v vun cua phng phap bao tr. Rieng ve nguon t lieu Viet Nam vao giai oan can ai (periode moderne) va hien ai (periode contemporaine), van ban nay ch chu trong en Champa trong giai oan cua cuoc Nam Tien hoac ch noi en cac bien co a xay ra co s lien he trc tiep en trieu nh Viet Nam ma thoi. Du viec phan ky nien ai co he thong en au i na, lch s Champa van la tong the cua nhng bien co chia thanh 3 thi ky ro ret.
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Lch s

Thi ky au tien la giai oan lap quoc va s ra i cua vng quoc Lin Yi (Lam Ap), danh xng lch s ma cac s gia Trung Hoa thng s dung e am ch Champa. Thi ky th hai goi la thi ky Champa An Hoa (Champa indianise), keo dai qua nhieu the ky, trong o van hoa Phan ng, Siva Giao, Phat Giao ai tha (du la ngan ngui) va nhat la truyen thong Ba La Mon du nhap t mien nam nuc An cau thanh nen tang c ban cua moi c cau to chc chnh tr va xa hoi cua vng quoc Champa. Giai oan nay la giai oan anh dau cho mot cuoc chien lau dai gia hai nen van minh oi nghch nhau, o la nen van minh An Giao ma vng quoc Champa da vao o e xay dng di san van hoa tinh than cua mnh nham gay tieng vang sang pha bac, chong lai nen van minh Trung Hoa, tc la noi sinh van hoa cua dan toc Viet luc nao cung tm cach tran xuong pha nam. Thi ky th ba goi la thi ky Champa Ban a ra i sau ngay sup o cua Champa An Hoa, nhat la sau ngay lanh tho mien bac cua Champa b ri vao tay cua ai Viet vao the ky th XV. Ke t ngay lanh tho Champa b thu hep lai vao hai tieu
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Vng quoc Champa

vng quoc Kauthara va Panduranga cho en luc danh xng cua quoc gia nay b xoa bo tren ban o vao au the ky XIX, vng quoc Champa khong ngng da vao yeu to van hoa ban a cua tieu vng quoc mien nam e xay dng cho mnh mot nen van minh mi va mot he thong to chc xa hoi hoan toan mi me.

Nguon goc cua Champa: Lin Yi

Noi en nguon goc cua vng quoc Champa, t lieu lch s Trung Hoa cho rang vao cuoi the ky th II sau Cong Nguyen, quan Nhat Nam (Rinan) la mot n v hanh chanh (commanderie) nam ve pha nam cua Trung Hoa, co lanh tho, chay dai t mui Ron (mui Hoanh Sn) cho en eo Hai Van cua mien trung Viet Nam. Mac du v tr a d va qui che chnh tr nh the, nhng t lieu Trung Hoa van cho rang a so dan c cua quan Nhat Nam la ngi dan ban a; phan con lai la dan c ngi Hoa co so lng rat la t oi. Vao cuoi the ky th II, mot n v hanh chanh nam trong quan Nhat Nam mang ten la phu (prefecture) Xianglin li dung tnh hnh suy yeu cua Trung Hoa e tm cach thoat ra khoi ach thong tr cua quoc gia nay. Sau khi nghien cu va phan tch nhng van ban Trung Hoa lien quan en quan Nhat Nam, hoc gia R. A. Stein ( Le Lin136

 Yi. Sa localisation, sa contribution a la formation du Champa et ses liens avec la Chine in Han-Hiue, Pekin, volume II, Fascicules 1-3, 1947, 335 trang) cho rang vao khoang cuoi nam 192 Tay Lch, mot nhan vat goc ngi ban a a giet chet v thu trng goc ngi Trung Hoa nam quyen phu Xianglin roi t xng la quoc vng cua quoc gia nay ma lanh tho at ai bao gom ca khu vc cua tnh l Hue hien nay chay dai cho en bien gii mien nam cua nui Bach Ma. Vao nhng nam 220-230, nhan cuoc trao oi ai s vi cac nc lan bang, t lieu Trung Hoa lan au tien dung ten goi Lin Yi e am ch cho mot vung quoc va mi oc lap nay. Chnh v the, mot so nha khoa hoc tin rang Linyi co the la ten a danh xuat phat t cum t cua phu Xianglin. Ngay khi ra i, Lin Yi bat au m rong at ai bang cach sat nhap mot phan at pha bac cua quan Nhat Nam vao lanh tho cua mnh va chap nhan tiep thu mot so anh hng van hoa cua Trung Hoa. Tai lieu Trung Hoa la nguon s lieu duy nhat noi ve Champa cho en the ky th VII, nhng khong bao gi e cap en Lin Yi chu anh hng cua Trung Hoa trong khoang thi gian la bao lau va ke t luc nao Lin Yi lai tiep thu cac anh hng cua nen van minh An Giao, Ke t the ky th III, Lin Yi a that chat cac moi bang giao vi Phu Nam (Campuchia), mot vng quoc a chu anh hng An Giao ke t ngay lap quoc vao the ky
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 th nhat sau Tay Lch. Them vao o, tai lieu Trung Hoa cho rang 16 v quoc vng cua Lin Yi len nam chnh quyen gia the ky th III va th VII eu mang danh hieu bat au bang ch Fan, tc la cach phien am t ch brahma cua Phan ng. T hai yeu to va neu ra, ngi ta co the ket luan rang vng quoc Lin Yi a tiep thu nen van minh An Giao rat sm so vi ly thuyet ma mot so nha khoa hoc a tng a ra cho en hom nay, mac du ngi ta khong biet Lin Yi b An Hoa vao nam nao. ay la mot chu e trong ai can nghien cu them v qua trnh An Hoa cua vng quoc Lin Yi cau thanh ong c a lam thay oi ten goi Lin Yi thanh danh xng Champa ma hoc gia R. A. Stein a tng chng minh, da vao nhieu nguon t lieu lch s, ngon ng va dan toc hoc. Trong suot chieu dai cua lch s, Lin Yi a trai qua bao i vua tiep tuc thay the nhau len nam chnh quyen, trong so o co mot vai thu lanh dung quyen lc e chiem oat ngoi bau. Cho en the ky th VI, hau het ten tuoi vua chua cua Lin Yi eu do ngi Trung Hoa bien chep, rat kho ma khoi phuc lai ten that cua ho. Nhng a ra danh sach vua chua cua Lin Yi ra ay, chac khong phai la viec can thiet cho lam, bi v quyen noi ngoi cua ho van con la mot chu e tranh cai, cha tm ra cau tra li thch ang. Mot khi Trung Hoa nam trong t the hung manh, Lin Yi thng gi cac phai oan ngoai giao va le vat sang trieu
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 cong. Li dung cac c hoi bang giao tot ep vi Trung Hoa, Lin Yi khong ngan ngai xo quan anh pha vung ven bien cua Giao Ch (Jiaozhou), tc la mien bac Viet Nam hom nay. Cung v ly do o ma Trung Hoa phai xua quan chinh phat Lin Yi, keo theo cac cuoc chien lien hoi gia Lin Yi va cac thong oc ngi Han nam quyen cai tr Giao Ch, mot thuoc a cua Trung Hoa nam pha cc nam, ke t the ky th III. Theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, Linyi co ranh gii pha nam giap vi mot so quoc gia hay tieu vng quoc co hnh thai to chc chnh tr va xa hoi hoan toan biet lap, nam tren vung ong bang ven bien va cac chau tho nho thuoc ve pha cc nam cua ban ao ong Dng, chay dai t nui Bach Ma (Hue) cho en Funan (Campuchia). ay la khu vc cua nhng ngi man r (barbare) v ho co nep song hoan toan khac biet vi van hoa cua ngi Trung Hoa. Hoan toan khac han vi vng quoc Linyi, nhng tieu vng quoc nay a tiep thu am net nen van minh An Giao t au ky nguyen. Cac bia ky tm thay vung lan can cua thanh a M Sn (a Nang-Hoi An) va khu vc Nha Trang a chng minh rang tieng Phan a tr thanh mot ngon ng thong dung ke t the ky th III trong phan at nam ve pha nam cua mien trung Viet Nam hom nay, trong khi o tieng Cham ch c s dung ke t ban the ky th IV trong khu vc Quang Nam-a Nang, tc la tieu
139

Lch s

 vng quoc Amaravati (K. Bhattacharya Precisions sur la paleographie de l'inscription de Vo-canh trong Artibus Asiae XXIV - 3-4, 1961, trg. 219-224). Cac bia ky ay cung cho biet ve s phat trien cua mon phai Siva Giao cung nh tam mc thnh hanh cua no tai khu vc Quang Nam trong thi iem o. Cung nh bon bia ky bang Phan ng viet vao i vua Bhadravarman I, thu lanh cua mot quoc vng au tien thuoc ve giai oan lch s cua mot quoc gia (sau nay la Champa) nam ve pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Hue) va cung la nhan vat sang lap ra ien th than Siva trong quan the M Sn, mot thanh a ton giao cua vng quoc nay. Cac bia ky Phan ng va nhac en cung nh cac bia ky viet bang tieng Cham co, tc la ngon ng a c s dung tai khu vc M Sn nam ngay pha nam cua Linyi va co the trong nhng khu vc khac na, khong bao gi e cap en cac moi lien he gia Linyi vi cac tieu vng quoc nam ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van (pha nam Hue). Tam bia Phan ng goi la bia cua Vat Luong Kau tm thay tai Champassak (mien nam nuc Lao) la t lieu duy nhat viet vao cuoi the ky th V, tc la vao thi ai cua Lin Yi, nhng tam bia nay cung khong ban en mot chi tiet g ve vng quoc nay. Mot khi khong tm ra cac bia ky khac viet vao the ky th V va th VI, v b tan pha trong chien tranh, ngi ta buoc phai da vao tai lieu Trung Hoa e tm hieu them nhng bien co a dien ra tai Lin Yi trong hai the ky o. Tiec rang, cac tai lieu Trung Hoa ch cung cap mot so
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Vng quoc Champa

 tin tc rat la s sai ve vng quoc nay e roi t o ngi ta t at ra bao cau nghi van, co chang vao the ky th V va vao au the ky th VI, bien gii pha nam cua Lin Yi a nam ben kia eo Hai Van (pha nam Hue) nhng thu o cua no van toa lac trong khu vc cua thanh pho Hue hien tai? Ch can bang qua ngon eo Hai Van, ngui ta co cam tng rang Lin Yi co the chiem tron ca tnh Quang Nam e thong tr cac dan c song pha nam cua nui Bach Ma (Hue) va di chuyen thu o cua mnh t thanh pho Hue sang mien nam cua eo Hai Van e tao cho mnh mot quoc gia ln manh hn goi la vng quoc Champa sau nay. ay ch la mot gia thuyet khong thuyet phuc cho lam lien quan en chu e tai sao vng quoc Lin Yi lai tr thanh ten goi Champa! V rang, s lien he ve ten goi gia Lin Yi va Champa ch c xac nhan vao cuoi the ky th VI bi mot t lieu Trung Hoa ghi lai lo trnh vien chinh cua Liu Fang, mac du ngi ta khong the biet ro ngay thang chnh xac cua van ban nay (Suizhou, K. 53, 4b). ay la lan au tien ma Liu Fang nhac en thu o cua Lin Yi vao au nam 605 nam tai Simhapura (Tra Kieu), tc la pha nam cua eo Hai van. Them vao o, danh xng Champa lai xuat hien lan au tien tren mot bia ky Phan ng vao nam 658 tm thay M Sn (xem L. Finot, Stele de Cambhuvarman a M-sn trong BEFEO III, nam 1903, trg. 209-210). Va danh xng Champa nay cung tm thay trong bia ky Campuchia ke t nam 667 va trong cac
141

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 ban van Trung Hoa phien am thanh Zhancheng ke t nam 877.

Vng quoc Champa

Champa An Hoa
Thi ky au cua Champa V quoc vng au tien cua quoc gia mang ten Champa, am ch cho vng quoc Lin Yi co lanh tho ni rong ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van, co the la vua Sambhuvarman (?-629) hay than phu cua ong ta ten la Rudravarman I (530 - ?) va cung co the la Vijayavarman (? - 529), tc la ngi a len ngoi trc vua Rudravarman I. Lan au tien, ngi ta nhac en vua Sambhuvarman cung mot luc vi s ra i cua danh xng Champa. Ong ta la v vua chu trng m rong chnh sach bang giao than thien vi Zhenla (Campuchia). Di thi tr v cua ong, Champa cung b nhieu lan tan cong bi oan quan Trung Hoa do Liu Fang ch huy. Sau o, con trai cua ong ta ten la Kandarpadharma len noi ngoi vua cha va tiep tuc duy tr moi bang giao chat che vi Campuchia. Vua Kandarpadharma nhng ngoi lai cho a con cua mnh la hoang t Prabhasadharma. Cac quoc vng ke tiep cua vua Prabhasadharma a gay ra mot khuc quanh trong bien nien s Champa thi o. Bi v bia ky Champa va
142

 ban van Trung Hoa phien am thanh Zhancheng ke t nam 877.

Vng quoc Champa

Champa An Hoa
Thi ky au cua Champa V quoc vng au tien cua quoc gia mang ten Champa, am ch cho vng quoc Lin Yi co lanh tho ni rong ve pha nam cua eo Hai Van, co the la vua Sambhuvarman (?-629) hay than phu cua ong ta ten la Rudravarman I (530 - ?) va cung co the la Vijayavarman (? - 529), tc la ngi a len ngoi trc vua Rudravarman I. Lan au tien, ngi ta nhac en vua Sambhuvarman cung mot luc vi s ra i cua danh xng Champa. Ong ta la v vua chu trng m rong chnh sach bang giao than thien vi Zhenla (Campuchia). Di thi tr v cua ong, Champa cung b nhieu lan tan cong bi oan quan Trung Hoa do Liu Fang ch huy. Sau o, con trai cua ong ta ten la Kandarpadharma len noi ngoi vua cha va tiep tuc duy tr moi bang giao chat che vi Campuchia. Vua Kandarpadharma nhng ngoi lai cho a con cua mnh la hoang t Prabhasadharma. Cac quoc vng ke tiep cua vua Prabhasadharma a gay ra mot khuc quanh trong bien nien s Champa thi o. Bi v bia ky Champa va
142

 Campuchia cung nh t lieu Trung Hoa khong ong quan iem ve ten tuoi cung nh tong so quoc vng cai tr Champa cho en ngay len ngoi cua vua Prakasadharma vao nam 653. Prakasadharma la ngi con trai cua giong toc Kandarpadharma. Me cua ong ta xuat than t gia nh hoang gia Campuchia, tc la mot trong nhng a con gai cua Isanavarman I, quoc vng Campuchia thi o. Prakasadharma len ngoi qua s bieu quyet cua hoi ong hoang gia Champa, mot qui che thng dien ra tai vng quoc nay. Sau ngay len ngoi, ong ta lay ten vung hieu la Vikrantavarman va nhan chc phong la Po Tana Raya Champa (v vua toi cao cua at ai Champa). Trong nhng nam tr v, ong ta gia tang cong trnh xay dng nhieu en ai ton giao tai M Sn va tai nhieu ni khac trong khu vc Amaravati. Vikrantavarman la v vua au tien a sang tao ra phong cach nghe thuat cua nen ieu khac Champa, va a e lai mot so bia ky, nhat la bia nam ve pha bac cua khu vc Nha Trang. S hien dien cua bia ky nay a chng minh rang vua Vikrantavarman co mot anh hung chnh tr ln lao mien nam Champa, nhat la tieu vng quoc Kauthara. Mac du co anh hng nh the, nhng cha chac ong ta a nam tron trong tay quyen cai tr tren tieu vng quoc Panduranga nam trong hai tnh Ninh Thuan va Bnh Thuan hien nay. V vua noi ngoi cua Vikrantavarman cung mang ten la Vikrantavarman, a gi nhieu phai oan ngoai giao sang Trung Hoa cho en nam 731. Sau o, tai
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 lieu Trung Hoa tiep tuc noi en s hien dien tai quoc gia nay vao nam 749 mot phai oan ngoai giao Champa do vua Rudravarman II gi sang, mot thu lanh Champa ma ngi ta cung khong biet g nhieu ve lai lch cua ong ta. Va sau o, cac tai lieu Trung Hoa van tiep tuc dung cum t Lin Yi e am ch cho Champa, nhng ot nhien danh xng Lin Yi b bien mat vao nam 757-758, e thay vao o bang mot ten goi mi, o la Huan Wang (Hoang Vng). Thi ky Hoang Vng Ten goi vng quoc Hoang Vng ma cac nha s quan (historiographe) Trung Hoa thng x dung cho en nam 859 tng ng vi giai oan ma trung tam chnh tr cua Champa a di ve pha nam nam trong tieu vng quoc Kauthara va Panduranga. Bang chng cu the o la sau ngay di thu o Champa sang mien nam, ngui ta khong tm thay bia ky Phan ng va Cham co mien bac Champa na, trong khi o so lng bia ky nay lai tang them rat nhieu mien nam. Them vao o, v quoc vng Champa ma hoi ong hoang gia a chon la e thay the vua Rudravarman II la hoang t Prthivindravarman, ngi goc mien nam. Thay v at trung tam chnh tr tai pha bac, vua Prthivindravarman va nhng v vua ke tiep cua ong ta co quyen chon tieu vng quoc cua mnh mien nam e lam thu o cua Champa thi o, keo dai trong suot mot
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Vng quoc Champa

 lieu Trung Hoa tiep tuc noi en s hien dien tai quoc gia nay vao nam 749 mot phai oan ngoai giao Champa do vua Rudravarman II gi sang, mot thu lanh Champa ma ngi ta cung khong biet g nhieu ve lai lch cua ong ta. Va sau o, cac tai lieu Trung Hoa van tiep tuc dung cum t Lin Yi e am ch cho Champa, nhng ot nhien danh xng Lin Yi b bien mat vao nam 757-758, e thay vao o bang mot ten goi mi, o la Huan Wang (Hoang Vng). Thi ky Hoang Vng Ten goi vng quoc Hoang Vng ma cac nha s quan (historiographe) Trung Hoa thng x dung cho en nam 859 tng ng vi giai oan ma trung tam chnh tr cua Champa a di ve pha nam nam trong tieu vng quoc Kauthara va Panduranga. Bang chng cu the o la sau ngay di thu o Champa sang mien nam, ngui ta khong tm thay bia ky Phan ng va Cham co mien bac Champa na, trong khi o so lng bia ky nay lai tang them rat nhieu mien nam. Them vao o, v quoc vng Champa ma hoi ong hoang gia a chon la e thay the vua Rudravarman II la hoang t Prthivindravarman, ngi goc mien nam. Thay v at trung tam chnh tr tai pha bac, vua Prthivindravarman va nhng v vua ke tiep cua ong ta co quyen chon tieu vng quoc cua mnh mien nam e lam thu o cua Champa thi o, keo dai trong suot mot
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 the ky. Vua Prthivindravarman dng nh la ngi xuat than t tieu vng quoc Kauthara, v en Po Nagar (Nha Trang) la ni tap trung hau het nhng bia ky thuoc trieu ai cua ong ta cho en nam 854, trong luc o cac bia ky lien quan en quan chc thuoc ve trieu nh cua ong ta cung nam rai rac pha nam cua thanh a Po Nagar Nha Trang va trong tieu vng quoc Panduranga ma thoi. Cac bia ky nay a cung cap rat nhieu tin tc, nhat la chu trong en viec ton vinh cac v vua mien nam va e cao dong toc cua ho, ch khong bao gi nhac en cong lao cua cac vua chua ng tr pha bac cua Champa. Nhng bia ky nay cung quan tam rat nhieu en viec th phung Bhagavati (phu nhan cua Siva) co en th mang ten la en Po Nagar tai Nha Trang, mot v n than quan trong nhat cua tieu vng quoc Kauthara va co nguon goc xuat x lau i nhat tai Champa, e roi quen i Bhadresvara cua thanh a M Sn, mot v nam than va cung la v vua Champa au tien ghi tren bia ky, c ton th nhat khu vc mien bac. Trieu ai Champa cua mien nam dng nh co thu o at tai Virapura, tc la khu vc Phan Rang, mot a iem ma cac nha khoa hoc van con tranh luan ve ly thuyet cua no. V thu lanh au tien ong o tai Virapura la vua Prthivindravrman. Ong ta va cac v vua noi nghiep la nhng ngi co cong a cac truyen thong ban a mien nam vao he thong nghi le cua trieu nh Champa mien
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Lch s

 bac. Ong ta cung sang che ra viec s dung danh xng thanh hieu (nom posthume) sau ngay bang ha cua vua chua. Ten thanh hieu cua ong ta la Rudraloka. Cac v vua mien nam cung tiep tuc dung ten thanh hieu nay sau khi cham dt viec cai tr cua ho. Chau cua vua Prthivindravrman ten la Satyavarman la ngui c ton len lam vua ke v ong ta. Va mi len ngoi, Satyavarman phai ng au vao nam 774 vi nhng cuoc quay nhieu bang ng bien bi mot nhom ngi om yeu va en thui en t Java (quoc gia a ao) e anh cap tng Linga en Po Nagar (Nha Trang) va ot pha ien th nay. Mot bia ky tai en Po Nagar Nha Trang cung ghi rang vua Satyavarman a xua quan anh bai oan quan cp bien Java va ra lenh xay dng lai mot ien th mi vao nam 784 thanh a Po Nagar Nha Trang (Barth va A. Bergaigne, Inscriptions sanskrites du Cambodge et du Campa, Paris, 1885, trg. 252-253). Sau khi bang ha, vua Satyavarman nhan ten thanh hieu la Isvaraloka va nhng ngoi lai cho con trai cua mnh ten la Indravarman. Trong thi gian tr v, vua Indravarman cung b nhng oan quan Java ot kch mot lan na bang ng bien vao nam 787 e tan pha mot ien th gan Virapura (Phan Rang), thu o cua Champa thi o. Mi hai nam sau, Indravarman ra cong xay dng lai en nay, b tan pha vao nam 787. Ong ta tr v t nhat en nam 801 va nhng ngoi lai cho Harivarman I, dng nh la anh re cua ong ta. Harivarman
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 I la v vua hieu chien. Cung v trung thanh vi truyen thong gay chien cua Lin Yi, vua Harivarman I to chc hai cuoc vien chinh vao nam 803 va 809 tan cong bien gii quoc gia lang gieng mien bac, luc o la thuoc a cua Trung Hoa. Sau khi xoa bo chnh sach bang giao than thien vi Campuchia ke t au the ky th VII, vua Harivarman I ra lenh cho ch huy trng quan oi (Senapati) ten la Par xua quan tan cong vng quoc nay. Chnh v the, mot bia ky cua vua Harivarman I lu lai tai en Po Nagar Nha Trang co ghi lai cuoc chien thang cua oan quan Champa chong lai vng quoc Campuchia vao thi buoi o, nhng khong a ra mot ly do nao e giai thch cho cuoc tan cong nay. Sau khi vua Harivarman I bang ha, ngi con trai cua ong ta ten Vikrantavarman III len noi ngoi vao gia nam 813 va 817. Trc khi len ngoi, bia ky cho biet vua cha a trao cho Vikrantavarman III quyen cai tr Panduranga, mot tieu vng quoc ma cac tai lieu Trung Hoa thng ghi rang Panduranga khong phai la mot quoc gia oc lap co chu quyen trong ngha rong cua no va cung khong phai la mot tnh cua vng quoc Champa. Cung theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, Panduranga la mot x s co bien gii chung vi Champa, thng trieu cong vng quoc nay va san sang chap nhan cac v thong oc do trieu nh trung ng cua Champa phai en e cai tr ho, nhng luc nao Panduranga cung tm cach e bao ve nen t tr cua mnh. Chnh o la nguyen nhan a giup L.
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 Finot ( Panduranga , trong Album Kern, Leide, E. J. Brill, 1903, trg. 386) a ra ket luan rang ke t the ky th IX, Panduranga co mot qui che to chc chnh tr nh la mot quoc gia ch hau (feudataire) cua vng quoc Champa, c cai tr bi mot pho vng (Adhipati), thng la mot tng lanh cao cap nhat (Senapani) va mang pham tc Pandurangesvara, tc la vng hau cua Panduranga. Lanh tho cua Panduranga thng c xem nh la at phong (apanage) danh cho nhng v thai t tha ke ngoi vua (Yuvaraja). Cac bia ky ma vua Vikrantavarman III a lu lai, co noi dung rat la ngan ngui, ot nhien ngng bat vao nam 854 khong biet v ly do g, e roi khong ai biet en cuoc i cua ong ket lieu nh the nao, cung nh v vua noi ngoi cua ong ta la ai. Them vao o, sau ngay tr v cua vua Vikrantavarman III, tat ca cac bia ky mien nam Champa t nhien ngng lai, giong nh viec bia ky Phan ng a bien mat mot the ky trc mien bac. Cung trong thi ky nay, ngi ta nhan thay rang nen thng mai hang hai noi lien the gii A Rap, An o vi mien nam Trung Hoa cang ngay cang phat trien manh me keo dai trong suot mot the ky, v ly do bat an vung Trung A a lam gian oan truc giao thong tren luc a ma ngi ta thng goi la con ng t lua. Thong thng, cac thuyen buom di chuyen tren ai dng co toc o rat la cham chap, cho nen cac thuy thu buoc phai dng chan e
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 lay tiep lieu, nhat la nc uong. Them vao o, ngoai khi cua bien Nam Hai la khu vc co a ngam buoc cac thuyen buom di chuyen tren con ng noi lien An o Dng vi Trung Hoa phai lai doc theo b bien cua Champa, bien quoc gia nay tr thanh nhng hai cang dng chan hau nh bat buoc cua tat ca thng thuyen quoc te (xem them P. Pelliot, Textes chinois sur Panduranga trong BEFEO III, 1903, trg. 630-654, va Relation de la Chine et de l'Inde redigee en 851. Texte etabli, traduit et commente par J. Sauvaget, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1948, trg. 8-9). Vao gia the ky th VIII va gia the ky th IX, he thong giao lu hang hai nay a a ay Champa va Panduranga - tai lieu A Rap thng phan biet ro ret hai a danh nay - vao chu trnh giao lu quoc te. Viec phat trien he thong hang hai cua vng quoc Champa la ieu tat nhien, v ngi Cham la dan toc chuyen ve nghe thuy thu. Ve phng dien kinh te, Champa cung la quoc gia a tng xuat cang rat nhieu san pham lam nghiep ma cac thng thuyen quoc te rat can mua. ng tren kha canh van hoa, Champa cung la vng quoc a tng on nhan nhieu nen van minh. Bang chng cu the la Phat Giao a tng nam gi mot vi tr quan trong trong trieu nh va s hien dien rat sm cua nhng thng thuyen Hoi Giao tai vng quoc nay mac du ngi ta khong biet ho sang Champa e truyen ao hay khong.
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Vng quoc Champa

Vng trieu Indrapura Ai cung biet, t lieu Champa khac tren bia ky t nhien bien mat vao nam 854. Hai mi nam sau, tc la vao nam 875, ngi ta mi tm thay lai cac van ban nay, nhng hau het nam trong lanh tho cua tieu vng quoc Amaravati. ieu nay chng to rang tnh hnh chnh tr Champa di danh ngha la mot quoc gia thong nhat a tng xay ra trc ban the ky th VIII c phuc hoi tr lai. Vao thi ky nay, cac bia ky thng e cap en s ra i cua mot trieu ai mi cua Champa at thu o tai Indrapura. Sang lap vien cua vng trieu Indrapura la vua Indravarman II, xuat than t mot gia nh trong o vua cha cua ong ta la Bhadravarman, tc la ngi ch nhan tc vua nhng cha chac ong ta len ngoi e tr v. Vua Indravarman II t cho mnh la ngi xuat than t mot dong toc mang tnh cach huyen thoai (genealogie fictive) c ghi lai tren bia ky vao nam 875, c tm thay tai ong Dng, khoang 20 cay so ve pha ong nam cua M Sn. Bia ky nay nhan manh rang vng quyen cua vua Indravarman II khong phai do ong noi hay than phu truyen lai ma la do thanh qua cua cong trnh tu luyen ma ong ta a thc hien trong nhieu kiep song, cho nen nh menh a a ay ong ta tr thanh v thu lanh cua vng quoc Champao (xem L. Finot, Inscriptions du Quang nam I, Premiere stele de Dong-duong , trong BEFEO IV, 1904,
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 trg. 92 va 94). Indravarman II la v vua rat ton sung Phat Giao. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch cho s ra i cua nhieu cong trnh xay dng cac en Phat Giao ong Dng. Mac du a tng ng ra thc hien nhng trung tam Phat Giao ai tha rat la o so co chu vi ln hn mot cay so cong them c tin cua ong oi vi ao Phat, nhng vua Indravarman II van con gi nguyen truyen thong Siva Giao cua cac v vua tien boi a tng cai tr mien bac cua Champa trc o. Sau khi bang ha, Indravarman II nhan them thanh hieu la Paramabuddhaloka. Sau may nam tr v, Indravarman II nhng ngoi lai dng nh vao nam 898 cho chau trai ten la Jaya Simhavarman I, mot v vua ch e lai hai cong trnh duy nhat, o la xay dng mot so en Shiva Giao va Visnu Giao. V thu lanh ke tha cua Jaya Simhavarman I chnh la ngi con trai cua ong ta, ten la Jaya Saktivarman ma ngi ta ch biet en ten tuoi c ghi tren mot tam bia ky do mot v quan chc xuat than t gia nh hoang toc khac lai. Jaya Saktivarman cung la nhan vat a tng phuc vu cho 4 v quoc vng ke tha vua Indravarman II (xem E. Huber, La stele de Nhan-bieu , trong BEFEO XI3,1911, trg. 309). V vua ke tiep ten la Bhadravarman II ma ngi ta khong biet the nao la moi quan he than toc cua ong ta oi vi gia nh cua vua Jaya Saktivarman. Noi got chnh sach cua bac tien nhan a e lai, Bhadravarman II tiep tuc phat trien cac moi lien he ton giao vi Java
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 (quoc gia a ao). ieu nay khong co g ang ngac nhien cho lam, bi v dan toc a ao (Nam Dng va Ma Lai) va dan toc Cham a co cac moi quan he than thiet t lau i, nhat la cac oan thuy thu cua hai dan toc nay, ngoai viec am trach cac cong tac thng mai hang hai, thng xuyen cau ket vi nhau trong cac cuoc tan cong anh pha b bien cua cac nuc lang gieng, cang lam tang them uy quyen va sc manh nganh hai quan cua Champa thi o. Ngi len ke v e thay the vua Bhadravarman II chnh la con trai cua ong ta ten la Indravarman II, tr v t nam 916 en nam 960. Vua Indravarman II la ngi a cong hien mot bc tng lam bang vang cua n than Bhagavati (phu nhan Siva) cho en Po Nagar Aya Trang (Nha Trang). Hanh ong cua mot v vua Champa goc mien bac a dang hien mot pham vat cho n than Bhagavati nam tren at thanh Kauthara pha nam, a boc lo mot y ngha mang mau sac chnh tr hn la long tin vao ton giao. V rang, vua Indravarman II muon da vao the ton giao e xay dng lai mot quoc gia Champa thong nhat, mot chu thuyet ma cac tieu vng quoc mien nam, v qua e cao nen t tr cua ho, khong bao gi chap nhan. Ben canh o, Indravarman II con phai oi pho trc moi bang giao vi vng trieu Angkor (Campuchia) cang ngay cang gay gat. Luc ban au, s khung hoang gia Champa va Campuchia ch la cuoc tranh chap n thuan gia hai gia nh hoang gia ma thoi. Sau o, cuoc tranh chap nay bien thanh cac cuoc
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 cham tran quan s. Bang chng cu the la vao nam 947, vua Campuchia ra lenh xua quan ot pha thanh a Kauthara thanh tro bui ma mot tam bia ky cua Campuchia a tng xac nhan, sau o chiem lay bc tng bang vang cua n than Bhagavati (G. Coedes, Stele de Pre-Rup trong Inscriptions du Cambodge I, Paris, Publications de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient, Textes et documents sur l'Indochine III, 1937, trg. 73 sq). Nhng sau o, lc lng quan s Champa vung day phan cong, anh bai va ay lui oan quan xam lc Campuchia. Khoang mot nam sau, vua Indravarman II tm cach tai lap lai moi quan he ngoai giao vi Trung Hoa a b gian oan ke t nam 877. Nam 960, vua Indravarman II bang ha va nhng lai ngai vang cho Jaya Indravarman I e cai tr Champa cho en nam 971 hay 972. V vua nay la ngi co cong trung tu lai ien th Po Nagar Nha Trang vao nam 965 va thiet ke lai bc tng cua n than Bhagavati, lan nay lam bang a ch khong phai la kim qu na hau ne tranh long tham lam cua ke cp. Tng t nh vua cha va cac vua ke nghiep, Jaya Indravarman I thng xuyen gi cac phai bo sang Trung Hoa e tang cng chnh sach bang giao gia hai quoc gia. V vua noi ngoi ke tiep ten la Paramesvaravarman I, mot thu lanh au tien cua vng quoc Champa bat au oi dien trc tiep vi quoc gia lang gieng mien bac va mi giai phong ra khoi ach o ho cua Trung Hoa e hnh thanh mot quoc gia oc lap mang ten la ai Co Viet tc la
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 ai Viet sau nay, nam trong vung chau tho song Hong Ha va tnh Thanh Hoa. Ke t o, moi bang giao gia Champa va ai Viet a tr thanh moi quan he gia hai oi tng thu ch. Sau cuoc anh pha lan au tien cua quan oi Champa tren lanh tho cua ai Viet vao nam 979, vua Le ai Hanh, ngi sang lap trieu ai Tien Le, tra li ngay cho s quay nhieu nay bang cach c mot oan binh sang anh pha Champa, giet chet vua Paramesvaravarman I ngay t au cua cuoc chien vao nam 981 hay la 982. V vua Champa ke tha ten la Indravarman IV, v khong khang c noi vi oan quan cua Le ai Hanh, phai bo chay ve mien nam lanh nan, trong luc o oi phng tha ho ot pha thu o Indrapura cua Champa cho en nam 983. Mot nam sau, Lu Ky Tong, nhan vat goc dan toc Viet, li dung tnh hnh roi ren tai Indrapura, vung day cp lay chnh quyen. Ch khi vua Indravarman IV bang ha vao nam 986, Lu Ky Tong t phong cho mnh la quoc vng Champa va trnh bao vi hoang e Trung Hoa ve trieu ai mi nay. e phan lai cuoc tiem quyen cua Lu Ky Tong, cac quan lai cua trieu nh Champa a chay vao mien nam lanh nan bon nam ve trc, quyet nh ton mot nhan vat goc Champa len ngoi vao nam 988 tai Vijaya (tnh Bnh nh hien nay) mang vng hieu la Harivarman II. Sau ngay t tran cua Lu Ky Tong vao nam 989, Harivarman II di thu o Champa ve Indrapura lai. Mot nam sau, ai Viet xua quan tan cong mien bac cua
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 Champa vao nam 995 va nam 997 nham tra ua cho cac cuoc quay roi cua quan Champa tren lanh tho cua mnh. Ke t e tam nien the ky th X, hau het cac bia ky Champa b bien mat v s pha huy cua chien tranh. Trong khoang thi gian nay, ngi ta ch tm thay mot tang a viet bang tieng Cham co co noi dung ch noi ve ton giao ma thoi, khien cho viec nghien cu ve lch s Champa cho en ban the ky th XI hoan toan tuy thuoc vao cac t lieu Trung Hoa va cac bien nien s Viet Nam. Cung v the ma ngi ta khong biet ai la ngi ke tha vua Harivarman II, cung nh ten tuoi cua cac v quoc vng Champa ke tiep cho en nam 1044. Vng trieu Vijaya Mac du khiem khuyet t lieu, nhng ngi ta biet sau khi vua Harivarman II bang ha vao nam 998, v tan vng Champa vi ten thc thu la Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri a di thu o Indrapura vao nam 1000, v qua gan bien gii cua ai Viet, ve pha nam tai Vijaya. Ke t o, Vijaya c xem nh trung tam chnh tr cua Champa, mac du vng quoc nay a thanh cong may lan thu hoi lai lanh tho mien bac b nc lang gieng xam chiem. Nam 1000, anh dau s nhng bc cua Champa trc sc ep cua dan toc Viet, tc la mot s thoai lui dan dan ve phng
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 Champa vao nam 995 va nam 997 nham tra ua cho cac cuoc quay roi cua quan Champa tren lanh tho cua mnh. Ke t e tam nien the ky th X, hau het cac bia ky Champa b bien mat v s pha huy cua chien tranh. Trong khoang thi gian nay, ngi ta ch tm thay mot tang a viet bang tieng Cham co co noi dung ch noi ve ton giao ma thoi, khien cho viec nghien cu ve lch s Champa cho en ban the ky th XI hoan toan tuy thuoc vao cac t lieu Trung Hoa va cac bien nien s Viet Nam. Cung v the ma ngi ta khong biet ai la ngi ke tha vua Harivarman II, cung nh ten tuoi cua cac v quoc vng Champa ke tiep cho en nam 1044. Vng trieu Vijaya Mac du khiem khuyet t lieu, nhng ngi ta biet sau khi vua Harivarman II bang ha vao nam 998, v tan vng Champa vi ten thc thu la Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri a di thu o Indrapura vao nam 1000, v qua gan bien gii cua ai Viet, ve pha nam tai Vijaya. Ke t o, Vijaya c xem nh trung tam chnh tr cua Champa, mac du vng quoc nay a thanh cong may lan thu hoi lai lanh tho mien bac b nc lang gieng xam chiem. Nam 1000, anh dau s nhng bc cua Champa trc sc ep cua dan toc Viet, tc la mot s thoai lui dan dan ve phng
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 nam cho en luc vng quoc nay cao chung vao 800 nam sau. Sau cuoc bang ha cua Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri, co le trc nam 1010, cac t lieu co noi en bon i vua ke tiep len nam chnh quyen ma ngi ta khong biet ro ten tuoi cua ho. Ngoai viec gi phai oan ngoai giao thng xuyen sang Trung Hoa e xin hau thuan va sang ai Viet e ne tranh moi s e doa, th ngi ta c biet vng quoc Champa, trong suot thi gian tr v cua 4 v vua nay, a chuot lay bao lan that bai trc s tan cong cua cac v vua au tien thuoc trieu ai nha Ly va len thay the nha Le vao nam 1009. Nam 1021, con cua Ly Thai To xua quan tan cong mien bac Champa. Nam 1026 ong ta tr lai quay nhieu Champa. Sau khi len noi ngoi vua cha vao nam 1028 vi danh xng Ly Thai Tong ke t nam 1039, ong ta bat au nhung tay vao viec tranh gianh quyen hanh gia cac v hoang t Champa. Roi vien c mot tan vng Champa c tan phong vao nam 1042 anh pha b bien ai Viet, Ly Thai Tong cam au mot oan quan o bo len b bien Champa trong vung Tha Thien vao nam 1044. Thanh o Ban b that thu va cp pha. Quan oi Champa b anh tan va vua Champa b giet trong khi o mot phan dan chung cua thu o Champa b quan ai Viet tan sat ma Viet S Lc a tng ghi lai. Sau cuoc tham hoa nay, mot v quoc vng mi cua Champa ma ngi ta khong biet ro nguon goc, a len ngoi
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 tai Vijaya vao nam 1044. V vua au tien cua trieu ai nay la Jaya Paramesvaravarman I. Ngay t luc nhan vng phong la Rajadiraja (vua cua cac vua), Jaya Paramesvaravarman I phai ng au vi s chong oi cua Panduranga khong cong nhan ong ta la thu lanh cua lien bang Champa, v tieu vng quoc nay a chon mot hoang t xuat than t mien nam len lam vua vng quoc nay. V hoang t noi ngoi (Yuvaraja), tc la chau cua quoc vng Jaya Paramesvaravarman I nhan lenh em quan sang mien nam dep loan vao nam 1050. o la nhng bien co ma 3 bia ky a ghi lai trong o co tam bia ghi tren tang a gan en Po Klaung Garai (Ninh Thuan) cho rang dan c cua Panrang (Phan Rang) la nhng ngi h hong, hung d, ngu dot, luon luon noi loan chong lai cac nha vua a b quan oi Champa anh bai. Nhng quan phan loan mien nam b bat va chia ra thanh hai nhom. Mot nhom gi lai tai cho e tai thiet thanh pho, nhom con lai e phuc vu cho cac ien th va cac tu vien (L. Finot, Inscriptions inedites de Panrang , trong BEFEO III, 1903, trg. 645-646). Vua Paramesvaravarman I cung la ngi co cong tai thiet nhieu cong trnh xay dng cho en Po Nagar tai Nha Trang vao nam 1050 va 1055 ma cac bia ky bang Phan ng va Cham ng ghi lai. V vua noi ngoi ke tiep la Bhadravarman III ma ngi ta khong biet g nhieu ve tieu s cua ong ta. Tiep theo la ngi em trai cua Bhadravarman III len ngoi vao nam 1061 tai Vijaya lay
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 vng hieu la Rudravarman III. Ong ta a xay dng nhieu cong trnh vao nam 1064 trong khu vc cua en Po Nagar tai Nha Trang. Nam 1068, Rudravarman III xua quan tan cong ai Viet. Vua Ly Thanh Tong phan cong tc khac bang cach tien quan theo ng bien, o bo gan khu vc Vijaya, anh tan quan oi Champa, trong luc o vua Rudravarman III phai chay sang Campuchia lanh nan va a b oi quan ai Viet uoi theo bat c vao nam 1069. Sau khi pha huy thu o Vijaya, Ly Thanh Tong a vua Rudravarman III ve thu o Thang Long vao nam 1069. e chuoc mang cua mnh, vua Rudravarman III chap nhan dang hien cho ai Viet phan at pha bac cua Champa nam gia ca Hoanh Sn va eo Lao Bao, tc la khu vc Quang Bnh va Quang Tr, sau nay ai Viet sat nhap vao n v hanh chanh cua mnh mang ten la a Ly, Ma Linh va Bo Chnh. Sau ngay c tra t do, Rudravarman III phai ng au vi tnh hnh chnh tr Champa ang lam vao con ng suy sup, chia nam xe bay thanh hang chuc khu vc t tr, nhat la oi au vi Panduranga, mot tieu vng quoc co qui che oc lap trong lieng bang Champa cho en 1084 (E. Aymonier, Premiere etude sur les inscriptions tchames trong Journal Asiatique XVII-1, 1891, trg. 33 va tiep theo). Ngi ta khong biet vng trieu cua Rudravarman III cao chung nh the nao va co phai ong ta hay v vua ke tiep la ngi ng ra trieu cong nha Ly vao
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 nam 1071 va 1074 nh la mot quoc gia ch hau cua ai Viet. Cho en hom nay, khong co mot tai lieu nao a ra giai ap cho van e o. Ngc lai, nh mot bia ky M Sn bang Phan ng va Cham ng ma ngi ta c biet co hai v hoang t khong biet thuoc ve dong toc nao, ten la Thang va Pang tm cach cham dt tnh trang hon loan va thieu thong nhat do che o phong kien gay ra t ngay ra i cua vng quoc nay bang cach chia cat at ai Champa thanh 5 tieu quoc : Indrapura pha bac roi xuong dan ve pha nam la Amravati, Vijaya, Kauthara va Panduranga, cha ke en nhieu khu vc hanh chanh khac nam trong mot tieu vng quoc cung vung day au tranh oi quyen t tr co nhieu quyen han hn, mot khi cha at en qui che oc lap. Nam 1074, hoang t Thang len nam chnh quyen. Sau khi trung tu lai en Bhadresvara tai M Sn, tc la v nam than che ch Champa, ong ta t phong vng cho mnh vi danh hieu la Harivarman IV. Mot nam sau, Harivarman IV a ay lui mot cuoc tan cong cua ai Viet va tiep tuc khai tr cac v hoang t Champa tm cach ly khai vi trieu nh. Tiep o, ong ta tien quan xam chiem Campuchia nhng khong neu ra v ly do g bang cach pha huy cac ien th Sambor nam tren b song Mekong va di tan dan chung Campuchia ra khoi khu vc nay. Mot khi phuc hng lai Champa thanh mot quoc gia huy hoang nh xa, Harivarman IV quyet nh ve hu tr bang cach
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 a con trai cua mnh ten Vak va mi 9 tuoi, len noi ngoi vao nam 1080 di danh hieu la Jaya Indravarman II. Nam sau, Harivarman IV bang ha. Nhieu ngi v (hoang hau va th phi) cua ong ta cung len dan hoa tang theo nghi le Sati ma mot bia ky a tng xac nhan. Sau ngay hoa tang cua vua Harivarman IV, cac quan than trong trieu nh nhan thay rang Jaya Indravarman II, v tuoi cha trng thanh, khong u kha nang e ieu hanh quoc gia, thanh ra phai a ngi chu cua ong ta, tc la hoang t Pang len thay the e lanh ao quoc gia vao nam 1081, lay vng hieu la Pamarabodhisattva, mot ten goi mang anh hng Phat Giao. Pamarabodhisattva tiep tuc trieu cong ai Viet va dep tan nhng v hoang t nam quyen t tr cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga t 16 nam qua e phuc hng lai vng quoc Champa thong nhat va oc lap vao nam 1084. Sau o ong ta nhng ngoi lai cho ngi chau la Jaya Indravarman II vao nam 1086. Sau ngay len ngoi, vua Jaya Indravarman II tiep tuc trieu cong Thang Long (Ha Noi) nhng van chuan b cuoc chien vao nam 1103 nham thu hoi lai phan at pha bac cua Champa a lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069, nhng bat thanh. Sau o, ong mat vao nam 1113 va c phong chc thanh hieu la Paramabuddhaloka. Chau cua ong ta la ngi len noi ngoi vua vi danh hieu la Harivarman V. Ngi ta ch biet ve lai lch cua Harivarman V qua cac cong trnh kien truc tai
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 M Sn va cac phai oan ngoai giao ma ong ta c sang ai Viet va Trung Hoa. Champa oi au vi Angkor Ngi ke tha vua Harivarman V la mot v thai t (Yuvaraja) len ngoi vao nam 1139 vi danh hieu la Jaya Indravarman III. Cha ay 2 nam, sau khi hoan tat cac cong trnh xay dng mot so en ai ton giao tai thanh a M Sn vao nam 1140 va tai khu vc Po Nagar Nha Trang vao nam 1143, Jaya Indravarman III phai oi pho vi cuoc tan cong cua Campuchia ma ngi ta khong tm ra ly do tai sao. The la thu o Vijaya cua Champa lai lot vao tay cua quan oi Khmer va vua Jaya Indravarman III b t tran trong cuoc chien. Trong khi thu o Vijaya b chiem ong bi quan vien chinh Campuchia, Jaya Rudravarman IV c tan phong lam vua Champa, nhng sau o ong ta vi oan tuy tung phai bo Vijaya e chay sang Panduranga lanh nan. ay la cuoc tham hoa a a en cuoc chien gia Champa va Campuchia keo dai trong suot 75 nam. Cho en hom nay, ngui ta khong tm thay mot t lieu nao noi ve tnh hnh Champa ngoai tr li ke ma con trai cua vua Jaya Rudravarman IV ghi lai trong bia ky tm thay pha nam Champa va M Sn cho rang quoc vng nay bang ha vao nam 1147, mang thanh hieu la Paramabrahmaloka.
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 M Sn va cac phai oan ngoai giao ma ong ta c sang ai Viet va Trung Hoa. Champa oi au vi Angkor Ngi ke tha vua Harivarman V la mot v thai t (Yuvaraja) len ngoi vao nam 1139 vi danh hieu la Jaya Indravarman III. Cha ay 2 nam, sau khi hoan tat cac cong trnh xay dng mot so en ai ton giao tai thanh a M Sn vao nam 1140 va tai khu vc Po Nagar Nha Trang vao nam 1143, Jaya Indravarman III phai oi pho vi cuoc tan cong cua Campuchia ma ngi ta khong tm ra ly do tai sao. The la thu o Vijaya cua Champa lai lot vao tay cua quan oi Khmer va vua Jaya Indravarman III b t tran trong cuoc chien. Trong khi thu o Vijaya b chiem ong bi quan vien chinh Campuchia, Jaya Rudravarman IV c tan phong lam vua Champa, nhng sau o ong ta vi oan tuy tung phai bo Vijaya e chay sang Panduranga lanh nan. ay la cuoc tham hoa a a en cuoc chien gia Champa va Campuchia keo dai trong suot 75 nam. Cho en hom nay, ngui ta khong tm thay mot t lieu nao noi ve tnh hnh Champa ngoai tr li ke ma con trai cua vua Jaya Rudravarman IV ghi lai trong bia ky tm thay pha nam Champa va M Sn cho rang quoc vng nay bang ha vao nam 1147, mang thanh hieu la Paramabrahmaloka.
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 Sau o, cac quan chc Champa ang lanh nan tai tieu vng quoc Panduranga ton ngi con trai cua ong len noi ngoi lay danh hieu la Jaya Harivarman I. e tra li cho thai o nay, vua Campuchia ra lenh cho oan quan vien chinh Campuchia Vijaya (thanh o Ban) co s ho tr cua quan oi Champa mien bac keo quan sang mien nam tan cong vua Jaya Harivarman I, nhng khong at c ket qua. Cuoc tan cong lan th hai cung b that bai. Trc tnh the nay, vua Campuchia la Suryavarman II t phong cho hoang t Harideva, tc la ngi em v cua mnh, len lam vua Champa mien bac, ong o tai Vijaya. Va nghe tin nay, vua Jaya Harivarman I ang lanh nan mien nam, xuat quan tan cong mien bac, giet chet hoang t Campuchia la Harideva va lam chu tnh hnh Vijaya. Sau o Jaya Harivarman I t xng la vua Champa vao 1149 va cung la nam ket thuc cuoc chien gia Champa va Campuchia (L. Finot, Les inscriptions de M-sn XXI , trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg. 964-965). Mac du a thanh cong anh uoi quan Campphuchia, Jaya Harivarman I phai ng au vi mot ngi anh re tm cach tranh quyen chiem ngoi, bang cach keu goi dan toc Cao Nguyen vung day chong lai ong ta. B anh bai vao nam 1150, anh re cua vua Jaya Harivarman I phai chay sang ai Viet e xin cau cu. Mac du co s giup quan cua ai Viet, anh re nay van b anh bai va bien mat tren ban c chnh tr. Sau bien co nay, vua Jaya Harivarman I xua
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 quan chinh phat tieu vng quoc Amaravati ve toi vung day chong lai uy quyen cua ong ta vao nam 1151, sau o tr lai mien nam e dep nhng cuoc noi loan Panduranga. Mai cho en nam 1160, tieu vng quoc Panduranga mi chap nhan phuc tung uy quyen cua Jaya Harivarman I nh mot v lanh tu toi cao cua lieng bang Champa. Jaya Harivarman I la v vua dung cam va cung la nhan vat a thc hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng en ai tai M Sn va tai Po Nagar Nha Trang va bang ha co the vao nhng nam 1162-1166. Theo bia ky do chau cua vua Jaya Harivarman I e lai, con trai cua ong ta a nhan vng hieu la Jaya Harivarman II, nhng ngi ta cung khong biet v tan quoc vng nay co len ngoi tr v hay khong? Vao nam 1167, Jaya Indravarman IV to chc cuoc ao chanh e chiem quyen ngoi vua va gi phai oan sang Trung Hoa e xin phong chc. Jaya Indravarman IV la mot v quan lai a tng phuc vu trong trieu nh cua Jaya Harivarman I trc kia va cung la v vua a tng cong hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng en ai tai M Sn va Po Nagar Nha Trang. Ong ta cung la ngi ma cac bia ky a tng ca tung c o, s hieu biet va am tng ve nhieu lanh vc. Neu Jaya Indravarman IV len nam chnh quyen, la v ong muon tra thu cho s that bai cua Champa vao nam 1145, keo theo s chiem ong Champa cua Campuchia. Trong suot mi nam au cua vng trieu, Jaya Indravarman IV tap trung moi no lc vao viec chien
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 au chong lai vng quoc Campuchia, mac du khong mang lai ket qua. V khong the tien quan en thu phu Angkor bang ng bo, vua Jaya Indravarman IV thay oi chien thuat bang cach di chuyen quan oi Champa tren cac chien thuyen chay doc theo b bien tien vao vung chau tho song Mekong. Nh s giup cua mot vien thuyen trng ngi Trung Hoa, vua Jaya Indravarman IV a quan i ngc giong song Mekong va Tonle Sap e tien en Bien Ho vao nam 1177. Cuoc tan cong bat ng nay a giup cho quan oi Champa thanh cong ot pha thanh Angkor ay vang bac va chau bau va giet luon nha vua Campuchia, cung la mot v vua tiem quyen tai vng quoc nay (M. Giteau, Histoire d'Angkor, Paris, Ed. Kailash, 1966, trg. 77-78). Sau ngay anh pha Angkor, mot v hoang t Campuchia thuoc dong hoang gia chnh thong va cung la v vua tng lai mang vng hieu la Jayavarman VII, xua quan phan chien, nhat la tran thuy chien chong lai oan quan vien chinh Champa tren Bien Ho va Tonle Sap, va mot tran chien khac, co le la bai chien trng quyet liet nhat, tai en Preah Khan cung nam trong khu vc Angkor. Tran chien nay a giup ngi Campuchia giai phong hoan toan at nc cua ho ra khoi ach thong tr cua Champa vao nam 1180-1181 va cung la nam ma Jayavarman VII a nhan tan phong tai Angkor.
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Lch s

Ngi ta khong biet ngay thang bang ha cua Jaya Indravarman IV, mot v vua chien thang tai en Angkor, mac du s hien hu cua ong ta van con c xac nhan vao nam 1183 va nhat la vao luc Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv len ngoi e ke v thay the ong ta. Sau ngay len ngoi, Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv lai m tran chien tan cong vao Campuchia vao nam 1190. Ke t o, vua khmer la Jayavarman VII buoc phai ra tay giai quyet van e bang giao vi Champa. e thc hien d an nay, Jayavarman VII trao quyen ch huy quan oi Campuchia cho mot v hoang t tre tuoi goc Champa ten la Vidhyanandana a tng sinh song tai trieu nh Angkor t thu thieu thi. Hoang t nay la ngi rat ton sung ao Phat ai tha, mot tn ngng hoan toan mi la oi vi vua chua Campuchia thi o va a tng tuyen the trung thanh vi vua Jayavarman VII. Mot khi a nhan lenh, Hoang t Vidhyanandana dan au mot oan quan Campuchia sang anh chiem Vijaya vao nam 1191 va bat song v vua Champa Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv lam tu binh a ve Angkor. Ke t nam 1191, Champa b chia cat thanh hai quoc gia rieng biet. Champa mien bac at di quyen cai tr cua mot v hoang t ten la In, goc ngi Campuchia, tc la anh re cua vua Jayavarman VII. Khi len ngoi, hoang t In lay danh hieu la Suryajayavarmadeva. Champa pha nam at di quyen ieu hanh cua hoang t
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 Vidhyanandana, goc Champa nhng a tng lanh nan Campuchia. Khi len ngoi, Vidhyanandana lay vng hieu la Suryavarmadeva, at thu o cua mnh tai Panrang (tc Phan Rang hien nay) va a e lai nhieu tin tc thi s cho en nam 1194 tren mot tam bia viet bang Cham ng co tm thay tai M Sn do L. Finot nghien cu. Theo noi dung cua tam bia nay, trong khoang 2 nam sau ngay chia oi at nc, dan toc Champa mien bac vung day chong lai hoang t In, goc ngui Campuchia nam quyen ieu hanh thu o Vijaya, buoc ong ta phai thao chay ve nc e ton mot v hoang t goc Champa ten la Rasupati len ngoi vua mien bac lay danh hieu la Jaya Indravarmadeva. V muon tai lap quyen thong tr tren Champa, vua Campuchia la Jayavarman VII gi mot oan quan sang Vijaya cung vi Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv, tc la v vua Champa a b bat lam tu binh a ve Campuchia. Vi s hp tac cua Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva, tc la thu lanh cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga, Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv tien quan anh chiem Vijaya va giet chet Rasupati. Li dung c hoi thang tran nay, Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva loai bo Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv ra khoi ban c chnh tr va t ton mnh la quoc vng Champa tai Vijaya, thong nhat lai hai mien nam bac cua vng quoc. Trc tnh the nay, Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv tm cach chay sang tieu vng quoc Amaravati nham day quan tr lai anh chiem Vijaya. Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva xua quan phan
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 chien, giet chet Jaya Indravarman Ong Vatuv. e tra li cho bien co nay, vua Campuchia gi quan sang Champa vao nam 1193 va 1194 e chinh phat hoang t Vidhyanandana-Suryavarmadeva, nhng ca hai lan eu b that bai. Theo tai lieu Trung Hoa, VidhyanandanaSuryavarmadeva xin Trung Hoa tan phong vao nam 1198 va c trieu nh cua quoc gia nay phong vng vao nam 1199. Nam 1203, ong ta b truat phe bi mot v thai t (Yuvaraja) Champa khac ten la Ong Dhanapatigrama, cung la mot nhan vat a tng sinh song trong trieu nh Angkor va rat trung thanh vi vua Campuchia. Ke t o, vng quoc Champa at dui quyen cai tr cua hoang t Ong Dhanapatigrama va tr thanh mot tnh l cua Campuchia. Viec sat nhap Champa vao lanh tho cua Campuchia keo dai 17 nam a bien vng quoc nay tr thanh mot quoc gia ngheo oi va suy sup. Trong khoang thi gian nay, tai lieu lch s lai nhac en mot v hoang t Champa thuoc dong hoang toc Ansaraja, nhng sinh trng trong trieu nh Angkor va a tng ch huy quan oi Campuchia sang tan cong ai Viet. Tai Campuchia, hoang t dong Ansaraja nay a nhan nhieu chc ham ben canh thai t (Yuvaraja) Ong Dhanapatigrama, cung la nhan vat a tng trng thanh tai Campuchia. Chnh sach chiem ong Champa va chu ngha banh trng at ai cua Campuchia thi o a lam suy yeu tram trong vng quoc
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 nay, v khong u tiem nang e kiem soat qua nhieu thuoc a cung nh viec duy tr an ninh tren lanh tho qua rong ln nay. o cung la nguyen nhan co the giai thch mot phan nao ly do tai sao Campuchia t ong rut quan ra khoi Champa vao nam 1220, nhng luc nao cung tm cach duy tr uy quyen cua mnh tai Champa bang cach giao cho hoang t thuoc dong hoang toc Ansaraja a tng sinh trng trong trieu Angkor, quyen cai tr Champa vi niem hy vong rang Campuchia van tiep tuc gi mot vai tro anh hng tren ban c chnh tr tai quoc gia nay. Len ngoi vao nam 1226, hoang t dong Ansaraja lay vng hieu la Jaya Paramesvaravarman II. Trong suot nhng nam tr v, ong ta trung tu lai cac di tch en ai b tan pha bi chien tranh di thi o ho cua Campuchia. Jaya Paramesvaravarman II cung la v vua co mot chnh sach rat u ai oi vi tieu vng quoc Panduranga mien nam ni ma ong ta a e lai hau nh toan bo bia ky noi ve cuoc i cua ong. Sau ngay t tran ma ngi ta khong biet ro ngay thang, ngi em cua ong len noi ngoi, co the vao khoang gia nam 1230 va 1243, lay danh hieu la Jaya Indravarman VI. Champa vao e nh ban the ky XIII Sau ngay len ngoi, Jaya Indravarman VI a thc hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng tai M Sn, nhng lai gap
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 nay, v khong u tiem nang e kiem soat qua nhieu thuoc a cung nh viec duy tr an ninh tren lanh tho qua rong ln nay. o cung la nguyen nhan co the giai thch mot phan nao ly do tai sao Campuchia t ong rut quan ra khoi Champa vao nam 1220, nhng luc nao cung tm cach duy tr uy quyen cua mnh tai Champa bang cach giao cho hoang t thuoc dong hoang toc Ansaraja a tng sinh trng trong trieu Angkor, quyen cai tr Champa vi niem hy vong rang Campuchia van tiep tuc gi mot vai tro anh hng tren ban c chnh tr tai quoc gia nay. Len ngoi vao nam 1226, hoang t dong Ansaraja lay vng hieu la Jaya Paramesvaravarman II. Trong suot nhng nam tr v, ong ta trung tu lai cac di tch en ai b tan pha bi chien tranh di thi o ho cua Campuchia. Jaya Paramesvaravarman II cung la v vua co mot chnh sach rat u ai oi vi tieu vng quoc Panduranga mien nam ni ma ong ta a e lai hau nh toan bo bia ky noi ve cuoc i cua ong. Sau ngay t tran ma ngi ta khong biet ro ngay thang, ngi em cua ong len noi ngoi, co the vao khoang gia nam 1230 va 1243, lay danh hieu la Jaya Indravarman VI. Champa vao e nh ban the ky XIII Sau ngay len ngoi, Jaya Indravarman VI a thc hien nhieu cong trnh xay dng tai M Sn, nhng lai gap
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 phai bao cuoc vung day tai Panduranga ma ong ta phai c mot ngi chau ten la hoang t Harideva dan oan quan sang mien nam dep loan vao nam 1249. Them vao o, ong ta khong ngng ng au vi mot trieu ai mi cua ai Viet, o la nha Tran va mi len thay the nha Ly vao nam 1225. Ai cung biet, Champa la quoc gia thng gia tang cac cuoc anh pha tau be tren b bien cua Bac Viet va vung chau tho song Hong. a may lan, vua Tran Thai Tong yeu cau vng quoc nay phai ngng cac cuoc ot kch o. Vua Champa ap li bang viec yeu cau nha Tran phai tra lai cac phan at ai pha bac cua Champa a b chiem ong vao nam 1069. Trc s tra li khieu khch nay, vua Tran Thai Tong ch than dan mot oan quan chinh phat Champa vao nam 1252, tch thu rat nhieu cua cai, bo buoc vng quoc nay phai phuc tung va chap nhan trieu cong nh mot nc ch hau cua ai Viet. Nam nam sau, tc la 1257, Jaya Indravarman VI b am sat bi ngi chau cua ngai ten la Harideva (Yuanchi, XX, 55a). Sau vu an thanh cong, Harideva len nam chnh quyen, gi o vat sang trieu cong ai Viet vao nam 1262 va dan oan quan e pha tan s vung day cua Panduranga vao nam 1265, sau o ong c tan phong len lam vua Champa nam 1266 vi vng hieu la Indravarman V. Nam 1277, Panduranga lai tiep tuc vung day na. Va anh dep xong cuoc phien loan nay, vua Indravarman V nhan lenh
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 phai i trnh dien trc mat thu lanh cua Mong Co ten la Kubilai Khan vao nam 1278 e dang cong le vat cua mot nc ch hau nh ong ta a tng thi hanh oi vi trieu ai nha Tong cua Trung Hoa trc kia. Cung nh chien lc tr hoan thi hanh menh lenh va bay to long trung thanh cua mnh bang cach gi cac phai oan va nhieu le vat sang Mong Co, vua Indravarman V a tranh c nhng yeu sach cua Kubilai Khan cho en nam 1281. V khong ch i c na, Kubilai Khan c hai v s than quan trong en Champa e ap at nen hanh chanh Mong Co tai vng quoc nay. Neu vua Indravarman V to ve chap nhan s hien dien cua Mong Co tren lanh tho cua mnh, th ngi con trai cua ong ten la Harijit t choi ieu o. Vao nam 1282 hoang t Harijit to chc mot cuoc vung day nham anh uoi cac s than Mong Co ve nc. e tra li cho thai o bat qui phuc cua hoang t Harijit, Kubilai Khan quyet nh bien Champa thanh mot thuoc a cua Mong Co bang cach xua quan tan cong vng quoc nay bang ng bien va ng bo t thang chap 1282 cho en thang gieng 1283. Sau khi thu o Vijaya lot vao tay quan Mong Co, Indravarman V cung vi con trai chay len vung Tay Nguyen e lap chien khu. Nh s ho tr cua dan c mien nui, Indravarman V cam c chong quan ngoai xam keo dai cho en nam 1285, nam ma nha du hanh Tay Phng ten la Marco Polo co mat tai Champa. Cung vao nam 1285 nay, Mong Co rut quan ra khoi Champa e tan
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 cong ai Viet, nhng b ay lui bi lc lng quan s cua vua Tran Nhn Tong va mi len ngoi vao nam 1278. Ke t o, Champa a thoat ra khoi moi e doa cua Mong Co. Tuy nhien, s xam chiem trong vong hai nam cua quan Mong Co a lam suy yeu tiem nang Champa mot cach manh liet, mot vng quoc va mi tm ra loi thoat sau 75 nam chien tranh lien tuc vi Campuchia. Cuoc chien chong quan Mong Co cang tan pha Champa nhanh hn, v luc o nen van hoa Phan ng bat au suy sup (nam 1253 anh dau bia ky cuoi cung bang Phan ng tai Champa) keo theo s phai m dan dan triet ly An Giao va Phat Giao ai tha ma Champa thng da vao o e lam c s cho cac he thong to chc chnh tr va xa hoi cua mnh. Sau khi Indravarman V bang ha vao nam 1287, ngi con trai cua ong ta la hoang t Harijit len ngoi vua vi danh hieu Jaya simhavarman III (Che Man). V vua nay la ngi co cong xay dng thap Po Klaung Garai Phan Rang va ngoi en Yang Prong cc bac cua Darlac (H. Parmentier, Inventaire descriptif des monuments cams de l'Annam, tome I, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, Ernest Leroux, 1909, trg. 81-95 va 557-559). ieu nay a chng minh rang dan c khu vc Tay Nguyen thi o nam trong bien gii chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa. Jaya simhavarman III cung la v vua a ket hon vi cong chua cua vng quoc Java. Cuoc tnh nay cang lam tang them
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 moi quan he than thien gia gia nh hoang toc Champa va vng quoc a ao vao cuoi the ky XIII. Ben canh cong chua cua vng quoc Java, Jaya simhavarman III con ket hon vi cong chua cua ai Viet. Sau khi thoai v e nhng ngoi lai cho ngi con trai la Tran Anh Tong, vua cha Tran Nhn Tong ha ga con gai cua ong ta ten la Huyen Tran cho vua Che Man, tc la Jaya simhavarman III, vao nam 1301. S kien nay a gay bao phan ng trong trieu nh va ngi dan ai Viet thi o. Chnh v the, cuoc hon nhan cua cong chua Huyen Tran ma lch s Viet Nam thng nhac en, a trai qua mot cuoc thng thuyet lau dai. e c ket hon vi cong chua Huyen Tran, vua Jaya Simhavarman III ong y dang cho ai Viet hai chau O va Ly tc la phan at nam gia eo Lao Bao va eo Hai Van (Quang Tr va Tha Thien hien nay). o cung la nguyen nhan e giai thch tai sao hon nhan nay ch c c hanh vao nam 1306. Viec quyet nh dang hien lanh tho cho nc lang gieng vao nam 1069 a chng minh rang giai cap lanh ao di thi phong kien Champa ch xem lanh tho quoc gia nh mot tai san rieng t cua mnh, hoan toan tuy thuoc vao y muon rieng t cua nha vua. Chnh v the, ngi ta khong the ket toi ai Viet thi o a co y nh xam chiem at ai Champa, bi v quoc gia nay ch bat au ap dung chnh sach e quoc ke t cuoi the ky XV hau m rong b coi ve pha Nam. Nh ngi ta a thay va con thay na ve sau,
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 trc the ky th XV, ai Viet ch li dung vao cac cuoc chien thang quan s nham buoc cac nc thua tran phai chap nhan lam ch hau, nhng cha ngh en viec xam chiem lanh tho cua cac quoc gia nay. Jaya Simhavarman III t tran vao nam 1307, v tuoi gia. Vua Tran Anh Tong tha c hoi tm cach a Huyen Tran ve Thang Long, nhng van tiep tuc chiem gi hai Chau O va Ly. Ke t o, nui Bach Ma (Hue) tr thanh ranh gii pha bac cua Champa. The la lanh tho Champa b lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069 va nam 1306 chnh la at ai nguyen thuy cua vng quoc Lin Yi (Lam Ap) thi trc. Champa oi au vi ai Viet Cung v khong con bia ky ban ve Champa ke t cuoi the ky XIII, ngi ta khong nam vng cho lam nhng chi tiet lien quan en vng trieu cua ngi con trai len ngoi thay the vua Jaya Simhavarman III. Ngi ta cung khong biet danh xng vng hieu cua cac v vua ke tiep hay nhng yeu to nham chng minh rang ho co c tan phong len lam thu lanh Champa hay khong. Do o, ngi ta buoc phai goi cac v vua noi ngoi thay the Jaya Simhavarman III hay nhng v vua ke tiep khac bang nhng ten goi nh Che, Chi, v.v. ma cac bien nien s Viet Nam at ra ma thoi.
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 trc the ky th XV, ai Viet ch li dung vao cac cuoc chien thang quan s nham buoc cac nc thua tran phai chap nhan lam ch hau, nhng cha ngh en viec xam chiem lanh tho cua cac quoc gia nay. Jaya Simhavarman III t tran vao nam 1307, v tuoi gia. Vua Tran Anh Tong tha c hoi tm cach a Huyen Tran ve Thang Long, nhng van tiep tuc chiem gi hai Chau O va Ly. Ke t o, nui Bach Ma (Hue) tr thanh ranh gii pha bac cua Champa. The la lanh tho Champa b lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069 va nam 1306 chnh la at ai nguyen thuy cua vng quoc Lin Yi (Lam Ap) thi trc. Champa oi au vi ai Viet Cung v khong con bia ky ban ve Champa ke t cuoi the ky XIII, ngi ta khong nam vng cho lam nhng chi tiet lien quan en vng trieu cua ngi con trai len ngoi thay the vua Jaya Simhavarman III. Ngi ta cung khong biet danh xng vng hieu cua cac v vua ke tiep hay nhng yeu to nham chng minh rang ho co c tan phong len lam thu lanh Champa hay khong. Do o, ngi ta buoc phai goi cac v vua noi ngoi thay the Jaya Simhavarman III hay nhng v vua ke tiep khac bang nhng ten goi nh Che, Chi, v.v. ma cac bien nien s Viet Nam at ra ma thoi.
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Vng quoc Champa

Viec dang hien hai Chau O va Ly cho ai Viet a a ay dan c Champa song tren lanh tho b chiem ong vao nhng cuoc vung day mot cach lien tuc. Them vao o, trieu nh Champa cung khong quen khuyen khch them nhng phong trao bai tr ai Viet. Chnh o la nguyen nhan buoc vua Tran Anh Tong phai ng ra ieu hanh mot cuoc chinh phat Champa vao nam 1312, bat c thu lanh cua vng quoc nay lam tu binh e a ve Thang Long, ni ma ong vua nay t tran vao nam 1313. Sau cuoc chinh phat vao nam 1312, Tran Anh Tong e c ngi em cua vua Champa ma bien nien s ai Viet goi la Che Nang len ngoi cai tr vng quoc nay nh la mot v vua ch hau cua ai Viet. ieu nay a chng minh rang Champa a tr thanh mot vng quoc at di quyen o ho cua ai Viet thi o. Li dung ngay ang quang cua vua Tran Minh Tong vao nam 1314, Che Nang toan tnh thau hoi lai nhng at ai a mat cung nh xay dng lai chu quyen cua mot quoc gia Champa oc lap, nhng khong thanh. Chnh v the, ong ta phai chay sang vng quoc Java t nan vao nam 1318. Li dung tnh hnh bat on Champa, ai Viet gia tang chnh sach nhung tay vao noi bo cua nc lang gieng bang cach e ngh mot v tng lanh cua Champa len nam chnh quyen nh mot pho vng ma bien nien s ai Viet goi la Che A Nan. Noi got cac cuoc au tranh cua cac v vua tien boi, Che A Nan cung tm cach giai phong
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 Champa ra khoi ach o ho cua ai Viet. e thc hien chnh sach nay, ong ta phai trong cay vao s yem tr cua trieu nh Mong Co ke t nam 1322. Ket qua la Che A Nan a anh bai quan ai Viet tan cong Champa vao nam 1326. Cuoc chien thang nay a giup Champa xay dng lai chu quyen quoc gia oc lap cua mnh va cham dt moi chnh sach le thuoc cua Champa vao nc lang gieng. Ke t o Champa khong con gi nhng le vat va cac phai oan ngoai giao sang ai Viet na. Trieu ai ke tha vua Che A Nan anh au mot thi ky rat la yen bnh. Trc het, vua Champa thng c cac phai oan ngoai giao sang Trung Hoa cho en nam 1331 va co dp tiep on cuoc tham vieng cua Franciscan Odoric de Pardenone, mot nha tu s Au Chau a e lai cho hau the mot cuon hoi ky trong o ong ta cho rang Champa la mot x s co ve ep hon nhien. Nhng ay khong phai la iem bao hieu nham cho rang vng quoc Champa ang bc vao mot trang s yen bnh va thnh vng. V t mot the ky qua, Champa khong ngng trai qua bao s khung hoang tram trong ve cac gia tr tinh than ma vng quoc nay thng da vao o e lam nen tang cua xa hoi mnh. Chnh o la yeu to a a ay Champa vao con ng suy yeu mot cac nghiem trong. Cac nghi le An Giao bieu tng cho uy quyen thieng lieng cua vng trieu a bat au suy thoai. Cac cuoc tranh gianh quyen lc gia cac hoang t trong cung nh cung nh s noi tiep trien mien
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 cua nhng cuoc noi chien gia mien bac va mien nam a xe nat vng quoc nay mot cach lien tuc. Chnh o cung la yeu to giup ngi ta ta hieu rang vao gia the ky XIV, Champa ang bc vao thi ky bat on tram trong. Mot khi Che A Nan bang ha vao nam 1342, cuoc tranh chap quyen hanh gia cac thanh vien trong gia nh hoang gia bat au bung no. Ngi con re cua vua Che A Nan ten la Tra Hoa lai ng ra tiem ngoi cua Che Mo, tc la con trai cua Che A Nan. Chnh v the, Che Mo phai tm cach loai tr ke cp ngoi, nhng a that bai e roi phai chay sang ai Viet t nan va xin cau cu. Vua Tran Du Tong cua ai Viet san sang giup Che Mo vi ieu kien la Champa phai chap nhan tai lap lai qui che trieu cong. Nam 1353 mot oan quan ai Viet thap tung Che Mo tien en Champa, nhng cha kp tan cong Vijaya th phai quay ngc tr ve cung vi Che Mo va khong bao lau hoang t nay t tran tren lanh tho cua nc lang gieng. Luc o Tra Hoa la v vua Champa ang tr v, tng rang co the thu hoi lai hai Chau O va Ly bang bao lc, nhng ong ta phai chuot bao that bai. Ke t o ngi ta khong biet the nao la tiem nang va the lc quan oi cua Champa na cho en khi ong ta bang ha, dng nh vao nam 1360. Sau nam 1360, lch s Champa ang trai qua mot khoang trong ve nien ai, v cac t lieu Trung Hoa ch noi en hoang e au tien cua nha Minh a tan phong cho mot v vua Champa vao nam 1369 ma bien nien s Viet
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 Nam goi la Che Bong Nga ke t nam 1376, nhng khong bao gi e cap en nguon goc dong toc cung nh ngay thang len ngoi cua ong ta. Che Bong Nga la mot chien lc gia quan s a gay bao kinh hoang cho ai Viet trong suot 30 nam lien. V vua nay a chien thang trong nhng tran chien chong quan ai Viet vao cac nam 1361, 1362, 1365, 1368, 1377, 1378, 1383, 1386 va a ba lan ot pha thu o Thang Long vao nam 1371, 1377, 1378. Che Bong Nga la v vua a thanh cong thu hoi lai cac phan at ai a lot vao tay cua ai Viet vao nam 1069 va 1306, sau o a bien gii pha bac cua Champa tr lai Ca An Nam (Hoanh Sn), tc la v tr nguyen thuy cua vng quoc nay vao gia the ky th IV. Trong luc ai Viet ang trong tnh trang hoan toan roi loan, th nha chien lc quan s Che Bong Nga b phan boi bi mot so ngui nam trong vng trieu Champa va b giet chet tren chien thuyen cua ong ta vao nam 1390 (G. Maspero, Le royaume de Champa, Leide, E. J. Brill, 1914, trg. 275-298). Che Bong Nga la v vua a a vng quoc Champa len nh cao cua thi ky huy hoang va sang choi nhat. Nhng giai oan huy hoang nay ch da vao nhan cach, ngh lc va tai nang quan s cua Che Bong Nga, mot nhan vat a biet khai thac s suy tan cua nha Tran e phat trien sc manh va tiem nang Champa cua mnh. Chnh v the, cai chet cua Che Bong Nga tren bai chien trng a a ay Champa vao khuc quanh cua bao s nguy c khac
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 ma ngi ta thng quen lang i, o la thc trang cua mot vng quoc va mot nen van minh ang trong thi ky hap hoi va suy sup. La Khai la v vua ke tha cua Che Bong Nga. Moi lan xua quan nham quay nhieu ai Viet, La Khai buoc phai anh thao lui e chay ve Champa. Ong ta cung la v vua len nam chnh quyen qua vu lc bang cach loai tr cac a con trai cua Che Bong Nga ra khoi vng quyen va bo ri cho ai Viet cac phan at nam ve pha bac cua nui Bach Ma (Hue) ma Che Bong Nga a day cong thu hoi. Mot bia ky tm thay trc ca cua thanh luy Bnh nh cho biet La Khai len ngoi lay vung hieu la Jaya Simhavarman, tr v 12 nam. o la nhng g ma ngi ta biet ve ong ta. S cao chung cua Champa An Hoa Jaya Simhavarman (La Khai) mat vao nam 1401. Ngi con trai cua ong ta ten la Virabhadravarman (hay Ba ch Lai goi theo bien nien s Viet Nam) len ngoi ke v. Li dung ngay bang ha cua vua La Khai, Ho Qu Ly, v vua au tien cua nha Ho thay the nha Tran vao nam 1394, xua quan tan cong Champa, nhng that bai. Vua Ho lai m tran tan cong th hai vao nam 1402. ng trc lc lng quan s qua hung manh cua oi phng, vua Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) phai tra lai cho Ho Qu
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 ma ngi ta thng quen lang i, o la thc trang cua mot vng quoc va mot nen van minh ang trong thi ky hap hoi va suy sup. La Khai la v vua ke tha cua Che Bong Nga. Moi lan xua quan nham quay nhieu ai Viet, La Khai buoc phai anh thao lui e chay ve Champa. Ong ta cung la v vua len nam chnh quyen qua vu lc bang cach loai tr cac a con trai cua Che Bong Nga ra khoi vng quyen va bo ri cho ai Viet cac phan at nam ve pha bac cua nui Bach Ma (Hue) ma Che Bong Nga a day cong thu hoi. Mot bia ky tm thay trc ca cua thanh luy Bnh nh cho biet La Khai len ngoi lay vung hieu la Jaya Simhavarman, tr v 12 nam. o la nhng g ma ngi ta biet ve ong ta. S cao chung cua Champa An Hoa Jaya Simhavarman (La Khai) mat vao nam 1401. Ngi con trai cua ong ta ten la Virabhadravarman (hay Ba ch Lai goi theo bien nien s Viet Nam) len ngoi ke v. Li dung ngay bang ha cua vua La Khai, Ho Qu Ly, v vua au tien cua nha Ho thay the nha Tran vao nam 1394, xua quan tan cong Champa, nhng that bai. Vua Ho lai m tran tan cong th hai vao nam 1402. ng trc lc lng quan s qua hung manh cua oi phng, vua Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) phai tra lai cho Ho Qu
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 Ly tieu vung quoc Amaravati b mat vao nam 1306 e oi lay viec rut quan ai Viet ra khoi Champa. V tng rang co the chiem them at ai Champa mot cach de dang, vua ai Viet m tran tan cong Vijaya lan th ba vao nam 1403-1404. Nhng s can thiep cua nha Minh (Trung Hoa) buoc quan oi vien chinh cua ai Viet phai quay au tr ve. Roi lay c viec nha Ho tiem ngoi nha Tran, hoang e nha Minh xua quan tan cong ai Viet vao nam 1407. Chien tranh gia Trung Hoa va ai Viet a giup Champa thoat ra khoi s e doa cua lan bang mien bac va thu hoi lai tieu vng quoc Amaravati. Li dung tnh hnh bat on ai Viet, vua Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) xua quan tan cong Campuchia, mot quoc gia rat suy yeu v phai oi pho vi chien tranh lien mien chong lai vng quoc Ayudhya (Thai Lan) ke t gia the ky XIV. Mac du Trung Hoa a hai lan khien trach vao nam 1408 va 1414, vua Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) van tiep tuc tan cong Campuchia e chiem vung Bien Hoa (A. Cabaton, L'inscription de Bien-hoa , trong BEFEO IV, 1904, trg 687 va tiep theo). Cung nh tran chien nay, Champa di bien gii pha nam cua mnh en nui But, ngon nui ma nha thng thuyen Bo ao Nha cho biet no la bien gii pha ong chia cach Champa va vng quoc Campuchia ke t au the ky XVII. Nam 1427, Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) c mot phai oan sang Thang Long e tiep kien vi vua Le Li, nhan vat a giai phong ai Viet ra khoi s o
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 ho cua Trung Hoa vao nam 1428 e thiet lap trieu ai nha Le. Sau 32 nam phuc vu cho vng quoc, Virabhadravarman (Ba ch Lai) c nhan tan phong vao nam 1432 vi ten vng hieu la Vrasu Indravarman. Nam 1441, Vrasu Indravarman bang ha va c thay the bi mot v vua ma bien nien s Viet Nam goi la Maha B Cai. Ke t nam 1444, Maha B Cai gia tang cac cuoc chien anh pha lang gieng mien bac. Sau khi a chinh phuc c thai o trung lap cua nha Ming, vua ai Viet xua quan chinh phat Champa vao nam 1446, chiem Vijaya va bat c Maha B Cai lam tu binh a ve Thang Long, sau o a ngi chau cua ong ta ten la Maha Qu Lai len nam chnh quyen. Va mi len ngoi, Maha Qu Lai tc thi dang le vat len vua Le Nhan Tong vao nam 1447. Hai nam sau tc la nam 1449, Maha Qu Lai a b ngi em ten Maha Qu o truat phe. Sau ngay lat o chnh quyen, Maha Qu o xin Trung Hoa tan phong vao nam 1457. Len ngoi cha ay mot nam, Maha Qu o b am sat vao nam 1458. Ngi ke ngoi cua ong ta ma bien nien s ai Viet goi la Tra Duyet ch tr v mot thi gian rat ngan ngui, v nam 1460, ong vua nay buoc phai thoai v nhng khong cho biet ly do, e nhng ngoi lai cho ngi em la Tra Toan tc la v vua cuoi cung cua Champa ong o Vijaya. Mac du vua Le Thanh Tong a may lan yeu cau Champa phai dang them cong vat, nhng Tra Toan t choi
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 tuan lenh va con xua quan tan cong vao ai Viet vao nam 1468 va nam 1469. e tra li cho thai o cua Tra Toan, vua Le Thanh Tong xua quan phan cong, anh chiem Champa nam ke tiep. Nam 1471, Vijaya b that thu va b san bang. Khoang 20 000 ngi dan cua Vijaya b bat lam tu binh va di ay sang ni khac va mot phan con lai co so lng vao khoang 40 000 cho en 60 000 ngi b tan sat. Tra Toan b bat va t tran tren ng ve Thang Long (Bui Quang Tung, Le ai Viet et ses voisins, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1990, trg. 73-86). S that thu Vijaya vao nam 1471 anh dau cho s cao chung cua mot nen van minh va mot vng quoc Champa tren bc ng suy tan. Nhng ay cung la thi iem suy oi cua mot nen van minh An Giao trc a tien quan cua Hoi Giao e xam chiem An o ke t cuoi the ky XII, e roi Champa khong con nhan them anh hng van hoa An Giao na. S xup o cua nen van minh An Giao tai Champa a gay ra s tan v cua cac c cau to chc xa hoi va tn ngng ma vung quoc nay a co gang gay dng gan 15 the ky. Va no phat sinh t s that bai quan s don dap ke t the ky XI a lam mat i nhng niem tin vao An Giao ma Champa thng da vao o e lam nen tang di san tinh than cua mnh, mot di san thieng lieng do cac v than linh sang tao, nhng chnh con ngi a ng ra pha hong no. Ke t o, dan chung Champa khong con at niem tin vao An Giao na. S that thu cua Vijaya vao nam
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 1471 la ket qua cua mot cuoc au tranh dai dang gia nen van minh An Giao cua Champa chong lai nen van minh Trung Hoa cua dan toc Viet. Mot khi ai Viet khong u sc e tien quan sang pha bac v b Trung Hoa ngan chan lai, th ho phai tm cach ap dung chnh sach Nam Tien. ay la cuoc chien gia hai oi tng thu ch Champa va ai Viet nham bao ve s sinh ton cua mnh. Tiec rang van bai a dien ra ke t cuoi the ky th X a anh dau bang nhng cuoc thoai lui lien tuc cua Champa. Chnh v the, nam 1471 a tr thanh bieu tng cho cuoc chien thang ve vang cua nen van minh Hoa-Viet chong lai di san An Giao tai Champa a tng thong tr khu vc mien ong cua ban ao ong Dng ke t the ky th IV. Cung nham bieu dng cho cuoc chien thang nay ma ai Viet a tan pha thanh Vijaya (o Ban) va chiem oat at ai cua Champa bat c luc nao ma quoc gia nay cam thay co the thc hien c e ap at nen van hoa Hoa-Viet len dan toc Champa thua tran. Lanh tho a lot vao tay ai Viet la cac tieu vng quoc nam pha bac cua Champa, von la trung tam quyen lc cua nen van minh An Giao, ni con ton tai toan bo di san tinh than cua no. Neu M Sn la bieu tng cho cong trnh kien truc va nghe thuat An Giao, ong Dng bieu tng cho trung tam Phat Giao ai tha th Tra Kieu cung la trung tam truyen ba va phat trien triet ly An Giao qua cac thi ai.
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Lch s

Champa ban a
Sau ngay chiem ong Vijaya (o Ban), Le Thanh Tong xua quan xuong mien nam Champa en ngon oi oi dien vi mui Varella va dng mot cot moc tren nui a Bia (cung goi la Thach Bi) e anh dau bien gii cua ai Viet ma ai Nam Nhat Thong Ch a ghi lai. Bien co nay a gay bao s hieu lam, v a so cac nha nghien cu cho rang ke t nam 1471, Thach Bi nam trong khu vc tnh Phu Yen la ranh gii pha nam cua ai Viet. Cung theo ai Nam Nhat Thong Ch, phan noi ve d a ch cua tnh Bnh nh lai cho rang di thi Le Thanh Tong, bien gii pha nam cua ai Viet nam eo Cu mong tc la hn mot tram cay so ve pha bac cua tnh Phu Yen. Cac bien nien s khac cung xac nhan ieu nay bi v tnh Phu Yen di thi Le Thanh Tong bao gom cac vung at trai dai gia eo Cu Mong va nui a Bia ch lot vao tay nha Nguyen vao nam 1611. Van e ve bien gii pha nam cua ai Viet vao cuoi the ky XV a tr thanh mot chu e tranh luan lau dai. Theo ai Viet S Ky Toan Th (tap III, ban dch bang quoc ng, Hanoi, 1972), sau khi thanh o Ban b that thu, vua Le Thanh Tong chia lanh tho nam ve pha nam cua thu o nay thanh ba vng quoc ch hau: vng quoc
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 Chiem Thanh, tc la phan pha nam cua Champa, vng quoc Hoa Anh va vng quoc Nam Ban. Tiec rang van ban nay ch nhac en vng quoc Hoa Anh mot lan duy nhat va ch noi en vng quoc Nam Ban gan 3 the ky sau va cung khong cho biet ten tuoi cua cac v vua cua Hoa Anh va Nam Ban. Chnh v the ngi ta co quyen neu ra bao cau hoi: s hien dien cua hai vng quoc Hoa Anh va Nam Ban co that s hay khong? Ngoai ra bien nien s Viet Nam cung khong xac nhan v tr cua Hoa Anh va Nam Ban au. ieu nay a a mot so tac gia e ra ly thuyet cho rang vng quoc Hoa Anh nam gia eo Cu Mong va nui a Bia; vng quoc Nam Ban nam tren vung cao nguyen Cong Tum-Gia Lai. Trong khi o, cac tac gia khac ngh rang hai vng quoc nay eu nam pha tay cua day Trng Sn, nhng ho khong a ra nhng yeu to thuyet phuc nao nham chng minh cho gia thuyet. Giai oan chuyen tiep Neu bien gii pha nam cua ai Viet vao cuoi the ky th XV van con la e tai tranh luan th ngi ta biet chac chan rang s sup o cua vng trieu Champa An Giao mien bac sau ngay that thu Vijaya vao nam 1471 khong co ngha la s sup o toan dien cua vng quoc Champa nh mot so nha nghien cu thng neu ra. Mot khi mien bac b ri vao tay cua ai Viet, vng quoc
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 Champa van con tiep tuc hien hu nhng b thu hep lai mien nam nam tren lanh tho cua tieu vng quoc Kauthara va Panduranga, ni ma ngi dan co ban chat rat la hieu ong, luon luon oi t tr va oi luc con tm cach tach ri ra khoi lien bang Champa e tao cho mnh mot quoc gia oc lap. Sau ngay that thu thanh o Ban vao nam 1471, mot tng lanh quan s Champa ma bien nien Viet Nam goi la Bo Tr Tr a chay thoat ve Panduranga, t xng la vua Champa va c Trung Hoa va ai Viet phong chc. Vng quoc cua Bo Tr Tr ma cac t lieu lch s thng nhac en mang ten la Chiem Thanh mi. Ngi ta khong biet nhieu ve Bo Tr Tr. Tai lieu Mingshi (CCCXXV-15a) ch ghi rang s t tran cua Bo Tr Tr vao nam 1478 co the do mot trong so cac ngi em cua ong ta ten la Gulai gay ra. Gulai len noi ngoi vua cung vao nam 1478 va t hng dan mot phai oan sang Trung Hoa e xin tan phong. Theo bien nien s Viet Nam, Gulai tr v en 1505 sau o nhng ngoi lai cho con trai ten la Tra Toai. V vua mi nay cung gi ngi con trai cua ong ta ten la Tra Phuc sang Trung Hoa e xin hoang e nha Minh tan phong vao nam 1509 va mot phai oan ngoai giao khac sang Trung Hoa vao nam 1543. ay la phai bo ngoai giao cuoi cung ma vng quoc Champa gi sang Trung Hoa, v cac t lieu bang tieng Han khong con noi en quoc gia nay na. Ke
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 t o, Champa tr thanh mot vng quoc b co lap, khong con ai che ch e ng au vi cuoc Nam Tien cua nha Nguyen. Mac du tnh hnh quan s cang ngay cang lam vao con ng suy yeu, nhng vng quoc Champa van con hien hu nh mot quoc gia co chu quyen trai qua mot thi gian an bnh cho en gia the ky XVII. Bo Tr Tr, Gulai va Tra Toai la ba v vua Champa chu anh hng cua hai the gii ro ret. The gii th nhat t cho mnh ke t the ky th XIV la the gii An Giao, mac du he thong tn ngng nay khong con ton tai na. The gii th hai la the gii cua nen van minh ban a xuat phat t truyen thong cua mien nam Champa pha tron vi sac thai cua ngi dan ban x Panduranga va Kauthara, cau thanh mot yeu to van hoa rat song ong va lu truyen trong moi tang lp dan gian cho en hom nay. T cuoi the ky XV cho en the ky XVI, cac gia tr tinh than va he thong to chc xa hoi mien nam bat au phat trien kha nhanh ma tan Champa da vao o e xay dng cho mnh mot nen van minh rieng biet. Ke t o, van hoa Champa An Giao a i vao con ng phoi thai cung mot luc vi s bien mat cua giai cap qu toc Ba La Mon e nhng cho cho cac nghi le ban a thng gan lien vi yeu to at ai va khu vc a d. Chnh o la he thong tn ngng co mot ac trng rieng biet ma quan chung mien nam Champa xem nh la di san tinh than cua ho. Moi ly thuyet ve s sinh ton cua vu tru An Giao khong con thch hp na
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 e thay the vao o bi mot he thong triet ly mang tnh chat ban a cua mien nam Champa pha lan vi yeu to van hoa Hoi Giao ke t the ky XVII cang lam phong phu them cho nen van minh mi cua vng quoc nay. Cac giai cap thng lu khong con quan tam en An Giao na, tc la he thong tn ngng qua chu trong en cac nghi le hoang gia va hnh thc ton th ca nhan cua giai cap lanh ao, nhng lai tin vao tuc th hnh tng thng hay lan lon vi cac hnh thai cua tn ngng dan gian a phng. Cac vua chua Champa thi o khong con t phong cho mnh la nhan vat xuat than t the gii sieu hnh e ieu hanh mot vng quoc nh thi An Giao, ma la mot nha mot nha lanh ao thong thng co chc nang quan ly quoc gia. Ho khong con s dung ten va ho cua vua chua viet theo Phan ng na va khong con ra lenh khac tng cua ho vi bao phong cach trang iem mang yeu to An Giao na. Hay noi mot cach khac, vua chua Champa sau the ky th XVII ch la mot ngi pham tuc nh nhng ngi cong dan khac. Nhng ieu o khong ngan can ho tiep thu nhng di san tinh than t xa ma cac vua chua Champa mien nam a e lai cho ho. Tnh hnh vao cuoi the ky XVI va XVII T the ky XVI en gia the ky XVII, cac tin tc ma bien nien s Viet Nam cung cap ve vng quoc
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 e thay the vao o bi mot he thong triet ly mang tnh chat ban a cua mien nam Champa pha lan vi yeu to van hoa Hoi Giao ke t the ky XVII cang lam phong phu them cho nen van minh mi cua vng quoc nay. Cac giai cap thng lu khong con quan tam en An Giao na, tc la he thong tn ngng qua chu trong en cac nghi le hoang gia va hnh thc ton th ca nhan cua giai cap lanh ao, nhng lai tin vao tuc th hnh tng thng hay lan lon vi cac hnh thai cua tn ngng dan gian a phng. Cac vua chua Champa thi o khong con t phong cho mnh la nhan vat xuat than t the gii sieu hnh e ieu hanh mot vng quoc nh thi An Giao, ma la mot nha mot nha lanh ao thong thng co chc nang quan ly quoc gia. Ho khong con s dung ten va ho cua vua chua viet theo Phan ng na va khong con ra lenh khac tng cua ho vi bao phong cach trang iem mang yeu to An Giao na. Hay noi mot cach khac, vua chua Champa sau the ky th XVII ch la mot ngi pham tuc nh nhng ngi cong dan khac. Nhng ieu o khong ngan can ho tiep thu nhng di san tinh than t xa ma cac vua chua Champa mien nam a e lai cho ho. Tnh hnh vao cuoi the ky XVI va XVII T the ky XVI en gia the ky XVII, cac tin tc ma bien nien s Viet Nam cung cap ve vng quoc
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 Champa, tc la Chiem Thanh, rat hiem hoi, v cac t lieu nay ch chu tam en cuoc noi chien cua ai Viet, het nha hau Le chong nha Mac en cuoc gay chien cua chua Trnh mien bac chong lai chua Nguyen mien nam. Cac thong tin do cac nha thng thuyen Tay Phng cung cap ve Champa cung khong ang ke. Them vao o, cac bien nien s viet bang ch Cham noi en Champa cho en cuoi the ky XVII khong con cha ng nhng d kien chnh xac cho lam, nhat la v tr a d va nien ai cua bien co. Mai cho en sau the ky th XVII, nhng tai lieu viet bang tieng Cham tr thanh mot kho tang s lieu qu gia va ang tin cay hn (P-B. Lafont, Pour une rehabilitation des chroniques redigees en cam moderne , trong BEFEO LXVIII, 1980, trg. 105-111). Cac nguon t lieu va neu ra, mac du khong phong phu cho lam, nhng a giup cho ngui ta biet rang vao nam 1578, li dung tnh trang noi chien cua nc lang gieng mien bac, Champa xua quan chiem lai thanh cu nam trong vung Tuy Hoa (Phu Yen). Theo ky s cua ngi Hoa Lan ke lai, mot v vua Champa ma ho khong neu ra danh tanh, a gi mot oi binh en giup vua cua tieu vng quoc Johor (Ma Lai) vao nam 1594 e chong lai ngi Bo ao Nha. Ngoai ra, nhng thng thuyen Tay Ban Nha en Nam Vang vao nam 1596 cung nhac en nhng ngi Cham phuc vu trong trieu nh cua vua Campuchia va con cho biet vao nam 1602 vua Champa,
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 dng nh la Po Klaong Halau, a gi mot phai bo sang trieu nh cua nha Nguyen. Cung theo tai lieu nay, vao nam 1603, ngi con trai cua Po Klaong Halau ten la Po Nit a at thu o Champa tai vung Phan Rang ma cac nguon t lieu cua Tay Ban Nha va Bo ao Nha a tng xac nhan. Cuoi cung, cac bien nien s hoang gia Campuchia cung khong quen ghi rang di thi vua Paramaraja VII tc la gia nam 1602 va 1619, hoang t Jayajettha a thu hoi lai cac tnh Baria va Daung Nay, tc la vung Bien Hoa hien tai, ma Champa a chiem ong vao au the ky XV. Cung vao thi ky o, chua Nguyen Hoang vien c Champa thng quay pha bien gii ben kia song a Rang (Phu Yen) e xua quan chiem at ai Champa nam gia eo Cu Mong va nui a Bia vao nam 1611 va m rong bien gii mien nam cua nha Nguyen en nh cao cua ngon nui nay. Ke t o, Nguyen Hoang va ngi ke v la Nguyen Phuc Nguyen bat au ap dung chnh sach di dan vao lanh tho Champa b chiem ong vao nam 1611. Ho la nhom quan ien (va lam lnh phong thu lanh tho va lam nghe nong), tap the dan c ngi Kinh b lu ay, nhat la nhng ngi pham toi. Theo li ke cua linh muc A. de Rhodes, ngi Cham trong khu vc b chiem ong khong bao gi muon phuc tung chnh quyen mi cua nha Nguyen. Li dung tnh hnh cang thang ke t nam 1620 gia chua Trnh va chua Nguyen keo theo s ly khai cua
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 nha Nguyen e thanh lap mot vng quoc rieng, ngi Cham khi s nhng cuoc vung day mot cach thng trc trong khu vc Phu Yen ke t nam 1620 nham chong lai trieu nh nha Nguyen va dan c ngi Kinh. Mac du Nguyen Phuc Nguyen a bien khu vc Phu Yen cua Champa thanh mot n v hanh chanh cua mnh vao nam 1629, nhng ieu o khong ngan chan c s phan oi cua ngi Cham, buoc nha Nguyen phai duy tr mot cach thng trc quan oi cua ho tai bien gii mien nam trong suot 25 nam trng. Ke t the ky XV, Champa von la quoc gia nam tren a cau kinh te at di quyen kiem soat cua vng quoc Malacca (Ma Lai). Ke t o, Champa khong ngng hoi nhap vao mang li thng mai cua Ma Lai noi lien cac quoc gia nam tren b bien Nam Hai. ieu nay a giai thch cho s hien dien cua thng thuyen Champa tai tieu vng quoc Malacca ma bien nien s Ma Lai (Sejarah Melayu) a tng nhac en vao the ky XV va XVI; tren b be cua lanh tho nha Nguyen vao cac thi yen bnh; tai tieu vng quoc Pattani (mien bac Ma Lai); tai ca Menam Chao Praya, tc la con song ln cua Thai Lan ma ngi Bo ao Nha a ghi lai vao the ky XVI; tai quan ao Nam Dng va tai tieu vng quoc Johor (Ma Lai) ma ngi Hoa Lan thng noi en vao the ky XVII. ieu o cung giai thch cho s hien dien mot cach thng trc cua cac
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 tau be Nam Dng va Ma Lai trong hai cang Malithit (Phan Thiet), Parik (Phan R), Panrang (Phan Rang) va Kam-ran (Cam Ranh) cua Panduranga, cha noi en cac tau be cua Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban (cho en thi ky be mon toa cang vao nam 1636), cua A Rap sang buon ban vi Champa. Va ke t the ky XVI, ngi Au Chau cung thi ua nhau vao th trng Champa va bien cuoc canh tranh thng mai trong khu vc nay thanh nhng cuoc tranh chap ve quyen buon ban vi Champa, mot quoc gia chuyen san xuat nhng mon hang gia v va xa x pham ma th trng Au Chau a oi hoi cang ngay cang nhieu. Trong so cac loai hang nay, Champa a cung cap hang lng vang ma Suma Oriental cua T. Pires a noi en. Mot phan ln cua so lng vang nay a c xuat cang sang Malacca e roi t o c chuyen i ni khac. Champa cung la vng quoc ng hang au trong nganh cung cap go hng goi la go tram (bois d'aloes) hay Calambac e xuat cang sang An o, A Rap, Au Chau va Trung Hoa, cha noi en go bach an (bois de santal), nga voi, cac loai da thu d va sng te giac. Cho en gia the ky XVII, nen thng mai nay phat trien nhanh chong a em lai nguon li nhuan quan trong cho trieu nh Champa. Chnh v the, vng quoc nay a bien nganh nghe buon ban bang ng bien thanh mot cong ty oc quyen cua vua chua thi o. Ke t o, chnh quyen Champa thng co chnh sach bao ve cac thng thuyen
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 nc ngoai co moi lien he trc tiep vi trieu nh. Th du ien hnh nhat o la vua Champa, co the la vua Po Rame (1627-1651), a chap thuan vao nam 1644 cho cac thng thuyen ngi Hoa Lan c phep buon ban vi Champa, vi ieu kien la khong c tan cong cac thng thuyen ngi Bo ao Nha trong cac hai cang cua quoc gia nay. Phai cong nhan rang tnh hnh kinh te cua Champa phat trien rat thuan li cho en 1653, nam ma bien nien s Viet Nam cho rang vua Champa ten la Ba Tham, co the la Po Nraop trong cac van ban Cham, a xua quan tan cong Phu Yen. Tiec rang khong co tai lieu nao noi en bien co nay. Chnh v the ma ngi ta co quyen a ra cau nghi van ve tnh xac thc cua no. Ai cung biet, chua Nguyen Phc Tan co mot oan quan hung manh e ng au vi chua Trnh. Trong suot thi gian hoa bnh kha lau t nam 1649 en nam 1655, neu nha Nguyen khong muon nuoi dng mot oan quan ch biet an khong ngoi roi ch ngay sang mien bac tan cong chua Trnh, th nha Nguyen ch con cach la s dung oan quan nay tran xuong mien nam e thong tr Champa. Du trong hoan canh nao i na, Nguyen Phc Tan khong quen eo uoi chnh sach e quoc do cac bac tien nhan cua ai Viet a khi xng, bang cach tan cong Kauthara vao nam 1653, bat song Ba Tham va xua quan en tan song Phan Rang ma ong ta t an nh la bien gii mien nam cua nha Nguyen. Cuoc chien nay a lam mat them phan at ai cua Champa
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 pha bac ma trieu nh Phu Xuan (Hue) a tc khac bien thanh hai n v hanh chanh cua nha Nguyen goi la Thai Khang va Dien Khanh. Ke t o, lanh tho cua Champa b thu hep lai vao tieu vng quoc cua Panduranga ma t lieu viet bang tieng Cham goi la Pangdarang. The la sau nam 1653, Champa a mat i phan na b bien cua no vi cac hai cang rat tot co bien sau cho tau be cap ben. Mot khi nha Nguyen a nam quyen kiem soat tat ca mang li tau be en Champa, cac thng thuyen nc ngoai khong con ghe ben Champa na, mot quoc gia a tng lam chu cac hai cang nam tren b bien Nam Hai t may the ky qua. Cac thng thuyen nay cung cham dt luon moi lien he buon ban vi Champa, mot nganh thng mai a em lai phan li tc kha ln cho vng quoc nay. V nha Nguyen khong ngan cam cong dan cua ho vt bien giong nh trong qua thi kh, mot so lng ngi Kinh rat la ong ao ma phan ong la nhng ngi khong co at ai, ngheo oi, du ang, toi pham, tm cach tran xuong mien nam, ke t cuoi the ky XVI cho en the ky XVII, e nh c trong vng quoc Champa va nhat la trong cac khu vc tha tht dan c cua Campuchia nh Barea (Ba Ra) va Daung Nay (ong Nai). Li dung s hien dien cua dan c Viet va vi ly do la e bao ve cho ho, trieu nh Phu Xuan (Hue) bat au can thiep vao noi bo Campuchia mot cach trang trn, tao ra cac cuoc noi day bai tr ngi Kinh, a lam lung lay tnh hnh chnh tr
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 cua vng quoc nay. Sau khi lam chu khu vc hai quan Prei Nokor (Sai Gon) cua Campuchia vao nam 1623, nha Nguyen xua quan chiem Bien Hoa vao nam 1658. Sau bien co a a ay Champa co bien gii chung vi lanh tho cua nha Nguyen khong nhng rieng pha bac (tc la Cam Ranh) ma con pha nam na, tc la Bien Hoa. Ke t o, Champa tr thanh mot quoc gia hoan toan co lap, khong con ca bien e lien he vi Campuchia qua Prei Nokor va at ai Champa hoan toan nam trong gong km cua nha Nguyen. Neu nha Nguyen khong muon xam chiem Champa ngay t luc ban au, bi v trieu nh Phu Xuan con qua ban ron vao viec m rong anh hng cua ho tren chau tho song Mekong va ap at chu quyen cua mnh tren vng quoc Campuchia. Them vao o, vng quoc Champa khong ngng trieu cong Phu Xuan hang nam ma giao s Choisy a ghi lai trong nhat ky cua mnh vao nam 1686 (Journal du voyage de Siam fait en 1685 et 1686 par Monsieur l'abbe de Choisy, Paris, Mabre-Cramoisy, 1687) va vua chua Champa a chap nhan lam quoc gia ch hau cua nha Nguyen. Chnh o la nguyen nhan giai thch tai sao nha Nguyen khong muon nuot tron vng quoc Champa vao thi iem o. Vao nam 1692, vua Champa la Po Saut ma cac van ban Viet Nam goi la Ba Tranh xua quan tan cong tnh Dien Khanh (Kauthra). Bien co nay a giup cho Nguyen
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 Phc Chu co ly do chnh ang e xoa bo Champa tren ban o, v chua Nguyen co u the lc e lam ieu o va nhat la t khi x Viet a b phan chia thanh hai mien nam bac, nha Nguyen co san trong tay mot oan quan ong ao va hung manh trong khi o Champa nam trong v tr a d hoan toan bat li cho mnh. Nam 1692, Nguyen Phc Chu tien quan anh chiem Parik (Phan R), tc la thu o cua Champa ke t nam 1653, bat song vua Po Saut. Sau ngay thang tran, nha Nguyen cai ten danh xng vng quoc Chiem Thanh (Champa) thanh Tran Thuan Thanh, giao cho ba v tng ngi Viet ch huy oi quan vien chinh cua Phu Xuan nam quyen cai tr cua ba vung, o la vung Panrang oi ten thanh Phan Rang, Parik thanh Phan R va Pajai thanh Pho Hai. Mot nam sau, tc la nam 1693, nha Nguyen sat nhap lanh tho Champa vao phu Bnh Thuan, va mi thanh lap tren lanh tho cua vng quoc nay. V khong chap nhan chnh sach xam lc cua nha Nguyen va lam toi t cho dan toc Kinh thng hay khinh miet dan toc ban a, mot so ong ngi Cham phai chap ri bo que hng ra i giong nh trng hp cua bien co a xay ra vao nam 1471. Nhng lan nay, ho chay sang Campuchia lanh nan. Theo bien nien s Campuchia, co khoang 5 000 gia nh ngi Cham di s hng dan cua cac quan chc cao cap thuoc trieu nh Champa a vt day Trng Sn en Campuchia vao nam 1692-1693. Vua Campuchia la Jayajetta III cung la nan nhan cua chnh
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 sach e quoc xam lc Viet Nam a on tiep ho mot cach niem n va ban cap cho ho at ai xung quanh thu o hay tai cac tnh khac e ho sinh song (Mak Phoeun, Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVI siecle au debut du XVIII siecle, Paris, Presses de l'EFEO, Monographie 176, 1995, trg. 397-398). Trong thi gian o, Nguyen Phc Chu a hoang t Po Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T cua tai lieu Viet Nam), tc la ngi em trai cua co vng Po Saut len nam quyen ieu hanh dan chung Champa trong phu Bnh Thuan, vi niem hy vong rang ngi dan hieu ong cua Panduranga chap nhan qui che mi cua x s ho. Theo bien nien s Viet Nam, chien lc cua Nguyen Phc Chu chang em lai hieu qua g, v dan toc Champa thi o khong bao gi chap nhan chnh sach xam lc cua nha Nguyen. Cuoc chong oi cua nhan dan Champa ke t nam 1693 a nhanh chong tr thanh mot cuoc noi day au tranh vu trang chong lai quan oi xam lc cua nha Nguyen va bai tr ngi Kinh nh c tren lanh tho Champa thng hay tiep tay cho nha Nguyen. Sc manh cua s vung day nay a lam cho trieu nh Phu Xuan ngac nhien va buoc nha Nguyen phai thoai lui mot bc. Nam 1694, Phu Xuan chap thuan huy bo chnh sach xam chiem Champa va tai lap lai nen oc lap cua vng quoc nay, nhng van duy tr ten goi Champa la Tran Thuan Thanh (tam goi la Champa-Panduranga) ma Phu Xuan a at cho no lan au
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 tien vao nam 1692 va thay ten danh xng quoc vng Champa thanh Tran Vng Thuan Thanh. Po Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T) la ngi au tien ma trieu nh Hue a phong cho chc vu e cai tr vng quoc Champa vao nam 1694. Ong la ngi duy nhat co quyen thu thue tren dan c champa va tuyen chon quan lai e ieu hanh vng quoc di danh ngha la mot quoc gia ch hau, phai trieu cong nha Nguyen hang nam (ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien I, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi, 1962, trg. 147-151). Ba nam sau, tc nam 1697, trieu nh Phu Xuan tm cach g gac phan nao s that bai cua mnh e roi nuot tron vng quoc Champa. e tien en muc tieu, Phu Xuan thanh lap tren lanh tho Champa mot Phu Bnh Thuan co qui che rat la ac biet. Qui che cua Phu Bnh Thuan ra i vao nam 1697 khong lien he g vi qui che cua Phu Bnh Thuan hnh thanh vao nam 1693 nh mot so chuyen gia ve Viet Nam thng hieu lam. Phu Bnh Thuan nay tap trung tat ca thon xom ngi Kinh nam trong khu vc Ham Thuan ni dung lam tru s hanh chanh cua Phu, cung nh tat ca thon xom ngi Kinh thuoc khu vc Hoa a (Phan R) va An Phc (Phan Rang), sau nay tr thanh hai huyen Hoa a va An Phuc. Sau o, Nguyen Phc Chu cho sat nhap tat ca cac lang ap ngi Kinh cung nh at ai cua ho vao n v chnh tr va hanh chanh cua phu Bnh Thuan. Ke t luc o, cac dan c ngui Kinh sinh song tren lanh tho Champa khong con la cong dan ngoai
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 kieu at di quyen kiem soat cua Champa na ma la than dan cua nha Nguyen. Trc bien co nay, vua Po Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T) khong dam phan oi va cung khong noi c li nao. S hien dien cua cac thon ap va at ai cua ngi Kinh nam khap ni tren lanh tho Champa thi o a bien vng quoc nay tr thanh mot quoc gia co bien gii hnh trai on, tap trung nhieu khu vc co thon xom ngi Kinh at di quyen kiem soat trc tiep cua trieu nh Phu Xuan. Hn na, Nguyen Phc Chu a quyet nh rang tat ca lang xa va at ai thuoc ve ngi Kinh phai trc thuoc vao phu Bnh Thuan nham giup nha Nguyen nam tron trong tay mot lc lng a phng rat la hu hieu e nuot tron vng quoc Champa luc nao cung c ma khong can can thiep trc tiep. Lc lng nay chnh la dan c ngi Kinh sinh song tren lanh tho Champa thi o. Nha Nguyen bat au ap dung chien lc nay bang cach khuyen khch dan c ngi Kinh en Champa nh c cang nhieu cang tot. Tnh hnh vao the ky XVIII Trong suot 60 nam au tien cua the ky XVIII, ngi ta khong biet nhieu ve tnh hnh chnh tr a xay ra trong vng quoc Champa-Pandurang. Ngc lai, cac tai lieu viet bang tieng Cham va mot vai oan nam trong bien nien s Viet Nam thng neu ra hang loat cac cuoc xung
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 kieu at di quyen kiem soat cua Champa na ma la than dan cua nha Nguyen. Trc bien co nay, vua Po Saktiraydapatih (Ke Ba T) khong dam phan oi va cung khong noi c li nao. S hien dien cua cac thon ap va at ai cua ngi Kinh nam khap ni tren lanh tho Champa thi o a bien vng quoc nay tr thanh mot quoc gia co bien gii hnh trai on, tap trung nhieu khu vc co thon xom ngi Kinh at di quyen kiem soat trc tiep cua trieu nh Phu Xuan. Hn na, Nguyen Phc Chu a quyet nh rang tat ca lang xa va at ai thuoc ve ngi Kinh phai trc thuoc vao phu Bnh Thuan nham giup nha Nguyen nam tron trong tay mot lc lng a phng rat la hu hieu e nuot tron vng quoc Champa luc nao cung c ma khong can can thiep trc tiep. Lc lng nay chnh la dan c ngi Kinh sinh song tren lanh tho Champa thi o. Nha Nguyen bat au ap dung chien lc nay bang cach khuyen khch dan c ngi Kinh en Champa nh c cang nhieu cang tot. Tnh hnh vao the ky XVIII Trong suot 60 nam au tien cua the ky XVIII, ngi ta khong biet nhieu ve tnh hnh chnh tr a xay ra trong vng quoc Champa-Pandurang. Ngc lai, cac tai lieu viet bang tieng Cham va mot vai oan nam trong bien nien s Viet Nam thng neu ra hang loat cac cuoc xung
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 ot gia ngi Kinh va Cham trong quoc gia nay, nhat la nhng ni co a ban dan c cua dan toc Kinh va Cham nam xen ke vi nhau. Nguyen nhan phat sinh t dan c ngi Kinh, da vao quyen the cua cac quan lai cua trieu nh Phu Xuan phuc vu trong phu Bnh Thuan, khong ngan ngai boc lot lao ong ngi Cham, nhat la tm cach cho ngi Cham vay mn tien bac vi so lai qua nang ne e tch thu tai san hay ban nhng con cai cua ho, mot khi dan toc nay khong the tra noi von n a vay mn. Cung v chnh sach boc lot nay ngay cang gia tang va chong chat len nhau, nong dan Viet Nam cung phai vung day vao nam 1771 chong lai cac ai ien chu va giai cap lanh ao cua nha Nguyen. Cuoc noi day cua dan toc Viet mang ten la phong trao Tay Sn a keo dai cho en nam 1802 (ai Nam Chnh Bien Liet Truyen, Nha Tay Sn, Ban dch quoc ng, Saigon, 1970) va lam nguy c en s song con cua Champa-Panduranga thi o. ay la cuoc noi chien gia Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh, tc la chien tranh noi bo gia ngi Viet, nhng lai dien ra mot cach thng trc tren lanh tho cua Champa-Panduranga trong suot ba mi nam (1771-1802). Vao buoi ban au cua cuoc noi chien, anh em Tay Sn chiem tron phan lanh tho cua chua Nguyen nam pha bac Champa-Panduranga, trong khi o, Nguyen Anh tran gi phan at ai Gia nh tc la mien nam cua vng quoc nay. Ke t o Champa tr thanh mot quoc gia nam gia gong km cua hai oi tng thu ch, o
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 la Nguyen Anh va Tay Sn. Muon tan cong oi thu cua mnh, Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh bat buoc phai bang qua bien gii Champa-Panduranga, bien lanh tho cua vng quoc nay (Bnh Thuan va Ninh Thuan) thanh bai chien trng lien tuc. Cung v Champa-Panduranga nam ngay tren v tr chien lc quan s cua cuoc noi chien, thanh ra Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh, moi ben eu tm cach chup lay manh at cua Champa ngay t luc khi au cua s xung ot, e lam iem ta va at can c quan s cua mnh. Nam 1773 Tay Sn xua quan vao Champa-Panduranga trc khi tien quan anh pha Nguyen Anh Sai Gon. Mot nam sau, tc la nam 1774-1775, Nguyen Anh anh uoi quan Tay Sn e chiem lai Champa. Nam 1776-1777, Tay Sn tai chiem lai Champa, sau o Nguyen Anh tm moi phng cach e lam chu tnh hnh tai Champa ke t nam 1779. Cha ay ba nam sau, tc la vao nam 1782, Tay Sn tai chiem mien bac Champa (Ninh Thuan), trong khi o Nguyen Anh tran gi phan at pha nam cua Champa tc la vung Phan R t nam 1790 cho en nam 1793. Sau nam 1793-1794, Tay Sn rut quan ra khoi vung Phan Rang va giao lanh tho Champa cho Nguyen Anh. Nhng cuoc chiem ong lien tuc cua quan oi Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh tren lanh tho Champa-Panduranga a bien vng quoc nay thanh mot quoc gia khong con bien gii na trong suot chieu dai cua cuoc noi chien gia ngi Viet va a ay dan toc Cham vao mot khuc quanh
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 mi, v ho phai chap nhan oi dien trc tiep vi quan oi ngi Kinh, luc nao cung xem ngi Cham la nhng ke man r (ngi Man), co van hoa khac biet vi van hoa cua ho. Mot khi a thanh cong chiem c Champa-Panduranga, phe thang tran, du Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh, thng hay bat buoc ngi dan Champa phai qui phuc phe mnh va trng tr nhng ngui Cham nao a lien minh vi ke thu cua ho. Cung v muon tra thu cho nhng s ngc ai cua chnh quyen Champa ma ho a tng trai qua, hoac khong muon tr thanh nhng nan nhan vo toi cua phe ngi Viet thang tran hoac b mac mu trong cn bien ong chnh tr, mot so ngi Cham phai chap nhan theo Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh va ho con tham gia vao cuoc chien ben canh cua hai phe nay. Hien tng nay a gay ra bao s chia re tram trong trong noi bo ngi Cham, keo theo nhng phong trao chong oi lan nhau trong mot xa hoi a tng gan bo chat che vi nhau. Ben canh cua thc trang xa hoi ang lam vao con ng thoai hoa, nhng phe thang tran du la Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh ch ngh en chien lc lam chu tnh hnh quan s tai Champa, bang cach ch nh mot nhan vat theo phe mnh len nam quyen e cai tr vng quoc nay. Chnh v the, ngi ta thay ro vao nam 1790 pha nam cua Champa (vung Phan R) th at di quyen cai tr cua Po Ladhuenpughuh (Nguyen Van Tha theo bien nien s Viet Nam) mot nhan vat do Nguyen Anh ch nh, trong khi o pha bac Champa (khu vc Phan
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 Rang) th at di s giam ho cua Po Tisuntiraydapuran do Tay Sn bo nhiem. Po Tisuntiraydapuran la mot nhan vat rat than can vi Tay Sn a tng cham tran quan s vi Po Ladhuenpughuh, tc la ngi nam trong phe cua Nguyen Anh (ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien II-1, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi, 1963, trg. 58, 125). Nhng cung khong nen tin rang hai oi tng thu ch Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh co y nh bo nhiem nhng nhan vat goc Champa e nam quyen cai tr vng quoc nay. Tren thc te, du la Nguyen Anh hay Tay Sn, ho khong bao gi ban cho giai cap lanh ao Champa nhng quyen lc chnh tr that s e ieu hanh mot quoc gia, ma ch cap cho ho nhng chc ham e hp thc hoa oai quyen cua ho trc quan chung Champa vi niem hy vong la nhng gii lanh ao nay co the loi keo nhan dan Champa theo phe mnh. Nhng g va neu ra la s that cua lch s thi o, bi v trong suot chieu dai cua cuoc noi chien hay sau cuoc noi chien, Nguyen Anh cung nh Tay Sn khong bao gi phong vng cho nhng nha lanh ao Champa thi o vi danh ngha that s la Tran Vng Thuan Thanh, tc la vua Champa, ma ch ban cho ho mot chc Chng C, tc la ch huy trng cua mot trung oan trong he thong quan oi thi o. Va ca Nguyen Anh cung nh Tay Sn thng oi x vi nhng nha lanh ao Champa rat la toi te. Chnh Tay Sn la ngi a ch nh Po Cei Brei (tc la Nguyen Van Chieu trong bien nien s Viet Nam), lam
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 Chng C cua Tran Thuan Thanh (tc la thu lanh Champa) vao nam 1783/1784 e thay the Po Tisuntiraydapuran a tng cai tr vng quoc nay vao nam 1780/1781, nhng Tay Sn lai truat phe Po Cei Brei e a Po Tisuntiraydapuran tr lai nam chc vu vao nam 1786/1787 ma chang bao gi cho biet ly do tai sao. Ke t nam 1794/1795, Champa-Panduranga hoan toan nam trong bien gii thuoc quyen quan tr cua Nguyen Anh. o cung la nam anh dau cuoc cham dt chien tranh tren lanh tho Champa, ngoai tr cuoc noi day ngan ngui cua dan toc mien cao ma bien nien s Viet Nam a noi qua vao nam 1796 nham tan cong khu vc Phan R. Nhng bien co nay khong co mot hau qua nghiem trong nao oi vi tnh hnh chnh tr cua Champa-Panduranga thi o. Ngc lai, vng quoc nay phai ng au vi lan song di dan cua nhng ngi Kinh ngheo kho va khon cung vao lanh tho Champa. Da vao quyen lc quan vien chinh cua nha Nguyen, dan c ngi Kinh tm cach xam chiem at ai cua ngi dan ban a Champa b chet trong cac cuoc noi chien gia Nguyen Anh va Tay Sn, hoac at ai cua nhng ngi Cham chay sang Campuchia lanh nan e thoat khoi nhng canh tng tan ma ho a tng ganh chu.

Lch s

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Vng quoc Champa

Tnh hnh vao the ky XIX Sau ngay chien thang chong quan Tay Sn vao nam 1802, Nguyen Anh len ngoi lay vng hieu la Gia Long va tr thanh thu lanh toi cao cua mot quoc gia thong nhat ma ong ta at ten la Viet Nam. Ke t o, Gia Long phuc hng lai vng quoc Champa nhng khong cong nhan quyen oc lap va qui che chnh tr cua no. V rang Gia Long ch ban cho vng quoc nay mot the che t tr, v ly do ac thu cua mot dan toc a tng nam trong phe cua Nguyen Anh e chong lai vi quan Tay Sn hn la ly do mang tnh chat phap ly chnh tr. Da vao the che t tr nay, trieu nh Hue thang chc Chng C cho Po Saong Nhung Ceng (Nguyen Van Chan theo tai lieu Viet Nam), mot v tng lanh goc ngi Cham a tng chien au ben canh Nguyen Anh Gia nh va bo nhiem ong ta quyen cai tr Champa-Panduranga thi o. Po Saong Nhung Ceng la ngi rat trung thanh vi Nguyen Anh, a tng ieu hanh khu vc giai phong nam tren lanh tho Champa sau khi Po Ladhvenpughuh qua i vao nam 1799. ieu ma ngi ta thng neu ra cau hoi co chang viec phuc hng lai vng quoc Champa thi o, tc la mot quoc gia khong con quyen lc na va viec bo nhiem mot v tng lanh goc ngi Cham len lam v lanh ao cua vng quoc nay du co s ong y cua hoi ong hoang gia Champa i na, ch la chien lc cua hoang e Gia Long
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 nham am bao nen an ninh trat t tren khu vc ChampaPanduranga, rat noi tieng la que hng cua nhng phong trao vung day au tranh chong ngoai xam. Gia thuyet nay rat co ly oi vi tnh hnh vng quoc Champa thi o. Sau khi a trai qua mot thi ky phan hoa nghiem trong vao nhng nam cuoi cung cua the ky XVIII, dan toc Champa ch con giai phap la ngh en s trung tu lai x s cua mnh b o nat va thc hien giac m phuc hng lai c che xa hoi-chnh tr e bao ton gia tr truyen thong cua quoc gia nay. Cung nh chnh sach u ai cua Gia Long, vng quoc Champa a trai qua mot giai oan an bnh, cac bien nien s Viet Nam va Cham khong con noi en nhng s bien ong quan s cung nh moi bat hoa chnh tr nao a xay ra tai vng quoc nay, nhat la trong khu vc bien gii pha tay cua Bnh Thuan, t 1802 cho en 1820. S t tran cua Gia Long vao nam 1820 e nhng ngoi lai cho hoanng e Minh Menh a a vng quoc Champa vao mot khuc quanh mi (Minh Menh Chnh Yeu I-VI, Ban dch quoc-ng, Saigon, 1972-1974). Va mi len ngoi vao nam 1820, Minh Menh bat au ap dung chnh sach chong lai uy quyen cua pho vng Gia nh Thanh ten la Le Van Duyet, mot nhan vat rat than can vi hoang e Gia Long a tng nam trong tay moi quyen hanh tren 6 tnh mien nam cua x Viet. S tranh chap gia Minh Menh va Le Van Duyet a a ay Champa vao con
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 ng rat kho x, nhat la ke t nam 1822 khi vua Minh Menh quyet nh tach phu Bnh Thuan ra khoi Gia nh Thanh e sat nhap no vao quyen ch ao cua trieu nh Hue. ng tren mat a d, tnh Bnh Thuan la n v hanh chanh cua Viet Nam nam tren lanh tho Champa. S quyet nh cua Minh Menh lien quan en qui che cua phu Bnh Thuan cung la chnh sach nham tach ri Champa ra khoi quyen kiem soat cua Le Van Duyet, mot nha bao tr cho vng quoc nay ngay t buoi ban au. Ke t o, Champa a tr thanh mot con c chnh tr ma trieu nh Hue va Gia nh Thanh phai tm cach s dung vi bat c gia nao e giai quyet van e noi bo cua Viet Nam gia Minh Menh va Le Van Duyet thi o. Tnh the chnh tr bat on Gia nh Thanh va s t tran cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng vao nam 1822 ma bien nien s Cham xem o nh la v lanh ao cuoi cung cua Champa-Panduranga, a a ra bao nghi van co chang mot vng quoc Champa khong con nam gi trong tay nh menh song con cua mnh, co con ton tai nh la mot quoc gia co chu quyen hay khong ? ng tren kha canh a d cua Champa ma phan tch, cau tra li chac chan la khong. Neu nhn qua bnh dien chnh tr, th cau tra li cang kho khan hn na. Them vao o, chnh sach cua trieu nh Hue nham a ngi len ke v ngoi vua tai Champa-Panduranga va phong cach c x cua Minh Menh oi vi nhng thu lanh ngi Cham ke tha vua Po Saong
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 Nhung Ceng cung nh ten goi cua cac chc ham Viet Nam ma trieu nh Hue danh cho vua chua Champa thi o, cang gay them bao nghi ng na. Bang chng cu the, hoang e Minh Menh xoa bo i qui che noi ngoi cua Champa theo truyen thong a co san bang cach khong chon v phu ta cua vua Po Saong Nhung Ceng, ten la Po Klan Thu (Nguyen Van Vnh), e noi nghiep ong ta. Khong can hoi y kien cua hoi ong hoang gia Champa, Minh Menh t ch nh mot quan chc trong trieu nh Champa thi o ten la Bait Lang len nam chnh quyen vi ly do la nham bnh thng hoa moi lien he gia dan c Champa va ngi Kinh sinh song tai phu Bnh Thuan. S quyet nh cua Minh Menh ve quyen noi ngoi tai Champa va qui che cua v tan lanh tu nay a gay ra cuoc noi day tai khu vc co bien gii chung gia Champa va Gia nh Thanh vao nam 1822 ma ngi ta c nghi ng la co s ch ao cua Le van Duyet. Cung v khong u sc e dep tan cuoc vung day nay, vua Champa va mi len ngoi la Bait Lang b Minh Menh cach chc e thay the vao o Po Klan Thu (Nguyen Van Vnh), nhan vat ma hoang e Minh Menh a t choi trc o. Nhng Minh Menh khong ban cho Po Klan Thu chc Chng C ma trieu nh Hue thng ap dung cho vua chua Champa trc kia, ma la quyen quan ly vng quoc Champa, tc la mot nhan vat ch co vai tro ieu hanh c cau hanh chanh ma thoi. Nh s yem tr cua trieu nh Hue, Po Klan Thu a thanh cong
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 ay lui phong trao noi loan vao nam 1823 va buoc ho phai rut ve pha tay trong vung rng nui cua Champa. Nhng phai nh s can thiep trc tiep cua Le Van Duyet ma phong trao noi loan nay chap nhan ngng chien. Ke t o, nhng thanh vien cua phong trao nay khong bao gi tuan lenh trieu nh Hue na, ma ch phuc tung oai quyen cua Le Van Duyet, tc la pho vng cua Gia nh Thanh. Vao nam 1826, dan toc Champa vung day mot lan na cung tai bien gii gia Champa va Gia nh Thanh. Muc tieu cua phong trao nay nham len an Po Klan Thu ve toi ch biet phuc vu cho ngui Kinh, mot tap the va mi en nh c nhng luc nao cung tm cach cp oat at ai cua ngi Cham va phuc tung cho trieu nh Hue, mot che o chuyen e bep dan chung Champa e thu hut thue ma. Va phong trao vung day nay con co muc tieu khac na, o la bai tr ngi Kinh sinh song tai Champa va phu Bnh Thuan, bat au lan tran en tnh Khanh Hoa va Phu Yen. V Po Klan Thu (Nguyen Van Vnh) khong u kha nang chong lai cuoc noi day nay, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh cho oan quan cua trieu nh Hue phai dep tan cho bang c phong trao au tranh cua dan toc Champa va bat song v ch huy cua to chc nay vao nam 1827. Nam 1828, Po Klan Thu qua i. Pho vng Le Van Duyet phan oi cong khai v vua Champa ke tha do hoang e Minh Menh e ra. V rang Le Van Duyet va Minh Menh, moi ngi eu muon e c ngi cung phe
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 phai cua mnh len nam chnh quyen Champa thi o. Sau cuoc tranh chap nay, Le Van Duyet thanh cong a mot ngi than can cua mnh len lam vua Champa vao nam 1828 o la Po Phauk The (Nguyen Van Tha), tc la con trai cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng va cung la v phu ta cua Po Klan Thu (Po Dharma, Le Panduranga (Campa) 18021835, Ses rapports avec Le Vietnam, I, Paris, Publications de L'EFEO, Vol. CXLIX, 1987, trg. 105-118). Cho en hom nay, ngi ta khong biet s chon la nay co s ong y cua Minh Menh hay khong. Va ngi ta cung khong biet Po Phauk The co xin hoang e Minh Menh phong cho ong ta vng chc hay khong? Du sao i na, Le Van Duyet a thanh cong chiem lai quyen kiem soat vng quoc Champa thi o va ca phu Bnh Thuan, mot n v hanh chanh khong con nam trong tay cua ong ta ke t nam 1822. Ke t o, quan lai va dan chung Champa hoan toan nga ve pha Le Van Duyet va vua Champa la Po Phauk The ch nop thue cho Gia nh Thanh thay v phai nop cho trieu nh Hue nh trc kia S cao chung cua Champa-Panduranga Mot khi a nga ve phe cua Le Van Duyet, keo theo s cat t moi moi lien he vi trieu nh Hue, vng quoc Champa chang thu c mot moi li g trong chien lc lien minh vi Le Van Duyet. Theo cac t lieu Cham
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 phai cua mnh len nam chnh quyen Champa thi o. Sau cuoc tranh chap nay, Le Van Duyet thanh cong a mot ngi than can cua mnh len lam vua Champa vao nam 1828 o la Po Phauk The (Nguyen Van Tha), tc la con trai cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng va cung la v phu ta cua Po Klan Thu (Po Dharma, Le Panduranga (Campa) 18021835, Ses rapports avec Le Vietnam, I, Paris, Publications de L'EFEO, Vol. CXLIX, 1987, trg. 105-118). Cho en hom nay, ngi ta khong biet s chon la nay co s ong y cua Minh Menh hay khong. Va ngi ta cung khong biet Po Phauk The co xin hoang e Minh Menh phong cho ong ta vng chc hay khong? Du sao i na, Le Van Duyet a thanh cong chiem lai quyen kiem soat vng quoc Champa thi o va ca phu Bnh Thuan, mot n v hanh chanh khong con nam trong tay cua ong ta ke t nam 1822. Ke t o, quan lai va dan chung Champa hoan toan nga ve pha Le Van Duyet va vua Champa la Po Phauk The ch nop thue cho Gia nh Thanh thay v phai nop cho trieu nh Hue nh trc kia S cao chung cua Champa-Panduranga Mot khi a nga ve phe cua Le Van Duyet, keo theo s cat t moi moi lien he vi trieu nh Hue, vng quoc Champa chang thu c mot moi li g trong chien lc lien minh vi Le Van Duyet. Theo cac t lieu Cham
209

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 cho biet, Le Van Duyet van eo uoi chnh sach Viet Nam Hoa oi vi dan toc Champa ma Minh Menh a tng ap dung. ieu nay a giai thch tai sao mot so quan lai cua Champa thi o khong chap nhan chnh sach tach ri Champa ra khoi quyen kiem soat cua trieu nh Hue ma moi lien he a cau thanh mot qui che chnh tr t lau. Chnh v the, nhng thanh phan quan lai nay khong ong tnh vi chnh sach ma Po Phauk The ang theo uoi ke t cuoi nam 1831. Li dung c hoi quan chung Champa khong tan thanh vi chnh sach cua Le Van Duyet, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh bat giam v thu lanh Champa la Po Phaok The va buoc vng quoc Champa phai nop cho trieu nh Hue cac loai thue ma Po Phaok The cha thc hien. Nam 1832, Le Van Duyet t tran Gia nh Thanh. Li dung c hoi nay, hoang e Minh Menh thu hoi lai toan lanh tho mien nam cua Gia nh Thanh, ra lenh bat giam Po Phauk The va trng phat vng quoc Champa ve toi phan nghch dam chong lai oai quyen cua ong ta. Cac bien nien s Viet Nam va Cham (CAM 30-8) ghi rang Minh Menh quyet nh vao nam 1832 huy bo qui che t tr cua Champa, bien than dan cua vng quoc nay thanh cong dan cua quoc gia Viet Nam thong nhat, xoa bo danh xng Champa tren ban o va chia cat lanh tho Champa thanh n v huyen va tong theo mo hnh to chc hanh
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 chanh Viet Nam nam trong hai tnh Bnh Thuan va Ninh Thuan. Ke t nam 1832, vng quoc Champa khong con hien hu na, t qui che chnh tr cho en he thong to chc kinh te va xa hoi ma ban van Cham ng CM 30-15 (trg. 116) a ghi lai nh sau :
Vua chua b truat phe. Vng trieu th tieu tan. Cac bac an em khong con tin vao the he cua nhng ngi anh trng. The he an chau cat t cac moi quan he gia nh vi bac an cau. Cac thanh vien xuat than t mot gia nh ch biet c x vi nhau nh s c x gia ngi Cham va Kinh, khong ngan ngai truy to gia nh cua mnh trc phap ly. Cac quan chc va than dan khong phan biet chc v hay gia toc, eu phai mac quan theo kieu ngi Viet. Dan chung Champa thi o het sc khon on va khong biet the nao la nh menh cua ho trong tng lai.

Lch s

Champa sau ngay sup o

Mot khi Champa b xoa bo tren ban o, than dan cua vng quoc nay phai ganh chu bao thong kho trc s ap che cua trieu nh Hue. Ho phai ong thue gap oi bang hien vat va hien kim the theo li yeu cau cua quan
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 chanh Viet Nam nam trong hai tnh Bnh Thuan va Ninh Thuan. Ke t nam 1832, vng quoc Champa khong con hien hu na, t qui che chnh tr cho en he thong to chc kinh te va xa hoi ma ban van Cham ng CM 30-15 (trg. 116) a ghi lai nh sau :
Vua chua b truat phe. Vng trieu th tieu tan. Cac bac an em khong con tin vao the he cua nhng ngi anh trng. The he an chau cat t cac moi quan he gia nh vi bac an cau. Cac thanh vien xuat than t mot gia nh ch biet c x vi nhau nh s c x gia ngi Cham va Kinh, khong ngan ngai truy to gia nh cua mnh trc phap ly. Cac quan chc va than dan khong phan biet chc v hay gia toc, eu phai mac quan theo kieu ngi Viet. Dan chung Champa thi o het sc khon on va khong biet the nao la nh menh cua ho trong tng lai.

Lch s

Champa sau ngay sup o

Mot khi Champa b xoa bo tren ban o, than dan cua vng quoc nay phai ganh chu bao thong kho trc s ap che cua trieu nh Hue. Ho phai ong thue gap oi bang hien vat va hien kim the theo li yeu cau cua quan
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 lai Viet Nam e ho co c hoi bo vao tui rieng. Ben canh s ap che ve thue vu, dan toc Champa thi o phai ganh chu bao qui che lao dch chnh thc hay khong chnh thc, khong co quyen len tieng chong lai chnh sach tch thu at ai cua ho do chnh quyen a phng e ra. Trc thc trang xa hoi nay, trieu nh Hue phai tm cach giai quyet van e bang cach trng phat thang tay nhng quan lai ngi Kinh a tng boc lot dan toc Champa, nh trng hp a xay ra tai Bnh Thuan vao nam 1835 (ai nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien XVI, Ban dch quoc ng, Hanoi, 1966, trg. 289). Het oi pho vi s hiep ap va thc trang thoi nat trong giai cap quan lai cua trieu nh Hue, dan toc Champa con ganh chu them nhng s boc lot va tc oat tai san cua ho bi nhng dan c ngi Kinh. Trc tham trang cua xa hoi ang dien ra thi o, rat nhieu ngi Cham buoc phai bo ri thon xom e thoat than ra khoi the che lam no le cho ngi Kinh (CM 29-1) bang cach chay len khu vc cao nguyen an nau hau chuan b cho cac cuoc vung day trong tng lai. Nam 1833 anh dau nhng cuoc vung day nhieu ni tren lanh tho Champa b chiem ong. ang ke nhat la cuoc khi ngha trong khu vc Panduranga mang mo hnh to chc rat la mi la, at di quyen lanh ao cua mot ngi Hoi Giao goc Campuchia ma ngi ta khong biet ong ta la ngi Ma Lai hay Cham, mac du a nhieu nam
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 c tru tai Makah, tc la tieu bang Kelantan, Ma Lai hom nay. Lanh tu cua phong trao khi ngha nay la mot v ca s Katip (chc sac Hoi Giao) ten la Sumat. Sau khi thanh lap xong mat khu trong vung ong Nai, Katip Sumat tap hop xung quanh ong ta nhng thanh vien ngi Cham va ngi Tay Nguyen tnh nguyen gia nhap phong trao giai phong Champa ra khoi ach thong tr va s ap bc cua trieu nh Hue. Li dung long nhiet huyet cua cac thanh vien oi vi muc tieu giai phong Champa, Katip Sumat, mot nhan vat co tai thuyet phuc, a chuyen hng tinh than yeu nc cua ho sang mot chu thuyet mi cua cuoc au tranh da vao ton giao Islam e lam ban ap cho moi d an giai phong Champa. e thc hien viec nay, ong ta ra lenh cho nhng nha truyen giao i thuyet phuc ngi Churu va ngi Raglai cai ao e theo tn ngng Islam, nhng ong thi cung buoc nhng ngi Cham Bani (tc la Islam khong chnh thong) cung phai theo truyen thong va nghi le cua Islam chnh thong. S hien dien cua Katip Sumat nham tuyen truyen cho giao ly Islam tren lanh tho Champa b chiem ong hoan toan i ngc vi chnh sach bai ao cua Minh Menh, v no se gay ra phng hai en y thc he oan ket dan toc trong mot quoc gia Viet Nam a chung toc thi o. Chnh v the ma hoang e Minh Menh phai co mot thai o cng ran oi vi phong trao Islam nay (CAM 167-6).
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Vng quoc Champa

e tra li cho chnh sach bai ao cua Minh Menh, Katip Sumat ra lenh cho oan quan cua mnh vung day chong lai trieu nh Hue ve toi ph bang Islam va Thng e Allah. Sau o ong ng ra ho hao cho cuoc thanh chien (jihad) chong Viet Nam nham giai phong Champa va ha hen vi oan quan thanh chien rang Thng e Allah va sc manh phap thuat cua rieng ong se giup cho oan quan at moi chien thang. Cuoc noi day nay co mot tam anh hng rat quan trong, bi v trieu nh Hue buoc phai gi them oan quan e tiep vien va trang b vu kh cho nhng ngi Kinh sinh song Bnh Thuan e ho tham gia trc tiep vao cuoc chien. Trong luc dan c ngi Kinh gi vai tro bao vay cac thon lang ngi Cham du ho co tham gia vi Katip Sumat hay khong, quan oi chnh qui cua Minh Menh khi au tan cong mat khu cua phong trao noi loan. V nhan thay khong co than linh hay sc manh than ky nao en tr giup, oan quan cua Katip mat het nhiet tam va b anh tan vao nam sau nam 1833, bat buoc phai lan tron trong vung rng nui ma ngi ta khong biet the nao la so menh cua nhng ngi con song sot. Ke t o, khong co mot tai lieu nao con e cap en Katip Sumat na. Trc cuoc that bai nay, dan toc Champa thi o van con gi niem tin vao nhng cuoc au tranh ke tiep. Ho ch qui toi cho Katib Sumat a chon la sai lam muc tieu. V cuoc thanh chien cua ong chong lai trieu nh Hue
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 khong the thu hut ong ao thanh vien so vi cac cuoc noi day khac a dien ra. Sau ngay that bai cua Katip Sumat, mot ong ca s ngi Cham Bani ten la Ja Thak Wa hay la ong Bien S theo t lieu Viet Nam, da vao boi canh cua xa hoi Cham ang chu bao cam kho di quyen thong tr cua ngi Kinh thi o, ng ra keu goi tat ca than dan Champa, khong phan biet tn ngng va chung toc, phai gia nhap vao phong trao cua ong ta nham giai phong vng quoc nay ra khoi ach thong tr cua trieu nh Hue. Vao nam 1834, sau khi trieu tap mot hoi ong trong khu vc mien nui nam ve pha tay cua tnh Ninh Thuan, Katip Ja Thak Wa e ngh tai lap lai quoc vng Champa, bau luon mot v hoang t ke tha va e c them mot thu lanh quan s, cau thanh mot hoi ong noi cac Champa ma ong ta muon phuc hng lai nen oc lap. Hoi ong nay a ong y a mot nhan vat goc dan toc Raglai, tc la em re cua vua Po Phoak The len lam quoc trng Champa. Theo ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien XVI (Hanoi, 1966), Ja Thak Wa la ngi a ch nh v vua nay. Theo t lieu Cham, hoang t Raglai ten la Po Var Palei va bien nien s Viet Nam goi la La Bong. Tiep o hoi ong ch nh mot ngi goc dan toc Churu lam v hoang t tha ke va mot ngi Cham ten Ja Yok Ai lam v thu lanh quan s. Cuoi nam 1834 anh dau cho cac cuoc noi loan en cc iem cua dan toc Viet tren lanh tho Viet Nam keo
215

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 theo s e doa cua oan quan Xiem La (Thai Lan) xua quan quay pha mien nam Viet Nam. Li dung c hoi nay, Ja Thak Wa m rong nhng tran tan cong vao cac vung duyen hai cua Ninh Thuan va Bnh Thuan (CM 32-6), tieu diet cac can c quan s cua trieu nh Hue tren lanh tho Champa. Mac du Ja Thak Wa co u tai nang quan s nhng ong ta khong u ieu kien e van ong quan chung Champa vung day tham gia vao cuoc chien, v trieu nh Hue ap dung mot chnh sach khung bo vo cung da man bang cach ra lenh hanh ha va tan sat nhng thanh vien nao tham gia vao cuoc noi loan cua Ja Thak Wa. Sau tran chien nay, Ja Thak Wa rut ra kinh nghiem rang moi s thang li cua mot cuoc vung day ch tuy thuoc vao y thc he oan ket au tranh cua quan chung Cham va Thng, tc la than dan cua Champa thi trc. Chnh v the ong ta truyen lenh trng tr nghiem khac nhng ai khong theo chnh ngha cua cuoc cach mang at dui quyen ch ao cua ong ta. au nam 1835, Ja Thak Wa vi oan quan cua Churu va Raglai tan cong khu quan s cua Viet Nam nam trong vung duyen hai (CAM 30-17) cua Bnh Thuan va m rong chien dch trng tr nhng ngui Cham nao khong gia nhap phong trao cua ong ta (Minh Menh Chnh Yeu V, Saigon, 1974, trg. 180). Cuoc tan cong lan nay mang lai mot thanh cong ve vang. Ke t o, Ja Thak Wa dng nh lam chu tnh hnh quan s tren lanh tho Champa b chiem
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 ong. Truc bien co nay, trieu nh Hue phai gi nhng oan quan chnh qui sang Champa e tieu diet phong trao noi loan va ha se ban thng xng ang cho nhng ai bat c hay giet chet mot thanh vien tham gia phong trao cua Ja Thak Wa. ong thi, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh cho cac quan lai Viet Nam khong c quyen ha hiep va boc lot dan chung Champa na e loi keo ho hng ve chnh ngha cua trieu nh Hue va ly khai vi mat tran Ja Thak Wa. Va mi khai trng chien dch cua Minh Menh, bien nien s Viet Nam cho rang Po Var Palei, v quoc vng Champa goc Raglai b giet vao thang 5 nam 1835 tren bai chien trng trong khi o Ja Thak Wa th b thng gan Phan Rang va b quan oi Viet Nam bat gi va chat au ngay sau o. Sau ngay t tran cua hai nha cach mang nay, phong trao Ja Thak Wa van tiep tuc hoat ong, nhng b dap tat i mot cach nhanh chong va hau het nhng thanh vien tham gia phong trao quyet nh au hang e tr ve xum hop vi gia nh. Tiec rang Minh Menh van khong khoan hong cho ho bang cach a ra chnh sach vo cung tan bao e trng tr ho. Ke t gia nam 1835, Minh Menh a ra lenh giet ngay mot so thanh vien cua Ja Thak Wa sau ngay ve chieu hoi, va mot so khac th b lu ay i ni khac hoac b bat e lam no le, cha noi en chnh sach truy quet va ot pha lang mac cua ngi Cham. Nham kiem soat hu hieu moi hanh ong cua ngi Cham co
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 mu o vung day, trieu nh Hue ra lenh chia cat lang mac cua ho thanh nhng thon xom le loi nam xen ke vi thon xom ngi Kinh. Them vao o, trieu nh Hue con cam tuyet moi s lien he gia dan toc mien nui va ngi sinh song ong bang hau khong cho phep ngi Cham co c hoi chay len mien thng du c xem nh la khu vc chien lc dung lam can c cho nhng cuoc noi loan chong lai trieu nh Hue. Vao nhng nam ke tiep, cac quan lai cua trieu nh Hue va nhat la cac c dan ngi Kinh c s che ch cua chnh quyen a phng tiep tuc theo uoi viec boc lot ngi Cham va bien ho thanh mot tap the no le ma cac t lieu Cham thi o thng hay e cap. V khong cam chu noi chnh sach nay, dan toc Cham lai vung day mot lan na vao cuoi the ky XX di thi Phap thuoc, dng nh ch gii han trong khu vc Phan Rang va Phan R ma s lieu viet bang tieng Cham (CM 37-29) cho ay la cuoc noi day chong lai phong trao Bieng Theng, tc la Van Than (Can Vng). Cuoc vung day nay xay ra vao luc co s hien dien cua ngi Phap, ac biet nhat la ong E. Aymonier c bo nhiem vao nam 1866 lam cong s Phap cua tnh Bnh Thuan, mot khu vc co s hoat ong manh me cua phong trao Can Vng (1885-1895). Sau khi phac hoa cac cuoc hanh quan chong lai Can Vng, E. Aymonier a thanh cong bnh nh ch
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 trong vong 5 tuan le nhng khu vc t Bnh Thuan cho en Khanh Hoa (C. Fourniau, Annam-Tonkin 1885-1896. Lettres et paysans vietnamiens face a la conquete coloniale, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1989, trg. 63-67). Cung v ngi Kinh khong ngng ap bc ho, dan toc Cham phai nga theo phe ong E. Aymonier e chong lai phong trao Can Vng. Ke t o, chnh quyen Phap trang b vu kh cho cac lang mac ngi Cham, a ra chnh sach xay dng lai thon ap cua nhom ngi thieu so nay va ban cho ho nen t tr hanh chanh nham giup ho t giai phong ra khoi s km kep cua che o Viet Nam (CM 60). Ke t o, dan toc Cham khong con lo au en s khung hoang gia ho va trieu nh Hue na. Sau cuoc chia oi Viet Nam thanh hai quoc gia co chu quyen vao nam 1955, ngi ta lai chng kien them nhng cuoc vung day tai mien trung Viet Nam. Cac phong trao vung day nay khong nhng tap trung nhng thanh vien goc ngi Cham ma ca ngi Thng, nhat la dan toc E e (Rhade), tc la chu at ai cua khu vc Tay Nguyen ma chnh phu Viet Nam Cong Hoa a trng dung e lam khu nh c cho nhng ngi Viet t nan, t khi mien bac b ri vao tay cua cong san. Ngay t luc mi en nh c, nhng ngi Kinh di c nay bat au tc oat at ai cua ngi Thng va xem ho nh la nhom ngi thieu van minh, mot thai o tng t nh nha Nguyen a tng ap
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 dung cho ngi Cham tai vung duyen hai vao cac the ky XVII, XVIII va XIX. e tra li cho chnh sach cua chnh quyen Sai Gon oi vi dan toc thieu so, nhng ngi Thng ng ra to chc Mat Tran Giai Phong Ngi Thng (Front de Liberation des Montangards - FLM), sau nay la Bajaraka vao nam 1958, mot phong trao au tranh e bao ve quyen li va oi lai viec trao tra at ai cua ho. Thay v giai quyet mot cach thch ang nhng nguyen vong cua ngi Thng, chnh quyen Sai Gon lai s dung sc manh cua quyen lc e oi x vi ho cang ngay cang te hn, khien mot so thanh vien cua Bajaraka phai gia nhap vao Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam (FNL) than Cong va mot so khac tham gia Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa, sau nay la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa (Front de Liberation du Champa / Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa - FLC/FLHPC), tc la mot trong 3 thanh vien cua Mat Tran Thong Nhat Giai Phong Dan Toc B Ap Bc (Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees) viet tat la FULRO. Phong trao nay at di quyen ieu hanh bi mot v lanh tu co uy tn ln, o la Y Bham Enuol. Nam 1964, Fulro chiem tnh Darlac (ak Lak) va sau o tm cach thng thuyet vi phnh phu Sai Gon e i en mot thoa hiep nham bao am s song con cua ngi Thng, nhng b that bai (Po Dharma va Mak Phoeun, Du FLM au FULRO, Paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2006). Ke t nam 1968, mat tran nay khong con
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 sc manh quan s nh luc ban au v co s nhung tay cua nc ngoai.

Lch s

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Thay li ket
Ngi ta khong the ket thuc mot tac pham khai lc ve lch s Champa ma khong noi en thc trang dan so cua vng quoc nay. Trong qua trnh lch s, v co s tac ong cua yeu to a d, dan so Champa khu vc ong bang hay cao nguyen cung khong phat trien nhanh chong du thi ky An Hoa hay thi ky Champa ban a sau the ky th XV. ay la mot s thiet thoi ln oi vi dan toc nay so vi dan toc lang gieng, nhat la dan toc Viet, co dan so gia tang eu an va nhanh chong hn. Trong suot giai oan An Hoa, lanh tho va dan so Champa phat trien rat cham chap, mac du vng quoc nay ch bat au oi pho vi ai Viet va mi thoat khoi ach thong tr cua Trung Hoa e gianh chu quyen oc lap ke t the ky th X. Them vao o, vua chua ai Viet, mot khi a gianh c chien thang quan s tren lanh tho Champa, cung cha ngh en chnh sach xam chiem at ai cua vng quoc An Hoa nay va xua uoi nhan dan Champa ra khoi lanh tho b chiem ong e a c dan ngi Viet en thay the ho. Tiec rang chnh sach nhan nhng nay khong con hieu lc na ke t nam 1471, mot khi nha Le co kha

Vng quoc Champa

nang chiem toan bo lanh tho pha bac cua Champa, keo theo s tan sat hoac lu ay nhan dan Champa cua vung Vijaya (o Ban) e thay the vao o dan c goc ngi Viet. Chnh v the, giai oan tien ve pha nam cua dan toc Viet ch khi au ke t the ky th XV. e anh dau cho cuoc Nam Tien nay, nha Nguyen lan lt xam chiem tat ca cac at ai cua Champa. Mot khi a thang tran, nha Nguyen khong ngng ap at he thong to chc xa hoi va chnh tr cua dan toc Viet len tren dan toc thua tran, buoc dan toc nay phai nap thue vo cung nang ne, bien ho thanh tap the lao dch kho sai va oi x vi ho nh nhng ke ban tien ma cac tai lieu viet bang tieng Cham va bien nien s Viet Nam a ghi lai. Chnh sach cai tr cua nha Nguyen va thai o cua c dan ngi Viet a lam tan lui i dan so Champa, e roi hom nay ngi ta ch biet co khoang 40,000 ngi Cham vao cuoi the ky XIX. Cung nh s hien dien cua ngi Phap tai ong Dng, dan toc Cham a thoat ra khoi s diet chung. V chnh quyen Phap luc o co chnh sach ro rang hn nham bao ve cho s song con cua dan toc thieu so, giup dan toc nay gia tang dan so. Chnh v the, vao gia the ky th XX, ngi ta c lng co khoang 60 000 ngi Cham con hien dien tai mien duyen hai cua mien trung Viet Nam. Sau mot thi gian yen bnh ngan ngui nay, cac dan toc thieu so cua mien trung Viet Nam lai bat au chu bao
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thong kho ve chnh sach ky th chung toc, mot khi Ngo nh Diem len nam chnh quyen vao nam 1955. Nha lanh tu oc tai nay tm cach ap dung chng trnh ong hoa dan toc Cham trc tien. Sau o Ngo nh Diem a chnh sach Viet Nam Hoa len khu vc Tay Nguyen ni ma ngi Kinh cha quan tam cho lam, v ho cho ay la khu vc oc hai. Muc tieu cua Ngo nh Diem la bien cong ong dan toc Tay Nguyen thanh cong dan ngoai le cua Viet Nam nham lam giam bt dan so cua ho. e thc hien y o nay, Ngo nh Diem bat au tc quyen s hu at ai cua dan toc Tay Nguyen e thanh lap nhng khu nh c danh cho ngi Kinh theo cong giao a ly khai vi che o cong san mien bac e di c vao Nam va nhat la giao cho ngi Kinh va mi nh c quyen thao tung hanh ha va boc lot dan Tay Nguyen. Cuoc di dan nay rat co li cho ngi Kinh nhng bat li cho ngi ban a. Hien tng nay cang ngay cang phat trien sau cuoc chien thang cua mien bac vao nam 1975 va cang gia tang manh me hn, v trong cuoc di dan nay con co s hien dien cua ngi Kinh t cac vung chau tho qua ong dan cua mien trung va mien bac Viet Nam. Chnh sach di dan o at nay a gay ra nhng cuoc vung day cua dan toc Tay Nguyen, nhat la cac cuoc noi day vao nam 2001 va 2004, mac du cac c quan tuyen truyen chnh thc cua Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam phu nhan nhng yeu to nay.
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T mot na the ky qua, dan toc tay Nguyen ang trai qua mot qua trnh ap bc tng t nh ngi Cham thuoc mien duyen hai. Ngi ta cung a ra bao nghi van the nao la nh menh cua ho trong tng lai va co chang ho cung khong thoat khoi s diet chung trong mot thi gian khong xa, giong nh nh menh cua ngui Cham mien duyen hai Viet Nam. Lien quan en ngi Cham Campuchia, nhng t lieu thong ke chnh thc bang tieng Khmer thc hien vao cuoi the ky XX cho thay co mot s giam thieu rat nhieu ve dan so ngi Cham tai vng quoc nay. Sau cuoc ieu tra can ke hn, ngi ta thay rang dan toc Cham khong bien mat ve mat nhan chung, nhng ho b thay oi ten goi t ngi Cham thanh nhom Khmer-Islam trong danh sach chung toc cua vng quoc khmer. Nhng ngi Cham tai quoc gia nay thng sinh song hoa lan vi nhng ngi Ma Lai di c sang Campuchia a t lau e roi t o ho tr thanh tn o Islam chnh thong thuoc giao phai Sunni. Them vao o, s phat trien manh me cua phong trao Islam bat au t cuoi the ky XX tai cac x Hoi Giao thuoc vung Tay-A lan tran en mien Vien ong qua trung gian cua cac nha truyen giao t Trung ong, Pakistan va Ma Lai, a gop phan tch cc vao cuoc van ong cac tn o cua khu vc ong Nam A hng ve Islam chnh thong. Cac to chc nay co muc ch
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chinh phuc ngi Cham phai ton trong giao ly Islam mot cach nghiem tuc va bien ho tr thanh mot tap the da vao giao ly Hoi Giao e nh ngha cho ban sac cua dan toc ma khong can ngh en di san van hoa va lch s Champa cua ho na. Chien lc cua nhng to chc Hoi Giao nay cau thanh mot mang li a thanh cong trong mot so trng hp kha quan trong, o la bien cong ong ngi Cham tai Campuchia thanh mot tap the quen i nguon goc va chung toc cua ho. Hien tng nay a gay ra bao nghi van lien quan en s song con cua ho tai Campuchia, mot sac dan ang ganh chu bao s ap lc t ben ngoai. Tnh nang ong cua Islam va s ap lc cua mot so ngi Cham a gia nhap vao phong trao canh tan Islam a khien ngi ta at ra bao nghi van chng bao lau na ngi Cham tai vng quoc Campuchia con duy tr ten goi ngi Cham cua ho tren danh sach cua dan toc thieu so tai vng quoc nay, ch khong phai la danh sach cua nhng ngi theo Hoi Giao.

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Ban o nhan chung Champa

Trch t tac pham Le Champa : Geographie-Population- Histoire, Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2007

a ban dan c Champa noi tieng a ao hom nay

Bien gii Champa qua cac thi ai

Trch t tac pham Le Champa : Geographie-Population- Histoire, Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2007

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Ban o di tch lch s

Trch t tac pham Le Champa : Geographie-Population- Histoire, Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2007

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