Energy Industry Fundamentals Module 1 - Instructor

MODULE 1 HISTORYANDORGANIZATION OFTHEINDUSTRY
INSTRUCTORGUIDE
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MODULE
HISTORYANDORGANIZATIONOFTHEINDUSTRY
TableofContents
UnitA:HistoryoftheU.S.EnergyIndustryandInfrastructure.................................................1 UnitAInstructorGuide...............................................................................................................3 UnitAOverview......................................................................................................................5 LearnerExpectations(SLOs)forUnitA...................................................................................5 UnitATeachingStrategies......................................................................................................5 PacingChartforUnitALessonDelivery.................................................................................7 UnitAStudentMaterials..........................................................................................................11 UnitATeachingResources.......................................................................................................27 UnitAPowerPoints...............................................................................................................29 PowerPoint:TheScienceBehindStaticElectricity...........................................................29 PowerPoint:TheScienceBehindDirectandAlternatingCurrent....................................31 PowerPoint:TheScienceBehindCleanerAir...................................................................34 UnitAGuidedNoteTakingOutline......................................................................................36 UnitAVocabularyActivity....................................................................................................39 StudentHandoutforLabActivitySmoginaJar................................................................41 StudentHandoutforUnitAActivityWhyRegulateEmissions?.......................................42 UnitAReviewQuestions......................................................................................................43 . Module1UnitAQuiz............................................................................................................44 AnswerKeyforUnitAVocabularyActivity...........................................................................46 AnswerKeyforUnitAGuidedNoteTakingOutline ............................................................47 . AnswerKeyforCriticalThinkingExerciseTruthorUrbanLegend?..................................49
AnswerKeytoCriticalThinkingExerciseDCvs.AC...........................................................52 AnswerKeytoCriticalThinkingExerciseObligationtoServe...........................................55 AnswerKeyforLabActivitySmoginaJar.........................................................................56 AnswerKeytoUnitAActivityWhyRegulateEmissions? .................................................57 . AnswerKeyforUnitAActivityCO2CapandTrade:ProorCon?......................................58 AnswerKeyforUnitAReviewQuestions.............................................................................61 AnswerKeyforModule1UnitAQuiz..................................................................................64 UnitAResources...................................................................................................................67 UnitAMaterialsandEquipmentListforDiscretionaryActivities........................................68 UnitB:TheEnergyIndustry:StructureandOrganization.......................................................69 UnitBInstructorGuide.............................................................................................................71 UnitBOverview....................................................................................................................73 LearnerExpectations(SLOs)forUnitB.................................................................................73 UnitBTeachingStrategies....................................................................................................73 PacingChartforUnitBLessonDelivery ...............................................................................75 . UnitBStudentMaterials..........................................................................................................81 UnitBTeachingResources.....................................................................................................107 UnitBVocabularyActivity..................................................................................................109 UnitBGuidedNoteTakingOutline....................................................................................111 UnitBActivity:ReadingYourElectricityBill....................................................................116 UnitBReviewQuestions.....................................................................................................117 Module1UnitBQuiz..........................................................................................................118 AnswerKeyforUnitBVocabularyActivity.........................................................................122 AnswerKeyforUnitBGuidedNoteTakingOutline...........................................................123 AnswerKeyforUnitBReviewQuestions...........................................................................128 AnswerKeyforModule1UnitBQuiz................................................................................133 UnitBResources.................................................................................................................137 UnitBMaterialsandEquipmentListforDiscretionaryActivities......................................138 UnitC:EnergyFlow:Generation,Transmission,andDistribution........................................139 UnitCInstructorGuide...........................................................................................................141 UnitCOverview..................................................................................................................143 LearnerExpectations(SLOs)forUnitC...............................................................................143 TeachingStrategies.............................................................................................................143 PacingChartforUnitCLessonDelivery..............................................................................144 UnitCStudentMaterials........................................................................................................147 UnitCTeachingResources.....................................................................................................161 .
UnitCPowerPoint...............................................................................................................163 PowerPoint:TheScienceofEnergy................................................................................163 UnitCGuidedNoteTakingOutline....................................................................................166 UnitCMatchingVocabularyActivity..................................................................................169 UnitCReviewQuestions.....................................................................................................170 Module1UnitCQuiz..........................................................................................................171 AnswerKeytoGuidedNoteTakingOutline.......................................................................176 AnswerKeyforUnitCMatchingVocabularyActivity.........................................................179 AnswerKeyforUnitCReviewQuestions...........................................................................180 AnswerKeytoModule1UnitCQuiz..................................................................................181 UnitCResources.................................................................................................................186 UnitCMaterialsandEquipmentListforDiscretionaryActivities......................................186
UnitA:HistoryoftheU.S.Energy IndustryandInfrastructure

UnitAInstructorGuide

UnitAOverview
This unit traces the evolution of the power industry from the discovery and harnessing of electricity to its status as a consumer product. We begin with a very brief look at the properties of electricity and continue with a discussion of some of the inventors who commercialized its use. Next, we examine the economic principles behind the commercialization and the economic regulation that developed from a system of investor holding companies. The unit concludes with an investigation of environmental regulations and methods for reducing toxic emissions.
LearnerExpectations(SLOs)forUnitA
Upon completion of this Unit, students should be able to: Discuss the history of the United States energy industry/infrastructure. Discuss environmental laws and regulations that impact the energy industry (local, state, and federal) and explain importance of proper documentation to ensure compliance. Explain the role of regulatory bodies in the energy industry (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and others) and understand what obligation to serve means.
UnitATeachingStrategies
Throughout this unit and the rest of the course, students will be asked to complete short activities, worksheets, and laboratory activities and answer a variety of questions. It is recommended that they keep a spiral notebook or composition book where they can collect data, record answers, take notes, and so forth. Keeping documentation is a skill required in many jobs in the energy industry. Learning to keep neat and accurate notes is a worthwhile skill. Another skill that is valued by employers is the ability to work in teams and get along with others. Many of the labs and activities are completed in small groups. Early in the course, you may need to coach students on how to work effectively as a team and be vigilant to students who try to take over every group and do all the work, as well as students who slack off and let everyone else do the work. There are several techniques that can be used to combat these tendencies including assigning roles, giving individual as well as group grades, having students list the roles each played in a project, allowing group members to grade their teammates on their teamwork skills which becomes part of their grade on a project, and so forth. Career profiles are included throughout each module even though an entire online module devoted to careers will accompany this course. They should be read and discussed as they show the range of careers available in the energy industry, as well as give more insight into why the content being covered is important. This unit presents many opportunities for small group discussion. Allow students to work on the Critical Thinking exercises in groups. Give them time for reflection and research, if needed. Collaborative learningsometimes referred to as cooperative learning, group learning, or
EnergyIndustryFundamentalsModule1
teamworkencourages students to take an active role in solving problems. Collaborative learning allows you to work with smaller groups of students as they apply critical thinking skills to answer questions and perform lab activities. Dedicating less time to lecturing and more to observing and facilitating student learning allows you to monitor student problem solving and understanding in a just-in-time manner. Based on your interaction with the small groups you can determine which concepts, if any, need to be reviewed or re-taught before continuing to the next lesson. Additionally, it gives students the opportunity to develop interpersonal skills required by industry.
PacingChartforUnitALessonDelivery
MODULE1,UNITA:HISTORYOFTHEU.S.ENERGYINDUSTRYANDINFRASTRUCTURE Lesson1
Students should read the first three pages of Module 1, Unit A, in the student text. These pages provide a brief overview of the science behind electricity (static vs. current electricity; DC vs. AC) and introduce the inventors and entrepreneurs who made electricity useful and marketable. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. Use the presentation The Science Behind Static Electricity to introduce the difference between static vs. current electricity. The Critical Thinking exercise Truth or Urban Legend? asks students to reflect on what theyve read, apply it to a scenario, and determine whether it is fact or fiction. Use the presentation The Science Behind Direct Current and Alternating Current to introduce the difference between DC and AC electricity. The Critical Thinking exercise DC vs. AC asks students to reflect on what theyve read and answer the questions posed.
InstructionalResources
Student text: Introductory section Guided Note-taking Outline, 1-8 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary PowerPoint presentation: The Science Behind Static Electricity Activity: Truth or Urban Legend? (embedded in text) Instructor Answer Key to Critical Thinking exercise: Truth or Urban Legend? PowerPoint presentation: The Science Behind Direct Current and Alternating Current Activity: DC vs. AC (embedded in text) Instructor Answer Key to Critical Thinking exercise: DC vs. AC
Lesson2
Students should read the section of Module 1, Unit A, called Origin of Economic Laws and Regulations in the student text. These pages introduce the economic concepts of natural monopoly, economies of scale, and obligation to serve, as well as the stockholder circumstances under which economic regulations were deemed necessary. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. The Critical Thinking exercise Obligation to Serve asks students to reflect on what theyve read and decide whether there are limits on the obligation to serve.
Student text: Origin of Economic Laws and Regulations Guided Note-taking Outline, 11-23 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Obligation to Serve (embedded in text) Instructor Answer Key to Critical Thinking exercise: Obligation to Serve
MODULE1,UNITA:HISTORYOFTHEU.S.ENERGYINDUSTRYANDINFRASTRUCTURE Lesson3
Students should read the section of Module 1, Unit A, called Origin of Environmental Laws and Regulations in the student text. These pages introduce the idea that hazardous substances may be released into the air and that these substances have specific detrimental effects on humans and the environment. In reaction to these emissions, governments have established regulatory agencies and laws governing the release of pollutants. Scientists are continually developing technologies to mitigate pollution. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. Provide groups of 3 or 4 students with the handout and equipment for the Activity Smog in a Jar. Go over the instructions with them. Lead them through Trial 1. Stop and ask for their observations. Lead them through Trial 2. Ask each group to write down responses to the Critical Thinking questions that follow the lab. The PowerPoint presentation The Science Behind Cleaner Air is optional, but provides more detail on the distribution of particulate pollution across the globe and describes the use of NASA instruments to study it. The Activity Why Regulate Emissions? requires a little bit of research by students on a handful of regulated substances and their health and environmental impacts. It can be submitted for a grade. The Activity CO2 Cap and Trade: Pro or Con? requires students to demonstrate research, writing, discussion, and presentation skills. Divide class into 10 or more groups of 2 or 3 students Each group will be assigned to represent one of the following positions: Scientist-Pro Scientist-Con Elected Official-Pro Elected Official-Con Regulatory Agency-Pro Regulatory Agency-Con Industry Representative-Pro Industry Representative-Con General Public-Pro Give them a copy of the assessment rubric that outlines performance expectations for this assignment. Allow 1 to 2 weeks to complete this activity. Set up a debate format for their presentation, pitting one side against the other. Allow the class to vote on the persuasiveness of each side of the five debates.
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Student text: Origin of Environmental Laws and Regulations Guided Note-taking Outline, 24-29 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary
Activity Handout: Smog in a Jar Instructor Answer Key to Critical Thinking follow-up: Smog in a Jar PowerPoint presentation: The Science Behind Cleaner Air
Student Worksheet for Activity: Why Regulate Emissions? Instructor Key for Activity: Why Regulate Emissions? Activity: CO2 Cap and Trade: Pro or Con? (embedded in text) Rubric for research presentation evaluation Note: the rubric rewards effort more than pure persuasiveness; the class vote will have very little influence on the grade.
MODULE1,UNITA:HISTORYOFTHEU.S.ENERGYINDUSTRYANDINFRASTRUCTURE UnitWrapActivity
Orally review and discuss key concepts from Unit A with students. Have students complete the review questions for Unit A. Have students complete the crossword puzzle for Unit A. Answer student questions.
Student Text Glossary Guided Note-taking Outline Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Unit A Vocabulary Exercise Crossword Puzzle Answer Key for Crossword Puzzle Unit A Review Questions Answer Key for Unit A Review Questions Unit A Quiz Answer Key for Unit A Quiz
UnitQuiz
Have students complete the quiz for Unit A.
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UnitAStudentMaterials
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UNITA:HISTORYOFTHEU.S. ENERGYINDUSTRYAND INFRASTRUCTURE

Whenwethinkofthehistoryofelectricity,weusuallythinkof BenjaminFranklin.Buthisfamouskiteexperimentwith lightningdidntoccuruntil1752.Thefirstrecorded observationsofthepropertiesofelectricitynotablyits abilitytoshockweremadebyancientEgyptiansobserving electricfishintheNileRiver.Muchlater,inabout600BC, GreekphilosopherThalesofMiletusaddedtoourknowledge ofelectricitybydescribingtheattractionthatdevelopswhen amberisrubbedwithfurorapieceofsilk.Todayweobserve thesamephenomenon,staticelectricity,whenwepullsocks fromawarmclothesdryerorrubaballoonacrossourhair staticclingfromtheattractionbetweentwoobjectswith differentcharges,positive(+)andnegative().Whilestatic electricitycangiveyouquiteashockwhenelectronsare discharged,itisnotusefulaspower.Powercomesfrom currentelectricity,theflowofelectronsalongapath composedofaconductormaterialsuchaswaterorspecific metals.
FranklinsFamousKite
itoccurredtohimthathemight havemorereadyaccesstothe regionofcloudsbymeansofa commonkite.Hepreparedoneby fasteningtwocrossstickstoasilk handkerchief,whichwouldnot suffersomuchfromtherainas paper.Totheuprightstickwas affixedanironpoint.Wherethe hempenstringterminatedakey wasfastened.Heplacedhimself underashadetoavoidtherain; hiskitewasraised;athunder cloudpassedoverit;nosignof electricityappeared.Healmost despairedofsuccess,when, suddenly,heobservedtheloose fibresofhisstringtomove towardsanerectposition.Henow presentedhisknuckletothekey, andreceivedastrongspark.
Until1821,whenMichaelFaradaydevelopedavery rudimentaryelectricmotor,discoveriesaboutelectricitywere primarilyconfinedtotherealmofscientifictheoryandhadno valuetotheaveragecitizen.Startinginthemid1800s, however,cleverinventorsbegantoseethepotentialfor MEMOIRSOFBENJAMINFRANKLIN, harnessingitspowertobenefitsociety.SamuelMorse 1839 inventedthetelegraphin1835,revolutionizing communicationbyallowingmessagestobetransmittedlong distancesviawires.In1844,Congressauthorizedfundingtoconstructatelegraphlinefrom WashingtontoBaltimore.TelegraphlinesquicklyproliferatedthroughouttheUnitedStatesand attractedtheattentionofThomasEdison,whoservedasatelegraphoperatorincities throughouttheMidwestfrom1863to1867andthenmovedtothemainWesternUnion telegraphcompanyofficeinBostonin1868.Hesoonturnedhiseffortstowardinventing refinementstothetelegraphsystem,suchastheabilitytosendmultiplemessagesatonce.His continuingexperimentationledtomultiplepatentsandhisestablishmentofaresearchfacility atMenloPark,NewJersey.
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TruthorUrbanLegend? Jordanranoutofgaswhilemowingthelawn.Hedrovehispickuptrucktothegasstationtofilla portablecontainertotakebacktohislawnmower.Ratherthanliftaheavycanfullofgasbackintothe bedofthetruck,Jordanreasonedthatitwouldbeeasierjusttofillthecanwhileitsatinthetruck bed.Heputthenozzleintothegascanandflippedthepumpswitchtotheonposition.Asparkflew andthetruckcaughtfire.Jordanescapedwithminorburns,butthetruckwasdamagedbeyondrepair. Couldthisreallyhappen?Whyorwhynot?
Ofthe1,093patentsgrantedtoEdison,356dealtwithelectriclightingandthegenerationand transmissionofelectricity.Didyouknow,however,thatEdisondidntinventtheelectric incandescentlightbulb?JosephSwandidin1876.ThetroublewasthatSwanslightbulbs burnedoutquickly.TwoyearslaterThomasEdisonfoundedtheEdisonElectricLightCompany inNewYorkCityand,seeinggreatpotentialforcommercialization,boughtanumberofpatents relatedtoelectriclighting.Aftermanyexperiments,he developedalightbulbthatcouldburnfor40hours,and by1879hisbulbswouldlast1,200hours.Priortothis time,from1816onwardintheU.S.,naturalgaswas burnedforillumination.Themeteredsystemofmeasuring TheChicagoWorldsFair andpayingforconsumergasusageeventuallybecamethe modelforelectricitypurchase.Meteringallowssuppliers tobillfortheactualamountofenergyusedratherthan thenumberoflightsilluminatedpermonth. OnSeptember4,1882,EdisonopenedthePearlStreet Stationoneofthefirstelectricitygeneratingplants. Poweredbysteamengines,itprovideddirectcurrent(DC) Credit:BrooklynMuseumArchives onlyandcoulddistributeelectricitytocustomerswithina onemileradius.Inlieuofoverheadtransmissionlines, 120,000incandescentlights Edisondesignedasystemofundergroundtubescalled wereused conduitsthroughwhichheranthick,electricity Thepowerplanttorun conductingcopperwire.Afewweekslater,a themcost$1,000,000to hydroelectricelectricitygeneratingplantbeganoperation build inAppleton,Wisconsin.Consumerdemandforelectric servicequicklyincreasedwiththeadventoflaborsavingdevicessuchastheelectricironand fanthatsameyear.
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Anothertechnologicalbreakthroughwastheinstallationofthe nationsfirstlargescaleelectricstreetcarsystemcoveringtwelve milesinRichmond,Virginia.ThomasSprague,aformer researcherinEdisonslaboratory,improveduponthesafetyand efficiencyofothersdesignsandsuccessfullylaunchedthelinein 1888.Justaselectricilluminationeventuallyreplacedtheuseof gaslightingatransformationgreatlyaidedbythepublicdisplay ofincandescentlightingatthe1893WorldsColumbian ExhibitioninChicagosoalsoelectricstreetcarsreplacedhorse drawnpublictransportation.
DCvs.AC
Whydoesaregularbattery losepower? WhatarethebenefitsofAC overDCasahouseholdpower source?
Theadventoftheinductioncoreandtransformerandtheabilitytousehighvoltage alternatingcurrent(AC)ratherthanjustDCfurtherdevelopedtheefficiencyofourmodern powersystem.Thesystemallowsvoltagetobesteppedupandthehighvoltagepowertobe transmittedlongdistancesandsteppeddownforconsumeruseattheoutlet.In1888,George Westinghouse,arivalinventortoEdison,boughtthepatentstoNicolaTeslasACcurrent systemandtoCharlesBradleysrotaryconverter. Theresultingimprovementstotheelectricpowersystemresultedin 1) economiesofscaleingeneration, 2) theneedforonlyonewiringgrid, 3) theabilityofgeneratingstationstoserveawiderarea, and 4) thenewsystemsproductivityincreasingfromload diversity.
PublicUtilities
Apublicutilityprovidesand maintainstheinfrastructure forprovidingapublic service.Municipalorcounty utilitiesnotonlyprovide electricservicebutalso oftenincludeprovisionof waterandwastedisposal servicetohomesand businesses.Consumers havemorechoicesin selectinggas,electric,and telecommunications providers.Eachstatehasa PublicUtilityCommissionor PublicServiceCommission thatgovernsissuessuchas rates,safety,reliability, marketcompetitiveness, andconsumercomplaints.
OriginofEconomicLawsand Regulations
Withthescaleupofpowercompanies,entrepreneursbegan buyingsmallerpublicutilitiesandcreatinglargeronesholding companiesinanefforttobenefitfromeconomiesofscale.In anaddressbeforeaconventionoftheNationalElectricLight Association(1898),SamuelInsull,amajorinvestorinelectric utilities,outlinedtheprofitstructure: Somecompanieshaveadoptedtheschemeofallowingcertain specialdiscountsprovidedtheincomepermonthperlamp connectedexceedsacertainamount.Othercompaniescharge onerateforenergyusedduringcertainspecifiedhoursoftheday andamuchlowerrateforthatusedduringtheremaininghours oftheday.Athirdmethodisasystemofdiscountsbasedonthe totalconsumptionofenergyduringagivenperiod,consideredin
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connectionwiththemaximumconsumptionatanytimeduringthesameperiod.Thesevarious methodsallhavethesameobjectinviewthemeetingoftheconditionsofeachindividual consumer,andyetatthesametimeearningafairreturnonalloftheinvestmentprovidedfor allofyourcustomers. Insullwentontoarguethatburgeoningelectricutilitieswereessentiallynaturalmonopoliesto whichexclusiveregionalfranchisesshouldbegrantedinexchangeforpubliccontrolofthe priceschargedforservice.BecausemonopoliesintheUnitedStateswereoutlawedbythe ShermanAntitrustActof1890(followedbytheClaytonAntitrustActof1914),regulationof theutilitieswasanecessity. Powercompanieswereexemptfromcompetitionand,inreturn, subjecttoregulationatfirstprimarilybystateagencies,duetothelocalnatureofelectricity generation.In1920,theFederalPowerCommission(FPC)wascreatedtocoordinate hydroelectricpowerprojectsunderfederalcontrol.Thecommissionwasunfundeduntil1928 whenCongressallocatedthemoneyforafivepersonbipartisancommitteegiventhepowerto regulatethesaleanddistributionofelectricityundertheFederalPowerActandlaternatural gasfacilities. Withtheexpansionoftheelectricutilitycompanies,holding companiessuchasthoseownedbyInsullbegantotake advantageofthebusinessstructurebybuildingpyramidtype schemesinwhichafewstockholderscontrolledelectric companiesnationwide.Itwasdifficultforstatestoregulate utilityholdingcompaniesbecausetheyconductedbusiness acrossmanydifferentstates.Infact,theSupremeCourt determinedthatstatescouldnotregulatesalesofelectricityand naturalgasininterstatecommerce.Ultimately,consumers sufferedfromtheincreasedcostofelectricity. Asaresult,theFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedan investigationintothepracticesoflargeutilityholdingcompanies in1928,continuingthroughthestockmarketcrashof1929 (whichdestroyedholdingcompanyvalue),theestablishmentof theSecuritiesandExchangeCommission(SEC),andintoFranklin Rooseveltspresidentialcampaign.Followinghisreelection, RooseveltsignedintolawthePublicUtilityHoldingCompanyAct (PUHCA)of1935. ThePUHCAaccomplishedthefollowing: 1) Requiredgiantinterstateutilityholdingcompaniestorid themselvesofseverallayersofholdingsuntiltheyeach wereasmaller,consolidatedsystemservingaspecific geographicarea. 2) Prohibitedenergyholdingcompaniesfromengagingin businessotherthanoperationofasingleutility.
ObligationtoServe
Becauseconsumershave traditionallyhadfew choicesforutilitiesservice underthenatural monopoliesconcept, regulatoryagencieswere establishedtohelpensure thatthoseutilitiesmeet theirobligationtoserve. Underthisconcept,service isexpectedtobereliable (uninterrupted)andsafe; equipmentmustbe adequatetohandlethe load;andpricesshouldbe affordable.Individualstates havetheirownutilities commissions(theFlorida PublicServicesCommission, forexample)thatoversee rates,marketcompetition, andservice.
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3) Requiredholdingcompaniestobeincorporatedinthe statewheretheutilityoperatessothecompanycanbe regulatedbythatstate;or,ifincorporatedinseveral states,toberegulatedbytheSEC. 4) RequiredholdingcompaniestoregisterwiththeSEC. AllowedtheSECtoauthorizerestructuringofholding companiesiftheyfailedtostreamlineasrequired undertheAct.
Whatarethelimitsofobligation toserve?
Arethereutilitiesorservices similartoutilitiesthatdonot operateunderanobligationto serve?
WhilethePUHCAwastargetedattheelectricutilityindustry,it alsoappliedtonaturalgascompanies.TheActpreventednonutilityholdingcompaniesfrom acquiringgasutilitiesandengaginginactivitiesunrelatedtoefficientoperationofasingle integratedutilitysystem.PUHCAhasshapedboththegasandelectricutilityindustriesand theirrelationshipswitheachotherwithrespecttomergers,acquisitions,andoverallbusiness strategies.Anotherlawregulatingthegasindustry,theNaturalGasActof1938,restrictedthe pricegascompaniesoperatingasnaturalmonopoliesjustlikeelectriccompaniescould chargeconsumers. Thedemandfornaturalgasforuseintheproductionof electricitydidnotgrowuntilafterWorldWarII,withanotable increaseduringtheoilsupplycrisisofthe1970s.In1977, CongressreorganizedtheFPCastheFederalEnergy RegulatoryCommission(FERC),increasedthebreadthofits powers,andsoonthereafterpassedthePublicUtilities RegulatoryPoliciesAct(PURPA).PURPAwasintendedto reduceU.S.dependencyonforeignoil,promoteenergy efficiency,developalternativefuelsources,anddiversifythe electricpowerindustry.Partofthatdiversificationinvolved allowingnonutilitiestogenerateandsellpower.PURPA requiredelectricutilitiestorestructuretheirrates,butmore importantly,topurchasepowerfromindependentcompanies thatproduceelectricityasabyproductofotheractivities.This isaccomplishedthroughcogeneration,aprocessinwhich electricityandheatareproducedatthesametimefromthe samefuelorenergysource.Naturalgasoftenservesasthe fuelincogenerationsystemswheresteamisproducedalong withelectricity.Becauseoftherestrictionsplacedonelectric utilitiesunderPURPAandPUHCA,however,increaseinnatural gasasadirectfuelsourceforelectricitygenerationwas limited.Thischangedin1992withthepassageoftheEnergy PolicyAct,whichhelpedpromotesignificantgrowthingas fired,electricitygeneratingcapacityandmarkedthebeginning ofcompetitionintheelectricpowerindustry.FERCcouldnot mandatethatanelectricutilityopenitstransmissionsystem
ProvidingElectricityBeyond LargeCities
PresidentFranklinD. Rooseveltcreatedthe TennesseeValleyAuthority (1933)andtheRural ElectrificationAdministration (1935)toensurethat electricitycouldbedistributed tooutlyingareas.AtNorris Dam,picturedbelow,the forceoffallingwaterisusedto generateelectricpower.
Credit:FranklinD.Roosevelt PresidentialLibraryandMuseum
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forwholesaleelectrictradeuntilthisActamendedtheFederalPowerActandessentially deregulatedthepowerindustryeconomically. Thepostwareraalsosawtheestablishmentoftheconceptoftheelectricalpowergrida networkweusuallyenvisionastransmissionlinesbutactuallyconsistingofmany interconnectedelectricgeneration,transmission,anddistributionsystemsoverabroad geographicarea.Thegridsystemisdesignedtoprovideenoughelectricityduringpeakload. TheU.S.powergridiscomprisedofthreemajorsectionscalledEastern,Western,andTexas, connectingnotjustregionsofthecontinentalU.S.butalsopartsofMexicoandallofCanada. Withinthisgrid,morethan3,000utilitiesoperateapproximately10,000powerplantswhichare ownedbyseveralhundredprivateandpublicentitiesandoverseenbybalancingauthorities. Multiplebalancingauthoritieswithineachoftheregionalpowergridsensurethereliableflow ofpowertocustomers.Toputitsimply,reliabilitymeanshavinguninterruptedaccessto electricity.Apoweroutagecanoccurwhenapowerlineisdamagedinastorm,asystem componentfails,ordemandforelectricityoutweighssupply.Thisfactwasdrivenhomein November1965whenamassiveblackoutshutdownan80,000squaremilearea, encompassingOntario,NewYork,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,Connecticut, RhodeIsland,andpartsofNewJerseyandPennsylvania.FourmillionhomesinNewYorkCity alonewerewithoutpower,andhundredsofthousandsofcommuterswerestuckinthesubway systemuntilmidnight.PresidentLyndonB.Johnson,inastronglywordedmemo,directedthe FederalPowerCommissiontoinvestigatethefailure.Investigatorsfoundthatonetransmission linerelayfailed,leadingtoapowersurgefollowedbypowergridoverloadandsubsequent generatorshutdown.Onemonthlater,inhisreporttothePresident,theFPCCommissioner sagelynotedthat: Theproblemarisesnotbecauseserviceispoorbutbecausetheuniversalandincreasing dependenceoftheAmericanpubliconthisformofenergymakesanywidescaleinterruption seriouslydisruptive.Theprimelessonoftheblackoutisthattheutilityindustrymuststrivenot merelyforgoodbutforvirtuallyperfectservice. Inresponsetothisevent,Congressproposedthecreationofanagencychargedwith coordinatingelectricreliability.TheU.S.ElectricPowerReliabilityActof1967didnotbecome law,buturgedbyindustryleaderstheFPCrecommendedtheestablishmentoftheNorth AmericanElectricReliabilityCorporation(NERC).NERCconsistedofnineregionalreliability organizationsthaturgedvoluntarycompliancebyelectricutilitieswithitsproceduresfor ensuringthereliabilityofthepowersystem.Forthegoodoftheindustry,utilitiesgenerally complied,althoughNERChadnoenforcementpoweruntilthepassageofanotherEnergy PolicyActin2005.Duetoconstantlyincreasingdemandforelectricityandregularoccurrence ofnationaldisasters,temporarypoweroutagesareunfortunatelynotathingofthepast.The powerindustry,theU.S.DepartmentofEnergysOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergy Reliability,regulatorybodies,andconsumersanticipatethatequipmentmodernizationand implementationofasmartgridsystemwilldecreasethenumberandseverityoftheseevents.
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CAREERPROFILE:ComplianceManager
AsComplianceManageratapowercompanyservingalargemetropolitanareaontheEastCoast, JenniferL.wearsmanyhats.Today,forexample,shesleadingatrainingseminarforSystem OperatorsonreliabilitystandardsestablishedbytheNorthAmericanElectricReliability Corporation(NERC).NERCisaselfregulatoryorganizationbutisstillsubjecttooversightbythe U.S.FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC)andgovernmentalauthoritiesinCanada. TomorrowshewillbeworkingwiththeplantsSecurityManageronrevisionofthecompanys plansforpreventingandreportingactsoftheftandsabotageandbreachesofcybersecurity.With theincreasedspotlightonglobalterrorism,protectionofwhatisknownasthecountryscritical infrastructurehasbecomeabiggerpartofherjob.Herplantislesslikelytobecrippledbyphysical sabotagethanbyacomputervirus.Adaytodayissue,however,isthetheftofvaluablecopper wirefrompowersubstations.Coppertheftthreatensthereliabilityofelectricitydeliverysystems. InFlorida,4,000consumerswereleftwithoutpowerafterthievesstrippedcopperwirefroma transformer.Jenniferandherteamareexaminingthefeasibilityofatwoprongedapproachto curbingtheft:apublicawarenesscampaignandtheinstallationofvideocamerasatsubstations.
OriginofEnvironmentalLawsandRegulations
Inadditiontoregulationsandcommissions governingthemarketforelectricityandits availabilitytoconsumers,environmentallaws affecttheoperationofutilities.Thesignificance ofairqualityonhumanhealthbecame apparentin1948,when20peoplediedand 7,000werehospitalizedinDonora, Pennsylvania,duetocomplicationsfrom breathingtoxicsmogresultingfroma combinationofindustrialemissionsanda weatherconditioncalledatemperature inversion.In1952,theGreatSmogofLondon capturedglobalattentionasanopaque, yellowishblackcloudcausedbyamixtureof emissionsfromcoalfiredpowerplants, householdfurnaces,andvehicleexhaust settledoverthecity.Thousandsofpeopledied, andthesituationonlygotworsewhen ambulancesstoppedrunningaftervisibility dippedtozero.Researchershaveanalyzed publichealthinsuranceclaims,hospital admissionratesforcardiacandrespiratory disease,pneumoniacases,mortalityrecords, influenzareports,recordedtemperatures,and
TheAirWeBreathe
Keepingtheairbreathablehaslongbeenahuman concernrecordedinancientcivilizations,the Classicalperiod,Medievaltimes,andupthrough thepresentera.Wemaythinkofenvironmental qualitycommissionsasarelativelynew development,buttheyarenot.In1285,aLondon commissionwassetuptoinvestigatethesmoke comingfromburningcoal.Itmetagainin1288and 1306,atwhichtimeabanagainstburningcoalwas decreed(butlargelyignored).Fastforwardto 1854,whenprolificwriterCharlesDickensnotonly fictionalizedtheblackenedskiesofindustrial LondoninhisnovelHardTimesbutalsooutlined, inhisessaySmokeorNoSmoke,methodsfor complyingwithLordPalmerstonsSmoke AbatementAct.Hefirstexaminedtheuseofcoal gas,commonlyusedforgaslight,inwhichone poundofcoalsufficestomakefourcubicfeetof luminiferousgas.Heproceededfromthereto argueforimprovedsmokestackandhomegrating systemsdesignedformoreefficientandless smokycombustionofcoal.
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airpollutantconcentrationsforDecemberFebruary19521953andcomparedthefigureswith thoseforthepreviousyear.MortalityratesduringandfollowingtheGreatSmogwere dramaticallyhigherthanthepreviousyear.Inadditiontothe3,000whodiedimmediately duringtheevent,theresearchersfoundanadditional12,000whosubsequentlydiedfrom smogrelatedillnesses.Thesedisastersservedasacatalystforlawsinmanycountriesdesigned toprotectpublichealth. From1955to1967,Congresspassedaseriesofairpollutionandairqualityactsthatfunded researchintotechniquesformonitoringandcontrollingairpollution.TheAirQualityActof 1967signaledthebeginningoffederalenforcementofenvironmentalstandards.The establishmentoftheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)coincidedwiththepassage oftheCleanAirActof1970.TheActanditsamendmentsaredesignedto: reducetheconcentrationofoutdoorairpollutionthatcausessmog,toxicrain,and otherproblems reduceemissionsoftoxicchemicalsthatcausecancerorotherserioushealthproblems phaseouttheproductionanduseofozonedepletingchemicals requirecompaniesthatreleasepollutionintotheairtoobtainapermitstatingwhich chemicalstheyrelease,howmuch,andtheirplanforreducingpollution strengthenEPAenforcementofairqualitystandards
LABACTIVITY:SmoginaJar
Materialsneededforeachgroupof3 or 4students: 2glasscanningormayonnaisejars(or1toreuseifyouhaveaccesstoasink) papertowels 6icecubes 2tablespoonssalt aluminumfoil matches asmallamountofwater Trial1Directions: 1) Createatightlidforthejaroutofaluminumfoil.Pressasmallindentationintothetop. 2) Twistapieceofpapertowelintoarope. 3) Lightthepapertowelropeanddropitintothedryjar.Coverimmediatelywiththefoillid. 4) Place3icecubesintheindentationandsprinkle1tablespoonofsaltontheice. Observation:Whathappensinsidethejar? Trial2Directions:
1) Repeatsteps1and2withthesecondjar. 2) Tiltthejarandpourafewdropsofwaterintothejar.Wetthesidesonly. 3) Repeatsteps3and4(above). ObservationandCriticalThinking:Whathappensinsidethejarthistime?Whatconclusionscanyou drawaboutsmogfromthebehaviorofthesmokeundereachsetofcircumstances?
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TheEPAenforcesrulesrequiringpowerplantsthatburnfossilfuelstoreduceemissionsof particlepollution,groundlevelozone,carbonmonoxide,sulfuroxides,nitrogenoxides,lead, andmercury.TheCleanAirActof1990establishedasystemofemissionstrading(capand trade)designedtolowersulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesreleasedintotheair.Underthis system,thereisalimittotheamountofemissionsacompanymayrelease,bututilitiescanbuy andsellemissionpermitscalledallowances.Theincentiveforparticipationisfinancial pollutionreductionhasamarketvalue.Andthis,inturn,providesanincentiveforinvestment intechnologiesthatreduceregulatedemissions. Particlepollution(alsocalledparticulates,particulatematter, PM10,andPM2.5)isproducednaturallyfromblowingdustbut alsoanytimefuels suchascoal,oil,diesel,orwoodareburned. Particulatematterismuch,muchsmallerindiameterthana humanhair.Particleswithadiameterofupto2.5micrometers YourAirQualityForecast YoucancheckyourlocalAQI are labeled PM2.5andwithadiameterofupto10micrometers byvisiting arePM10.Thesmallerparticlesaremoredangeroustohuman healthbecausetheycanpenetratethelungsmoreeasilyandalso http://www.airnow.gov/to viewyourregionalconditions becausetheytendtobecomposedofmoredangerous andforecast. substancessuchasheavymetalsandtoxicorganiccompounds. TheEPAcalculatestheAirQualityIndex(AQI)forfiveoftheair pollutantsregulatedundertheCleanAirAct,includingparticulates.Eachdaymorethana thousandmonitorsthroughoutthecountrygatherandreportairqualitydata.
ACTIVITY:WhyRegulateEmissions?
Variousfederal,state,andlocalagenciesregulatewhatcanandcannotbedischargedintothe environment.Inthisactivity,youwillresearchregulatedpollutants(nitrogenoxides,sulfurdioxide,and particulatematter)andtheirpotentialhealthandenvironmentalimpactsandcompletethetableon theworksheetprovidedbyyourinstructor.
Powerplantsandotherindustriesthatburnfossilfuelshavevarioustechnologiesformitigating airpollution.Wetscrubbersremovesulfurdioxidesandsomeparticulatesfromsmokestacksby allowingexhaustgasestopassthroughafinewaterspraythatcontainslime,acompoundthat absorbsmostofthesulfur.Cyclones,sometimesdescribedascentrifugalseparators,consistof cylindersthroughwhichpollutedairispassed.Astheparticulateshitthewallsofthecylinder, theyfalltothebottomandcanthenberemoved.Electrostaticprecipitators,whichremove about99percentoftheparticulates,useanelectricfieldthatchargesthepollutantparticles. Theseparticlesthenareattractedtothewallsoftheprecipitator,whichhasanopposite charge.Whenthepoweristurnedoff,thewallsnolongerholdtheirchargeandthe particulatesdetachandfallintoacollectionchamber. Carbondioxideemissions,whilemonitored,arenotregulatedatthistimealthoughtheEPAhas studiedtheissueindepthandCongresshasproposedlegislationforacapandtradesystemfor regulatingthisgreenhousegas.TheEPAalsoregulateseffluentspollutedwaterdischarged
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intowastewatertoalesserdegree.Plantsgeneratingpowerfromnuclearenergyproduce radioactivewaste,releasenonradioactiveemissions,andcreatethermaleffluents overheatedwaterthatcanimpactmarinelife.Regulationoftheseoutputsisoverseenbythe NuclearRegulatoryCommission.
ACTIVITY:CO2CapandTrade:ProorCon?
Theneedforcappingcarbonemissionshasbeenvigorouslydebatedbyscientists,electedofficials, regulatoryagencies,industryrepresentatives,andthegeneralpublic.Divideinto10groupsof2or3 students.Eachgroupwillbeassignedanaffiliation(scientist,forexample)andaside(fororagainst carboncapandtrade)andwillinvestigatetheissuesandconcernsofinteresttotheiraffiliatedgroup. Equipmentrequired:ComputerwithInternetaccessforresearch Optional:PowerPoint,posterboard,andmarkers Researchquestionstobeaddressed: Whoisyouraffiliatedgroup? Whyareyouinterestedincarbonemissions? Whatisyourpointofview(proorcon)? Whatwillhappenifyouraffiliatedgroupisnotabletopersuadeothers? Youwillbeaskedtopresentyourpersuasiveargumenttotheclass.
UnitAGlossary
alternatingcurrent(AC)anelectriccurrentthatreversesitsdirectionatregularlyrecurring intervals balancingauthorityaregionalorganizationresponsibleforplanningforandmaintainingthe balanceofelectricityresourcesandelectricitydemand blackoutpowerlossaffectingmanyconsumersoveralargegeographicalareaforasignificant periodoftime ClaytonAntitrustActof1914buildingontheShermanAntitrustAct,thislawallowsthe FederalTradeCommissionandDepartmentofJusticetoapproveallproposedmergers CleanAirActof1970andCleanAirActof1990lawsthatdefinesEPA'sresponsibilitiesfor protectingandimprovingthenation'sairqualityandthestratosphericozonelayer cogenerationprocessinwhichelectricityandheatareproducedatthesametimefromthe samefuelorenergysource conductoramaterialalongwhichelectronseasilyflow;theoppositeofaconductorisan insulator currentaflowofelectronsalongapath,suchasaconductivewire directcurrent(DC)currentthatmovesinonlyonedirection;DCresultsfromaconstant polaritypowersource(seepolarityinGlossary)
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economiesofscalewhencostofproductionfallsbecauseoutputhasincreased effluentsubstancereleasedintoabodyofwater electricalpowergridinterconnectedelectricgeneration,transmission,anddistribution systemsoverbroadgeographicareasEastern,Western,andTexas electronnegativelychargedparticleoutsidethenucleusofanatom electrostaticprecipitatoradeviceforremovingsmallparticles(suchassmoke,dust,oroil) fromagas,suchasair,bypassingthegasfirstthroughanelectricallychargedscreenthat givesachargetotheparticles,thenbetweentwochargedplateswheretheparticlesare attractedtoonesurface emissionssubstancesreleasedintotheenvironment;usuallyusedtorefertosubstances dischargedintotheair EnergyPolicyActof1992markedthebeginningofcompetitionintheelectricpowerindustry EnergyPolicyActof2005gaveNERCenforcementpowerforreliabilitystandards EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)agencytaskedwithenforcinglawsprotectinghuman healthandtheenvironment FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC)independentregulatoryagencywithinthe DepartmentofEnergyandthesuccessortotheFederalPowerCommission;itgoverns interstateelectricitysales,wholesaleelectricrates,hydroelectriclicensing,naturalgas pricing,oilpipelinerates,andgaspipelinecertification FederalPowerAct1928providedfundingfortheFederalPowerCommission,afiveperson bipartisancommitteegiventhepowertoregulatethesaleanddistributionofelectricity FederalPowerCommissionof1920createdtocoordinatehydroelectricprojectsunder federalcontrol FederalTradeCommission(FTC)createdin1914toenforcelawsagainstmonopolies;has sinceevolvedintotheagencythatalsoadministersconsumerprotectionlaws greenhousegasgasesthattrapheatintheatmospheresuchascarbondioxide,methane, nitrousoxide,andhydrofluorocarbons holdingcompanyacompanywhichownsorholdsstockinothercompanies,whichitthen managesandoperates hydroelectricpowerpowergeneratedbyusingmovingwatertopoweraturbinegeneratorto produceelectricity loaddeviceorcustomerthatreceivespowerfromtheelectricsystem.Loadshouldnotbe confusedwithdemand,whichisthemeasureofpowerthataloadreceivesorrequires loaddiversitywhenthepeakdemandsofavarietyofelectriccustomersoccuratdifferent times NaturalGasActof1938legislationrestrictingthepricesgasutilitiescouldchargeconsumers
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naturalmonopolyasituationinwhichsmallercompaniesarenotabletocompetewithbig companiesinaparticularindustrysectorandasaresultalargecompanydominatesthe market;thisresultsfromthelargecompanybenefitingfromeconomiesofscale(meaning thatthebiggercompanyisabletooperatemoreefficientlyandofferservicesmorecheaply totheconsumer)and/orrequireshugecapitalinvestmentsforequipment(meaningthat noothercompanieswanttospendthemoneyneededtocompeteinthemarket) NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporation(NERC)formedin1968inresponsetothe 1965blackout,NERCistheelectricreliabilityorganizationcertifiedbytheFederalEnergy RegulatoryCommissiontoestablishandenforcereliabilitystandardsforthebulkpower system.Allbulkpowersystemowners,operators,andusersarerequiredtoregisterwith NERC NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)regulatesnuclearpowerplantsandotherusesof nuclearmaterials,suchasnuclearmedicine,whileprotectinghumansandtheenvironment obligationtoservetheobligationofautilitytoprovideelectricservicetoanycustomerwho seeksthatservice,andiswillingtopaytheratessetforthatservice;traditionally,utilities haveassumedtheobligationtoserveinreturnforanexclusivemonopolyfranchise peakloadtimeofhighestdemandforanduseofelectricity polaritytheorientationofthepositiveandnegativepolesofapowersource pollutiontheintroductionofharmfulcontaminantsintotheenvironment publicutilitymaintainstheinfrastructureforprovidingapublicservicesuchasgas,electric, water,andwastedisposalservice PublicUtilitiesRegulatoryPoliciesActof1978(PURPA)alawpassedpromotingmore efficientuseoffossilfuelsandgreateruseofrenewableenergyforgeneratingelectricity. PublicUtilityHoldingCompanyActof1935(PUHCA)lawthatseverelylimitedacquisitionof anywholesaleorretailelectricbusinessthroughaholdingcompanyandrestricted ownershipofanelectricbusinessbynonutilitycorporations reliabilitythepowersystemisabletomeettheelectricityneedsofcustomersevenwhen equipmentfailsorotherfactorsreducetheamountofavailableelectricity;consistsofthe adequacyandsecurityoftheelectricitysupplytoconsumers SecuritiesandExchangeCommission(SEC)agencycreatedbyCongressin1933;regulates interstatetransactionsincorporatesecuritiesandstockexchanges ShermanAntitrustActof1890outlawedmonopoliesintheUnitedStates smartgridmodernizationofthecurrentgridtechnology;hastheabilitytomonitorenergy flowandcommunicatedatabacktoutilitycompanies;usessmartmeters;takesadvantage ofdistributedgenerationallowingsmallerpowersourcestofeedenergybackintothegrid; storesenergygeneratedinoffpeakhoursanddistributesitduringpeakhours
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staticelectricityanelectricalchargethatcannotmove,createdwhentwoobjectshavebeen incontactandthenareseparatedleavingthemwitheithertoomanyortoofewelectrons (anelectriccharge) steppeddownconversionofhighvoltageelectricitytolowervoltagethroughtheuseof transformersatpowersubstations steppedupconversionoflowvoltageelectricitytohighervoltagethroughtheuseof transformers;astepuptransmissionsubstationreceiveselectricpowerfromanearby generatingfacilityandusesalargepowertransformertoincreasethevoltagefor transmissiontodistantlocations transformeradevicethatchangesthevoltageofanelectriccurrent wetscrubbersinstalledonsmokestackstoremovesulfurdioxidesandsomeparticulatesby allowingexhaustgasestopassthroughafinewaterspraythatcontainslime,acompound whichabsorbsmostofthesulfur
UnitAReferences
Bell,M.,andDavis,D.L.(2001).ReassessmentoftheLethalLondonFogof1952.Environmental HealthPerspectivesSupplement,109(S3), http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2001/suppl3/389394bell/bellfull.html Dickens,C.(1854,July1).SmokeorNoSmoke?HouseholdWords,464466. ElectrostaticDischargeAssociation.(2010).FundamentalsofElectrostaticDischarge,Part1: IntroductiontoESD.Rome,NY.http://www.esda.org/documents/FundamentalsPart1.pdf ElectrostaticDischargeAssociation.(2010).FundamentalsofElectrostaticDischarge,Part3: BasicESDcontrolproceduresandmaterials.Rome,NY. http://www.esda.org/documents/FundamentalsPart3.pdf Flinn,J.(1893).TheOfficialGuidetotheWorldsColumbianExposition.Chicago,IL:The ColumbianGuideCompany. Franklin,B.(1839).MemoirsofBenjaminFranklin.NewYork:Harper&Bros. Insull,S.(Ed.).(1915).CentralStationElectricService.Chicago:privatelyprinted. Kuphaldt,T.(2009).Vol.1:BasicConceptsofElectricity[Staticelectricity]. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_1/1.html Nielsen,J.(Producer).(2002,December11).TheKillerFogof'52[AudioPodcast].AllThings Considered.http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=873954
EnergyIndustryFundamentalsModule1 25
U.S.DepartmentofEnergy.(2009).TheSmartGrid:AnIntroduction. http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/DOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages(1).pdf U.S.DepartmentofLabor,OccupationalHealthandSafetyAdministration.(2002).Controlling ElectricalHazards.Washington,D.C. http://63.234.227.130/Publications/osha3075.pdf U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration.ThePublicUtilityHoldingCompanyActof1935. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngmajorleg/pubutility.html U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration.(1999).OrganizationalComponentsoftheElectric PowerIndustry.http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/corp_str/chapter2.html U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration.(2009).HistoricalOverviewoftheElectricPower Industry.http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_stru_update/chapter2.html U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2003,August).AirQualityGuideforParticlePollution. http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=pubs.aqguidepart U.S.FederalBureauofInvestigation.(2008,September15).CopperTheftsThreatenU.S.Critical Infrastructure.http://www.fbi.gov/statsservices/publications/copperthefts Voiland,A.(2010,September22).NewMapOffersaGlobalViewofHealthSappingAir Pollution.http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/healthsapping.html
UnitAPhotoCredits
Starks,W.L.(September1893).Worldsfairadministrationbuildingatnight.[Photo].Brooklyn MuseumArchives,Brooklyn,N.Y.FromtheGoodyearArchivalCollection(S03_06_01_016 image2152),accessedat: http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/archives/goodyear_archival_collection TennesseeValleyAuthority,NorrisDam,Tennessee,January1937.[Photo].Courtesyofthe FranklinD.RooseveltPresidentialLibraryandMuseum,HydePark,NewYork,accessedat: http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/270928a.gif
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UnitATeachingResources
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UnitAPowerPoints
These presentations are designed to help students think about the science behind what they are learning about the power industry.
POWERPOINT:THESCIENCEBEHINDSTATICELECTRICITY
This presentation contains a very basic introduction to the components of an atom and a short exercise demonstrating the power of electrons in static electricity. A simple static lab activity or demonstration is embedded in the presentation. 1. Title: The Science of Static Electricity 2. All Matter Is Made of Atoms 3. Atoms consist of a nucleus made of particles called protons and neutrons, orbited by electrons. a. b. c. d. e. f. Atoms are electrically neutral. Atoms have the same number of protons (+) and electrons (-) and have no charge. Neutrons have no charge. It is easier to remove an electron from an atom than to remove a proton. Removing an electron creates a charged atom (an ion having an uneven number of protons and electrons). A positive charge indicates more protons than electrons; a negative charge indicates more electrons than protons.
4. Opposite Charges Attract 5. Like Charges Repel 6. Activity Equipment needed: scissors, 2 balloons, and about 1 yard of string for every pair of students Directions Blow up the balloons Tie each end of the string to a balloon Rub each balloon across the same partners hair 7. Hold the string in the middle so that the balloons hang at an equal distance 8. What Happens? Do the balloons move apart or stick together? Why?
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9. Activity (continued) Cut the string off one balloon Try to stick it to the wall 10. What Happens? Does the balloon stick to the wall or fall away? Why? 11. What Is Static Electricity? a. b. c. Static means staying in place; it is an electric charge that is not moving. Electrical current consists of electrons flowing over a wire or some other conducting pathway. With static electricity, there is no path for the electrons to move along, so the charge builds up until there is enough energy for the electrons to jump to something with a positive charge.
12. If you shuffle your feet across a carpet, you pick up electrons from the rug. Now you have extra electrons. If you touch a metal doorknob next, your extra electrons move from you to the knob and you feel a shock. 13. Materials have been ranked according to their ability to hold or give up electrons. When two of the materials on this list are rubbed together, the one higher on the list will give up electrons and become positively charged. 14. Your hand Glass Nylon Wool Fur Silk Paper Cotton Hard rubber Polyester PVC plastic 15. Whats the Most Powerful Natural Static Discharge on Earth? 16. Static Safety a. b. What problems might static cause in the industrial workplace? Static discharge can throw a spark and start a fire. It can overload circuits and melt electronic components.
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17. Static Safety a. b. c. d. e. What are the conditions or measures for preventing static discharge? Various means of grounding are used. On machinery, a metal conductor leads to the ground. On workers, special footwear conducts static away. Conductive shoes must be removed when the task requiring their use is completed. Employees exposed to electrical hazards must never wear conductive shoes.
18. For More Information A Health and Safety Guide for Your Workplace: Static Electricity from the Industrial Accident Prevention Association http://www.iapa.ca/pdf/2004_feb_Static%20Electricity.pdf
POWERPOINT:THESCIENCEBEHINDDIRECTANDALTERNATINGCURRENT
This presentation refreshes students knowledge of the difference between static and current electricity and introduces the difference between direct current, such as that produced by a household battery, and alternating current. (Students may find the battery description helpful in answering the Critical Thinking exercise question related to batteries.) They will also learn relevant vocabulary and circuitry symbols. 1. Title Slide: The Science Behind Direct Current and Alternating Current 2. Static Electricity a. b. c. d. Static electricity = an imbalance of positively and negatively charged atoms. Electrons then jump from atom to atom, releasing energy. Examples of static electricity: Lightning Shocks from scuffing your feet across the carpet on a dry day and then touching a metal surface such as a doorknob
3. Current Electricity a. b. c. Current = a flow of electrons along a pathway Direct current (DC) means that electrons flow in one direction. Batteries provide DC. Batteries consist of two or more cells filled with chemicals. As the chemicals react, electrons are removed, leaving behind positively charged ions. The separation between the electrons and the ions creates voltage.
4. Batteries a. The voltage produced depends on the chemicals used. A D cell flashlight battery uses an alkaline reaction. A car battery uses a lead-acid reaction.
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b.
The voltage of a cell drops over time as the chemical reaction slows down and the battery dies.
5. Batteries (diagram) 6. Vocabulary a. b. c. 1 Coulomb = 6.25 1018 electrons; symbol is C 1 Ampere of current = the movement of 1 Coulomb of electrons past one point, in one second; symbol is A Load: device or customer that receives power from the electric system. Load should not be confused with demand, which is the measure of power that a load requires
7. Voltage a. b. c. Voltage is the push behind the movement of electrons (current flow) Unit is the volt Symbols
8. Resistors a. Resistance is the opposition to current flow b. Unit is Ohm () c. Resistor: A component used to limit current flow in a circuit or to provide a voltage drop d. Symbol: R 9. Circuits A simple DC circuit consists of a source, a load, a control, and conductors connecting the three parts. 10. Series DC Circuit A series circuit has a single path for current to flow. (When the switch is open, the circuit is incomplete and the electrons cannot flow.) 11. Parallel DC Circuit A parallel circuit has multiple paths for current to flow. 12. Vocabulary a. b. Capacitor: a device with the ability to store electric charge (e.g., condenser in a car) and release it; used in electronic circuits for blocking DC while allowing AC to pass Transformer: transfers electricity from one circuit to another with an increase or decrease in voltage
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c.
Inductor: a coil of wire that can store energy in its magnetic field and resists any change in the amount of current flowing through it; when the current flowing through an inductor changes, it will create an opposing or reverse voltage
13. Current Electricity a. b. c. d. Alternating current (AC) means that electrons flow in two directions. Power plants provide AC. AC current is generated when a conductoroften a coil of wireis rotated in a magnetic field The magnetic field has polarity (north and south poles). As the coil rotates between the opposing poles, the change in polarity causes a change in direction of the current flow. The directional change happens at regular intervals. In the U.S., 60 full 360 rotations through the field (cycles) happen every second.
14. AC Circuit diagram 15. The War of Currents: General Electric (DC) vs. Westinghouse (AC) a. Thomas Edisons power plants provided DC to customers but could only send it about one mile before it lost power. Edison hired Nikola Tesla to find a solution and Tesla delivered, but then Edison allegedly refused to pay him. Tesla quit and investors helped him establish a competing industrial laboratory where he manufactured the prototype for todays AC generation and transmission system.
b.
16. AC electricity is more efficient and more cost-effective than DC. a. DC was difficult to convert from higher to lower voltages and required separate transmission lines for different voltages; AC could be stepped down easily through the use of transformers Separate transmission lines meant great cost and more danger to the public from overhead lines DC required power plants to be located close to the end user (electric load); AC could transmit high voltage over long distances requiring fewer plants AC motors are simpler in design than DC motors
b. c. d.
17. An AC power system benefits from: a. b. Economies of scale in generation, when cost of production decreases because output has increased Load diversity, when the peak demands of a variety of electric customers occur at different times
18. For More About Batteries and power systems: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/mdp/electric_web/DC/DC_11.html
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Electrical components and systems: http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricitychannel.htm Inventor Nikola Tesla: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/
POWERPOINT:THESCIENCEBEHINDCLEANERAIR
This presentation complements the text material on environmental regulations and particulate pollution by illustrating how researchers are studying particulates in the atmosphere using NASA satellites. 1. Title Slide: The Science Behind Cleaner Air 2. Monitoring Particulate Air Pollution a. Many developing countries do not have air-monitoring sensors, so it is difficult to estimate the amount of pollution b. Particle pollution is one-tenth the diameter of a human hair (PM2.5 = 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter) c. Suspected of contributing to millions of premature deaths around the world each year 3. Health Impacts a. b. c. Fine particulate matter can enter the lungs and then the bloodstream Cause asthma, cardiovascular disease, bronchitis The American Heart Association estimates that PM2.5 contributes to 60,000 deaths a year in the U.S.
4. Satellites Offer a Global Perspective a. b. Problem: most satellite instruments cannot tell the difference between particles that are close to the ground from those high in the atmosphere Canadian researchers Donkelaar & Martin used data from two NASA satellite instruments and a computer-modeling program to develop a new map
5. NASAs Scientific Instruments (graphic) 6. The New Map a. b. Provides an estimate of PM2.5 pollution over developing countries, something that has been hard to do in the past When compared with maps of population density, the new map suggests that more than 80 percent of the worlds population breathe air that exceeds the World Health Organizations limits on air particulates
8. Global Satellite-Derived Map of Particulates over 2001-2006
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9.
Where do you see the highest concentrations of PM2.5? a. b. c. d. Saudi Arabia (Middle East) Niger, Chad, Mali, Western Sahara (Africa) Eastern China Northern India
10. Why are particulate emissions higher in these areas? a. b. c. d. e. Hint #1: particulates come from both natural and man-made sources Hint #2: particulates come from coal-fired power plants and factories Hint #3: particulates come from vehicle exhaust Hint #4: particulates come from burning of fields Hint #5: wind blows dust from roads and deserts into the air
11. Whats going on in North America? 12. New Map Offers a Global View of Health-Sapping Air Pollution, Adam Volland, Sept. 22, 2010, NASAs Earth Science News Team, http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/health-sapping.html
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UnitAGuidedNoteTakingOutline
1. ________________electricity comes from the attraction between two objects with different charges, positive (+) and negative (). It can give you quite a shock when ____________ are discharged. 2. ________________________electricity comes from the flow of electrons along a ____________ such as a metal wire. 3. Thomas Edison established a ____________________ at Menlo Park, New Jersey. 4. Prior to the invention and commercialization of the electric light bulb, __________________ was burned for illumination. 5. ___________________________ allows suppliers to bill for the actual amount of energy used rather than the number of lights illuminated per month. 6. Edisons Pearl Street Station operated on __________ current. This limited the _______________________________ to which he could transmit power. 7. The first _______________________ began operation in Appleton, Wisconsin. 8. Consumer demand for electric service quickly increased with the invention of ___________________________________________________________. 9. An example of a mode of electric transportation is the _____________________. 10. The discovery and harnessing of ________________________ current revolutionized the power industry. 11. Energy entrepreneurs bought smaller public utilities and created larger companies called _____________________________________________. 12. ________________________________________ are exclusive regional franchises granted in exchange for public control of the prices charged for service. 13. The ______________________________was created in 1920 to coordinate hydroelectric projects under federal control and later to regulate the sale of electricity and natural gas.
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14. The Federal Trade Commission launched an investigation into the practices of large utility ________________________________________________. 15. President Roosevelt signed into law the_________________________________ Act, which strenuously regulated the activities of holding companies. 16. The Federal Power Commission became the _________________________________ in 1977. 17. The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act allowed ________________________ to generate and sell electric power. 18. ________________________ is a process in which electricity and heat are produced at the same time from the same fuel or energy source. 19. In 1992, the Energy Policy Act marked the end of the concept of the natural monopoly and the beginning of ________________________ in the electric power industry. 20. The ________________________ consists of many interconnected electric generation, transmission, and distribution systems over a broad geographic area. 21. ________________________ means having uninterrupted access to electricity. 22. The passage of the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 gave ________________________________________________ the authority to enforce reliability standards. 23. Implementation of a smart grid system is intended to decrease ________________________ by increasing ________________________. 24. The ________________________ enforces rules requiring power plants that burn fossil fuels to reduce emissions of particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, lead, and mercury. 25. The ________________________________________________ established a system of emissions trading, commonly referred to as ________________________.
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26. Because particulate matter is smaller in diameter than a human hair, it can penetrate a persons ________________________ easily. 27. Three types of technologies for reducing air pollution include: ________________________, ________________________, and ________________________. 28. A ________________________ system has been proposed by Congress for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. 29. Plants generating power from ________________________ are overseen by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
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UnitAVocabularyActivity
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Across
4. __________________ power is generated by using moving water 7. a flow of electrons along a path, such as a conductive wire 8. acronym for the agency formed in 1968 in response to the 1965 blackout; enforces reliability standards 10. __________________company, a company which owns or holds stock in other companies, which it then manages and operates 11. acronym for the Act that severely limited acquisition of any wholesale or retail electric business through a holding company and restricted ownership of an electric business by non-utility corporations 13. ___________________ to serve; to provide electric service to any customer who seeks that service and is willing to pay the rates set for that service; traditionally, utilities have assumed this in return for an exclusive monopoly franchise 14. ______________ grid, the modernization of the current grid technology 15. acronym for the agency tasked with enforcing laws protecting human health and the environment 16. a device that changes the voltage of an electric current 17. _________________ Policy Act of 1992, marked the beginning of competition in the electric power industry 18. substances discharged into the air
Down
1. load _________________, when the peak demands of a variety of electric customers occur at different times 2. power loss affecting many consumers over a large geographical area for a significant period of time 3. negatively charged particle outside the nucleus of an atom 5. acronym for the agency that governs interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification 6. abbreviation for an electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals 7. the opposite of an insulator 9. ability to meet the electricity needs of customers even when equipment fails 12. process in which electricity and heat are produced at the same time from the same fuel 14. economies of ______________ occur when the cost of production falls because output has increased
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StudentHandoutforLabActivitySmoginaJar
Materialsneededforeachgroupof3or4students:
2glasscanningormayonnaisejars(or1toreuseifyouhaveaccesstoasink) papertowels 6icecubes 2tablespoonssalt aluminumfoil matches asmallamountofwater Trial1Directions: 1) 2) 3) 4) Createatightlidforthejaroutofaluminumfoil.Pressasmallindentationintothetop. Twistapieceofpapertowelintoarope. Lightthepapertowelropeanddropitintothedryjar.Coverimmediatelywiththefoillid. Place3icecubesintheindentationandsprinkle1tablespoonofsaltontheice.
Observation:Whathappensinsidethejar?
Trial2Directions:
1) Repeatsteps1and2withthesecondjar. 2) Tiltthejarandpourafewdropsofwaterintothejar.Wetthesidesonly. 3) Repeatsteps3and4(above).
Observation:Whathappensinsidethejarthistime?
Whatconclusionscanyoudrawaboutsmogfromthebehaviorofthesmokeundereachsetof conditions?
Underwhatweatherconditionsmightyoubemostlikelytoexperiencesmogintheatmosphere?
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StudentHandoutforUnitAActivityWhyRegulateEmissions?
ACTIVITY:WHYREGULATEEMISSIONS?
Variousfederal,state,andlocalagenciesregulatewhatcanandcannotbedischargedintotheenvironment.Inthisactivity,you(oryour assignedgroup)aretoresearchseveralregulatedpollutantsandcompletethetableprovidedbyyourinstructor. Potentialsourcesofinformation: ReducingAcidRain:http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/reducing/ NitrogenOxides:http://www.epa.gov/air/nitrogenoxides/index.html SulfurDioxide:http://www.epa.gov/air/sulfurdioxide/ ParticulateMatter:http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/basic.htmlandhttp://www.hcdoes.org/airquality/monitoring/pm.htm
Whatfuelgoesinto thesystem?
Whatcomes out?
Nitrogenoxides Sulfurdioxide Particulates
Releasedintoair, water,orsoil?
HumanActivity Sources
EffectsonHuman Health
Environmental Impact
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UnitAReviewQuestions
Answer these on another sheet of paper.
Section:HistoryoftheU.S.EnergyIndustryandInfrastructure
1. What is the significance of the Menlo Park research laboratory? 2. List five characteristics of the Pearl Street Station. 3. Name three inventions that boosted electric powers popularity among consumers. 4. Why is the alternating current system better than the direct current system for large-scale power?
Section:OriginofEconomicLawsandRegulations
5. What does a public utility do? 6. What were the advantages and disadvantages of public utility holding companies? 7. How is a natural monopoly different from a purely competitive market system? 8. Describe the problems with utility holding companies and how these problems were resolved through regulation. 9. Name two pieces of legislation that impacted natural gas utilities and describe the impact. 10. Describe the intent of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA). 11. Describe the North American power grid, the problems associated with it, and attempts to remedy those problems.
Section:OriginofEnvironmentalLawsandRegulations
12. Describe the intent of the Clean Air Act of 1970. 13. How is cap and trade supposed to reduce emissions? 14. How can power plants mitigate air pollution?
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Module1UnitAQuiz
This quiz covers the history of electricity; the development of the infrastructure of the U.S. energy industry; and the economic and environmental regulatory bodies that oversee the industry.
MultipleChoice
Circle the letters of all that apply. 1. Static electricity is the result of: a) c) the attraction of negative charges to other negative charges electrons being discharged b) the attraction of positive and negative charges d) electrons moving along a conductor 2. Alternating current was a better choice for public utilities because: a) c) it could be stepped down Edison designed underground conduits for it b) it was safer than direct current to the end user d) it could be distributed to a wider geographic area 3. Natural monopolies are characterized by: a) c) being unregulated serving a specific geographic area b) having public control of their pricing structure d) having no competition in their service area 4. The obligation to serve is: a) c) the requirement to provide a reliable power supply the same thing as a smart grid b) established by law d) the result of natural monopolies 5. The Clean Air Act of 1970 was designed to: a) c) prevent blackouts require power plants to install wet scrubbers, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators b) phase out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals d) regulate the release of carbon dioxide into the air
TrueFalse
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Thomas Sprague invented the incandescent light bulb. 2. Prior to the invention of the electric light bulb, burning coal was the primary source of illumination. 3. Pearl Street Station was powered by steam engines. 4. The invention of the transformer made providing DC power to individual customers easier. 5. Holding companies were created as an attempt to benefit from economies of scale. 6. Monopolies were outlawed in the U.S. by Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. 7. The intent of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act was to stamp out competition with utility companies. 8. Natural gas often serves as the fuel source in cogeneration. 9. A massive blackout on the East Coast led to an examination of the reliability of the electric grid.
Matching
_____ 1. Federal Power Commission _____ 2. Federal Trade Commission _____ 3. PUHCA of 1935 _____ 4. load diversity _____ 5. NERC _____ 6. Nuclear Regulatory Commission _____ 7. Energy Policy Act of 2005 _____ 8. Air Quality Index _____ 9. conductor _____10. Energy Policy Act of 1992
h) i) j) e) f) g) b) c) d) a) oversees use and possession of nuclear material and the management of nuclear power plants in the U.S. created to coordinate hydroelectric projects electrons flow freely through this material promoted the growth of natural gas as a fuel for generating electricity investigated the practices of utility holding companies gauge of how much pollution is in the air in many locations across the country prohibited energy holding companies from engaging in business other than the operation of a single utility when the peak demands of a variety of electric customers occur at different times organized to ensure the reliability of the power system gave NERC its power to enforce standards
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AnswerKeyforUnitAVocabularyActivity
1 3
D I V
B L A C K O U T
E L E C T R O
6 9 5 4
H Y D R O E L F E
E C T R I R S I Y
C U R R E N T O N C I N G
12
N E R C E L I
11 10
H O L D U
A B I
P U H C A T O
14
C
13
O B L G
15
G A T
O N
L I
16
S M A R T C L
17
E P A N R A T I
T R A N S F O R M E R Y E N E R G Y
18
E M I
S S
O N S N
Note: If you wish to use this activity for a grade, each of these words is worth approximately 5.5 points
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AnswerKeyforUnitAGuidedNoteTakingOutline
1. STATIC electricity comes from the attraction between two objects with different charges, positive (+) and negative (). It can give you quite a shock when ELECTRONS are discharged. 2. CURRENT electricity comes from the flow of electrons along a CONDUCTOR such as a metal wire. 3. Thomas Edison established a RESEARCHLABORATORY at Menlo Park, New Jersey. 4. Prior to the invention and commercialization of the electric light bulb, GASwas burned for illumination. 5. METERS/METERING allows suppliers to bill for the actual amount of energy used rather than the number of lights illuminated per month. 6. Edisons Pearl Street Station operated on DC current. This limited the DISTANCE/AREA to which he could transmit power. 7. The first HYDROELECTRICPOWERPLANT began operation in Appleton, Wisconsin. 8. Consumer demand for electric service quickly increased with the invention of ELECTRIC LIGHTING/HOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCES. 9. An example of a mode of electric transportation is the STREETCAR. 10. The discovery and harnessing of ALTERNATING current revolutionized the power industry. 11. Energy entrepreneurs bought smaller public utilities and created larger companies called HOLDINGCOMPANIES. 12. NATURALMONOPOLIES are exclusive regional franchises granted in exchange for public control of the prices charged for service. 13. The FEDERALPOWERCOMMISSION was created in 1920 to coordinate hydroelectric projects under federal control and later to regulate the sale of electricity and natural gas. 14. The Federal Trade Commission launched an investigation into the practices of large utility HOLDINGCOMPANIES. 15. President Roosevelt signed into law the PUBLICUTILITYHOLDINGCOMPANY/PUCHA Act, which strenuously regulated the activities of holding companies. 16. The Federal Power Commission became the FEDERALENERGYREGULATORY COMMISSION(FERC) in 1977. 17. The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act allowed NONUTILITIES to generate and sell electric power.
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18. COGENERATION is a process in which electricity and heat are produced at the same time from the same fuel or energy source. 19. In 1992, the Energy Policy Act marked the end of the concept of the natural monopoly and the beginning of COMPETITION in the electric power industry. 20. The ELECTRICGRID consists of many interconnected electric generation, transmission, and distribution systems over a broad geographic area. 21. RELIABILITY means having uninterrupted access to electricity. 22. The passage of the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 gave THENORTHAMERICAN RELIABILITYCORPORATION(NERC) the authority to enforce reliability standards. 23. Implementation of a smart grid system is intended to decrease BLACKOUTS by increasing RELIABILITY. 24. The ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY(EPA) enforces rules requiring power plants that burn fossil fuels to reduce emissions of particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, lead, and mercury. 25. The CLEANAIRACTOF1990 established a system of emissions trading, commonly referred to as CAPANDTRADE. 26. Because particulate matter is smaller in diameter than a human hair, it can penetrate a persons LUNGS easily. 27. Three types of technologies for reducing air pollution include: WETSCRUBBERS, CYCLONES, andELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORS. 28. A CAPANDTRADE system has been proposed by Congress for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. 29. Plants generating power from NUCLEARENERGY are overseen by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
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AnswerKeyforCriticalThinkingExerciseTruthorUrban Legend?
Jordan ran out of gas while mowing the lawn. He drove his pickup truck to the gas station to fill a portable container to take back to his lawnmower. Rather than lift a heavy can full of gas back into the bed of the truck, Jordan reasoned that it would be easier just to fill the can while it sat in the truck bed. He put the nozzle into the gas can and flipped the pump switch to the on position. A spark flew and the truck caught fire. Jordan escaped with minor burns, but the truck was damaged beyond repair. Could this really happen? Why or why not? Answer Yes, this could happen. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health reports fires have been spontaneously ignited when someone attempted to fill portable gasoline containers in the backs of pickup trucks equipped with plastic bed liners or in cars with carpeted surfaces. These fires resulted from the buildup of static electricity. The insulating effect of the bed liner or carpet prevents the static charge generated by gasoline flowing into the container from grounding. The discharge of this buildup to the grounded gasoline dispenser nozzle may cause a spark and ignite the gasoline. Both ungrounded metal (most hazardous) and plastic gas containers have been involved in these incidents. Follow-up Questions How can this be prevented? always place the gas can on the ground before filling (provides a path to dissipate the static charge to the ground) touch can with gas nozzle before removing can lid (provides another path to dissipate the static charge to the ground) keep nozzle in contact with can while filling (this dissipates the static charge buildup from the flow of gasoline)
What is the danger of static electricity? Static electricity can build up on the surface of an object and, under the right conditions, can discharge to a person, causing a shockelectrostatic discharge (ESD). The most familiar example of this is when a person reaches for a doorknob or other metal object on a cold, relatively dry day and receives a shock. However, static electricity also can cause shocks or can just discharge to an object with much more serious consequences, as when friction causes a high level of static electricity to build up at a specific spot on an object. This can happen simply through handling plastic pipes and materials or during normal operation of rubberized drive or machine belts found in many worksites. In these cases, for example, static electricity can potentially discharge when sufficient amounts of flammable or combustible substances are located nearby and cause an explosion. A small static spark can ruin an electronic device or computer chip.
The simplest way to prevent ESD is through grounding. A universal ground or common point ground is defined as a system or method for connecting two or more grounding conductors to the same electrical potential. Equipment and workstations are grounded to this common ground. The ESD Association recommends the identification of the common point ground with this symbol:
Other protective measures include the use of workspace anti-static tabletop mats and floor mats. Workers may also be required to wear heel straps that will increase the body-to-ground contact and wrist straps attached to an earth-to-ground connection that will channel static to ground.
AdditionalFacts
There is less static build-up in humidity. Styrofoam packing peanuts accumulate a static charge quickly. Note how they stick to the packed item and you. The common three-prong outlet has a ground slot that connects the outlet to a ground in the fuse box. Appliances with metal casings and computers use three-prong plugs to take advantage of the built-in ground.
ExamplesofStaticGeneration:TypicalVoltageLevels
Generation Activity Walking across carpet Walking across vinyl tile Standing and working at workstation tabletop Picking up a plastic bag from the workstation tabletop Fidgeting in chair with foam cushion
Voltage Generated at 10%-25% Relative Humidity 35,000 V 12,000 V 6,000 V 20,000 V 18,000 V
Voltage Generated at 65%-90% Relative Humidity 1,500 V 250 V 100 V 1,200 V 1,500 V
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References
Electrostatic Discharge Association. (2010). Fundamentals of electrostatic discharge, Part 1: Introduction to ESD. Rome, NY: ESD Association. Available online at: http://www.esda.org/documents/FundamentalsPart1.pdf Electrostatic Discharge Association. (2010). Fundamentals of electrostatic discharge, Part 3: Basic ESD control procedures and materials. Rome, NY: ESD Association. Available online at: http://www.esda.org/documents/FundamentalsPart3.pdf Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (2002). Controlling electrical hazards. Washington, DC: Department of Labor. Available online from http://63.234.227.130/Publications/osha3075.pdf
For additional information on grounding equipment, see the following commercial sites: Terra Universal (heel straps) http://www.terrauniversal.com/static_control/heel_straps.php United Static Control Products http://ultrastat2000.com/Floor_options_snaps_1.html
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AnswerKeytoCriticalThinkingExerciseDCvs.AC
Why does a regular battery lose power? Answer: Within a battery, such as the one shown in the PowerPoint presentation and below, there are cells that house one or more chemicals. As the chemicals react, electrons are removed from certain molecules, leaving behind positively charged ions. The electrons and ions are separated, and this charge separation creates a voltage. A battery is a collection of two or more of these cells connected together. The voltage produced by a cells chemical reaction depends on the materials used in the reaction. For example, a standard D cell flashlight battery uses an alkaline reaction and has a cell voltage of 1.5 volts. Most car batteries have six lead-acid cells, each with a cell voltage of 2.0 voltsyielding a 12-volt battery.
The voltage of a cell drops over the course of its life as the chemical reaction that produces the voltage slows down. When the voltage drops below the requirement for the device it is being used for, we say the battery is dead. Primary cells are those designed for one-time use, which is why we dont use them for many household appliances. Secondary cells can be recharged. In a typical recharging process, current is sent through the battery in a reverse direction. This reverses the direction of the chemical reaction and makes the material available again to produce voltage. TypesofPrimaryandSecondaryCellsforBatteries Primary(OneTimeUse)Cells
CellVoltage ChemicallyactiveMaterials
Secondary(Rechargeable)Cells
CellVoltage ChemicallyactiveMaterials
1.5 V 1.5 V 1.3 V 1.6 V 3.0 V 1.4 V
Carbon-Zinc Alkaline Mercury Silver Oxide Lithium Zinc-Air
2.0 V 1.2 V 1.2 V 3.6 V 3.0 V
Lead Acid Nickel-Cadmium Nickel Metal Hydride Lithium Ion Lithium Metal
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What are the benefits of AC over DC as a household power source? Answer: AC can be stepped up to be transmitted over large distances, reaching many more customers AC can easily be stepped down to provide safe household electrical current
The popularity of alternating current arises from its ability to transmit electrical energy great distances without large heat losses in the wires. In Edisons direct current system, he could only transmit electricity a short distance because it would experience a voltage drop over long distances. With the discovery of alternating current and the development of the transformer, power could be generated and stepped up to transmit at much, much higher voltagesmaking the voltage drops less importantand then stepped down to either a safe voltage level for household use or a higher than household voltage for industrial machinery. Edisons system was expensive; many local areas could not afford their own generating station. Since direct current could not be easily transformed to different voltages, his system also required separate lines for different voltages. As mentioned in the text, in terms of ACs business benefits over DC, the system demonstrated: economies of scale in generation, the need for only one wiring grid, the ability of generating stations to serve a wider area, and increased productivity from load diversity.
A flashlight battery is an example of modern household use of DC power, although it is not connected to the home wiring system. A flashlight battery is too weak to shock someone. Typical household AC current can give a dangerous shock, particularly on wet skin. Both of these scenarios are due to the amount of voltage being applied, not the type of current.
FollowupQuestions
Which shock is more dangerous, DC or AC? W.B. Kouwenhoven, professor of electrical engineering and assistant dean of engineering at The Johns Hopkins University, outlined the following criteria for determining the result of an electric shock: type of circuit, voltage, resistance, type of current, current pathway, and duration of contact.
How AC affects the body depends largely on frequency. Low-frequency (50- to 60-Hz) AC is used in U.S. (60 Hz) and European (50 Hz) households; it can be more dangerous than highEnergyIndustryFundamentalsModule1 53
frequency AC and is three to five times more dangerous than DC of the same voltage and amperage. Low-frequency AC produces extended muscle contraction (tetany), which may freeze the hand to the current's source, prolonging exposure. DC is most likely to cause a single convulsive contraction, which often forces the victim away from the current's source. AC's alternating nature has a greater tendency to throw the heart's pacemaker neurons into a condition of fibrillation, whereas DC tends to just make the heart stand still. Once the shock current is halted, a frozen heart has a better chance of regaining a normal beat pattern than a fibrillating heart. This is why defibrillating equipment used by emergency medics works: the jolt of current supplied by the defibrillator unit is DC, which halts fibrillation and gives the heart a chance to recover. In either case, electric currents high enough to cause involuntary muscle action are dangerous and are to be avoided at all costs. Physiological Effects of Electricity, Volume I DC, ELECTRICAL SAFETY
AdditionalFacts
Kouwenhoven originally devised the closed-chest defibrillator for power companies to use in resuscitating workers who had been electrocuted in the field. In addition to that, he founded closed-chest cardiac massage, now known as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which includes massaging the lungs as well as the heart), used to sustain a heartbeat after cardiac arrest by using only the hands. In part through grants from the Edison Electrical Institute, various power companies, and the National Heart Institute, Kouwenhoven investigated the health effects of high voltages on installers of power lines across the country. He studied autopsy reports for every case of death by electrocution in the country and was a leader in establishing electrical safety standards. W.B. Kouwenhoven, IEEE Global History Network
References
Cooper, M. A. (January 2009). Electrical injuries. The Merck manual online. Available online at: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec21/ch316/ch316b.html Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. (October 2009). William B. Kouwenhoven. IEEE Global History Network. Available online from: http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/William_B._Kouwenhoven Kuphaldt, T. R. (December 2009). Physiological effects of electricity. All about circuits: Volume I, DC. Available online at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_3/2.html
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AnswerKeytoCriticalThinkingExerciseObligationto Serve
What are the limits of obligation to serve? Answer Obligation to serve means that a natural gas or electric utility must provide service to any customer within their service area who requests it and is willing to pay the rates established by the state Public Utilities Commission for that service. Furthermore, it means that the utility should be planning for a reliable supply of gas or electricity in the future. This concept stems from utilities economic past, in which they were considered regulated monopolies. In response, the utility had an obligation to serve all those customers. They couldn't choose to serve only the most economically beneficial customers, they had to serve all customers within the area. To be considered a monopoly, the service must be necessary, widely used, and be without a good substitute. Obligation to serve does not mean the service is free. There are, however, assistance programs for those who cannot pay the entire amount. For example, the federal Low Income Energy Assistance Program, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/ Are there utilities or services similar to utilities that do not operate under an obligation to serve? Answer Utilities are seen as providing an essential service to a prescribed area. Services commonly considered essential and falling under the obligation to serve include: water, electricity, and gas. Companies providing cable television, telephone, and Internet service compete for individual consumers service contracts. These services are available from many providers. Garbage collection does not fall under the obligation to serve. It also is available from a variety of contractors. Waste-disposal companies usually compete for municipal contracts.
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AnswerKeyforLabActivitySmoginaJar
LABACTIVITY:SMOGINAJAR
Background Smogisamixtureofsmoke,waterdroplets,andgasestrappedneartheground.Thesegases includesulfuroxides,nitrogenoxides,carbonmonoxide,unburnedhydrocarbons,andozone. Smogdevelopswhenrisingairmeetsalayerofcoldairthatstopsitsrise.Watervapor condensesaroundsmokeparticles.Theendresultisacloudofdirtyparticlessuspendedinair. Materialsneededforeachgroupof3or4students:
2glasscanningormayonnaisejars(or1toreuseifyouhaveaccesstoasink) papertowels 2tablespoonssalt 6icecubes aluminumfoil
matches asmallamountofwater Trial1Directions: 1) Createatightlidforthejaroutofaluminumfoil.Pressasmallindentationintothetop. 2) Twistapieceofpapertowelintoarope. 3) Lightthepapertowelropeanddropitintothedryjar.Coverimmediatelywiththefoillid. 4) Place3icecubesintheindentationandsprinkle1tablespoonofsaltontheice. Observation:Whathappensinsidethejar? Asmokecloudforms.
Trial2Directions:
1) Repeatsteps1and2withthesecondjar. 2) Tiltthejarandpourafewdropsofwaterintothejar.Wetthesidesonly. 3) Repeatsteps3and4(above).
Observation:Whathappensinsidethejarthistime? Studentsshouldseethatthecloudofvaporformedinthisjarcontainingmoistureis somewhatdenserthanthecloudinthedryjar.Themoisturewasnecessaryfortheformation ofthesmog. Whatconclusionscanyoudrawaboutsmogfromthe behaviorofthesmokeundereachsetofconditions?
Moistureintheairisneededtocreatesmog.Fog,formedwhenmoistureinthecoolair(from theice)condensesclosetotheearth'ssurface(inthejar),becomessmogwhencombined withpollutants(fromtheburningpaper).Additionally,theclosedwallsofthejarsimulate theproximityofmountainstoavalleymountainswhichtendtoholdsmoginplace.(Less aircirculationmeansthatthesmogstaysaroundlonger.)
AnswerKeytoUnitAActivityWhyRegulateEmissions?
Potential sources of information: Reducing Acid Rain: http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/reducing/ Nitrogen Oxides: http://www.epa.gov/air/nitrogenoxides/index.html Sulfur Dioxide: http://www.epa.gov/air/sulfurdioxide/ Particulate Matter: http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/basic.html and http://www.hcdoes.org/airquality/monitoring/pm.htm
Whatfuelgoes intothesystem?
Coal,gasoline,diesel (fossilfuels)
Whatcomes out?
Nitrogenoxides
Releasedinto air,water,or soil?

Nitrogenoxidesare releasedintotheair firstandthenreact andcomedowninto waterandsoilas acidrain Sulfurdioxideis releasedintotheair firstandthenreacts andcomedowninto waterandsoilas acidrain Releasedintotheair
HumanActivity Sources
Vehicleexhaust, industrialandpower plantfurnaces
Effectson HumanHealth
Irritateslungs,eyes, throatandnose; fatalinhigh concentrations
EnvironmentalImpact
Reducesplantgrowthand seedproduction;damages fisheggs;reactswithother chemicalstoformacidrain
Coal,gasoline, kerosene,wood, tobacco
Sulfurdioxide
Fossilfuel combustionatpower plantsandindustrial facilitiesandinhome furnaces Fossilfuel combustionatpower plants;vehicle exhaust;road construction;steel mills;forestfires
Asthmaand worseningofother respiratoryillnesses suchasemphysema
Reactswithotherchemicals toformacidrain;stunts plantgrowth;
Coalandotherfossil fuels;wood;sand anddust
Particulates
Verysmallparticles canbeinhaledand enterthe bloodstream; asthma;irregular heartbeat; prematuredeath
Reducesvisibility;settles intosoilandwaterand changesnutrientcontent; interfereswith photosynthesis
If you wish to use this activity for a grade, there are 15 blanks the students must research and complete. Each is worth approximately 6 points.
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AnswerKeyforUnitAActivityCO2CapandTrade:ProorCon?
Students will find this general description of the Cap and Trade Activity in their text (Module 1, Unit B). You will need to give them very specific instructions so that you can assess their performance effectively. Consider giving them at least a week to complete this assignment.
ACTIVITY:CO2CAPANDTRADE:PROORCON?
Theneedforcappingcarbonemissionshasbeenvigorouslydebatedbyscientists,electedofficials, regulatoryagencies,industryrepresentatives,andthegeneralpublic.Divideinto10groupsof2to3 students.Eachgroupwillbeassignedanaffiliation(scientist,forexample)andaside(fororagainst carboncapandtrade)andwillinvestigatetheissuesandconcernsofinteresttotheiraffiliatedgroup. Equipmentrequired:ComputerwithInternetaccessforresearch Optional:PowerPoint,posterboard,andmarkers Researchquestionstobeaddressed: Whoisyouraffiliatedgroup? Whyareyouinterestedincarbonemissions? Whatisyourpointofview(proorcon)? Whatwillhappenifyouraffiliatedgroupisnotabletopersuadeothers? Youwillbeaskedtopresentyourpersuasiveargumenttotheclass.
Considerthefollowing:

Do you want the team members to take on specific roles within the project (i.e., researcher, writer, artist, primary speaker), or do you want them each to work on all parts of the assignments? What kind of project deliverable do you wish to see? A short research paper? A community action flyer designed to encourage others to support their point of view? A presentation before the city council or a Congressional hearing? Will you give a grade or points for the group process in addition to the outcome/product? Will you allow students to contribute to the assessment process by providing feedback on how their teammates contributed to the project? Will you have the class vote on the most persuasive presentations? (And perhaps write a follow-up paragraph on why they were swayed by that argument.) The following rubric gives you some ideas on how to assess student work on this activity. You will want to add criteria of your own and then provide a copy of this to each of the students, as it spells out your expectations clearly.
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LearnerExpectations CO2CAPANDTRADE:PROORCON?
Criteria
Studentname _______________________________________________ Affiliatedgroup______________________________________________ ProorCon? _________________________________________________
CO2CAPANDTRADE Rubricp.1 StudentLearning Objectives

Student team describes its constituency thoroughly (five components for full credit) Student team cites five resources correctly (not Wikipedia) Student team is able to correctly describe the concept of cap and trade
Demonstrates: ability to research general and specific information about the topic; understanding of key concepts; ability to focus on a particular viewpoint; ability to document, organize, and present a persuasive argument
EXCELLENT5 pts 100% proficiency GOOD4-3 pts 90%-85% proficiency ADEQUATE2 pts 75%-70% proficiency UNSATISFACTORY1 pt Less than 70% proficiency Insufficient evidence0 pts
Field in which person works; educational level; income level; grassroots/political activity level Presentation refers to five sources Presentation explains concept correctly and describes both economic and environmental issues related to cap and trade Presenters identify issues on both sides and can articulate their opponents best argument
Three of the five characteristics are described
Two of the five characteristics are described
One of the five characteristics is described
No characteristics are described
Presentation refers to three or four sources Presentation explains concept correctly and describes either economic or environmental issues related to cap and trade Presenters identify issues on both sides
Presentation refers to two sources Presentation explains concept of cap and trade correctly
Presentation refers to one source Presentation explains concept of cap and trade incorrectly
Presentation refers to no sources Presentation makes no attempt to explain cap and trade
Student team identifies both the pros and cons of the issue as studied by their assigned person
Presenters identify issues on their side only
Presenters understand issues but not the pros and cons of those issues
Presenter identifies no issues or sides
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Criteria
CO2CAPAND TRADERubricp.2
StudentLearning Objectives
Students articulate their sides arguments (plural) and support them through research Students can refute their opponents best arguments by anticipating and researching them
Demonstrates: ability to research general and specific information about the topic; understanding of key concepts; ability to focus on a particular viewpoint; ability to document, organize, and present a persuasive argument
EXCELLENT5 pts 100% proficiency GOOD4-3 pts 90%-85% proficiency ADEQUATE2 pts 75%-70% proficiency UNSATISFACTORY1 pt Less than 70% proficiency Insufficient evidence0 pts
Presenters articulate their own sides best arguments and support those arguments with research Presenters have anticipated their opponents arguments, researched them, and refuted them
Presenters articulate their own sides best arguments but with little support for those arguments with research Presenters have anticipated their opponents arguments, researched them, but are unable to refute them
Presenters articulate one of their sides best arguments, but do not support that argument from research Presenters have anticipated their opponents arguments, have not researched them, but are still able to refute them
Presenters articulate their sides best argument (but no others), and offer no research support
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AnswerKeyforUnitAReviewQuestions
Section:HistoryoftheU.S.EnergyIndustryandInfrastructure
1. What is the significance of the Menlo Park research laboratory? ThisfacilitywasbegunbyThomasEdisonasalaboratorywhereheandscientistshe hiredcouldworkoninventionsinvolvingelectricity. 2. List five characteristics of the Pearl Street Station. EstablishedbyThomasEdison Oneofthefirstelectricitygeneratingplants Poweredbysteamengines Provideddirectcurrentonly Coulddistributeelectricitytoaverysmallarea Wasconnectedthroughundergroundconduits
3. Name three inventions that boosted electric powers popularity among consumers: Electrichouseholdappliances Electricstreetcars Electricincandescentlighting
4. Why is the alternating current system better than the direct current system for large-scale power? Electricitycanbesentlongerdistances Abilitytoachieveeconomiesofscaleingenerationinwhichthecostofproduction decreasesbecauseoutputhasincreased Theneedforonlyonewiringgrid Theabilitytotakeadvantageofloaddiversityinwhichthepeakdemandsofa varietyofelectriccustomersoccuratdifferenttimes
Section:OriginofEconomicLawsandRegulations
5. What does a public utility do? Apublicutilityprovidesandmaintainstheinfrastructureforprovidingvitalpublic servicessuchasgas,electric,water,orwastedisposalservice. 6. What were the advantages and disadvantages of public utility holding companies? Aholdingcompanycouldgrowverylargeandthustakeadvantageofaneconomyof scaleandmakemoremoneyforitsinvestors.Ultimately,consumerssufferedfroman increaseinprices.
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7. How is a natural monopoly different from a purely competitive market system? Inanaturalmonopoly,autilitycompanywouldbegrantedanexclusiveregional franchiseinreturnforpubliccontrolofthepriceschargedforservices.Inapurely competitivesystem,severalcompaniescouldvieforthesameregionalcustomers. 8. Describe the problems with utility holding companies and how these problems were resolved through regulation. Holdingcompaniesbuiltpyramidstructuresinwhichfewstockholderscontrolled electriccompaniesnationwide.Stateshadadifficulttimeregulatingtheholding companiesbecausetheyconductedbusinessacrossmanydifferentstates.Consumers sufferedfromtheincreasedcostofelectricity.TheFederalTradeCommission investigatedthesepractices.RooseveltsignedintolawthePublicUtilityHolding CompanyActof1935,whichrequiredholdingcompaniestodownsize,runonlyutility ventures,incorporateinthestatewhichtheyserveorberegulatedbytheSecurities andExchangeCommission(SEC),registerwiththeSEC,andberestructuredbytheSECif theydonotcomply. 9. Name two pieces of legislation that impacted natural gas utilities and describe the impact. TheNaturalGasActof1938:restrictedthepricesthatgascompaniescouldcharge consumers TheEnergyPolicyActof1992:promotedgrowthintheuseofnaturalgasasafuelin electricitygeneration 10. Describe the intent of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA). PURPAwasintendedtoreduceU.S.dependencyonforeignoil,promoteenergy efficiency,developalternativefuelsources,anddiversifytheelectricpowerindustry. 11. Describe the North American power grid, the problems associated with it, and attempts to remedy those problems. ThegridisdividedintothreemajorsectionscoveringalloftheU.S.andCanadaand partsofMexico.Itisdesignedtoprovideenoughpowerduringpeakloadtimesasa partofitsreliability.Severedisruptionsinservice,calledblackouts,canoccur.The NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporation(NERC)wasestablishedandsets standardsforreliability.Thenextstepinensuringreliabilityistheimplementationofa smartgridsystem.
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Section:OriginofEnvironmentalLawsandRegulations 12. Describe the intent of the Clean Air Act of 1970. TheCleanAirActof1970anditsamendmentsaredesignedtoreduceairpollutionthat causessmog,acidrain,cancerandotherhealthproblems;phaseoutozonedepleting chemicals;requirecompaniesthatreleasepollutionintotheairtoobtainpermits;and strengthentheabilityofEPAtoenforceairqualitystandards. 13. How is cap and trade supposed to reduce emissions? Emissionstradingsetsamaximumamountofemissionsthatcanbereleasedintothe atmosphere,bututilitiescanbuyandsellpermitstoreleasemore.Pollutionreduction hasamarketvalueasaresult,andutilitycompanieshavetheincentivetoinstall technologythatreducespollution. 14. How can power plants mitigate air pollution? Powerplantscanmitigateairpollutionthroughtheinstallationoftechnologiessuchas scrubbers,cyclones,andelectrostaticprecipitators.
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AnswerKeyforModule1UnitAQuiz
This quiz covers the history of electricity; the development of the infrastructure of the U.S. energy industry; and the economic and environmental regulatory bodies that oversee the industry.
MultipleChoice
Circle the letters of all that apply. 1. Static electricity is the result of: a) the attraction of negative charges to other negative charges B) THEATTRACTIONOFPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVECHARGES C) ELECTRONSBEINGDISCHARGED d) electrons moving along a conductor 2. Alternating current was a better choice for public utilities because: A) ITCOULDBESTEPPEDDOWN b) it was safer than direct current to the end user c) Edison designed underground conduits for it D) ITCOULDBEDISTRIBUTEDTOAWIDERGEOGRAPHICAREA 3. Natural monopolies are characterized by: a) being unregulated B) HAVINGPUBLICCONTROLOFTHEIRPRICINGSTRUCTURE C) SERVINGASPECIFICGEOGRAPHICAREA D) HAVINGNOCOMPETITIONINTHEIRSERVICEAREA 4. The obligation to serve is: A) THEOBLIGATIONTOPROVIDEARELIABLEPOWERSUPPLY b) established by law c) the same thing as a smart grid D) THERESULTOFNATURALMONOPOLIES
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5.The Clean Air Act of 1970 was designed to: a) c) prevent blackouts require power plants to install wet scrubbers, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators B) PHASEOUTTHEUSEOFOZONEDEPLETINGCHEMICALS d) regulate the release of carbon dioxide into the air
TrueFalse
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Thomas Sprague invented the incandescent light bulb. 2. Prior to the invention of the electric light bulb, burning coal was the primary source of illumination. 3. Pearl Street Station was powered by steam engines. 4. The invention of the transformer made providing DC power to individual customers easier. 5. Holding companies were created as an attempt to benefit from economies of scale. 6. Monopolies were outlawed in the U.S. by Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. 7. The intent of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act was to stamp out competition with utility companies. 8. Natural gas often serves as the fuel source in cogeneration. 9. A massive blackout on the East Coast led to an examination of the reliability of the electric grid.
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Matching
B E G H I A J F C D 1. Federal Power Commission 2. Federal Trade Commission 3. PUHCA of 1935 4. load diversity 5. NERC 6. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 7. Energy Policy Act of 2005 8. Air Quality Index 9. conductor 10. Energy Policy Act of 1992
h) i) j) f) g) b) c) d) e) a) oversees use and possession of nuclear material and the management of nuclear power plants in the U.S. created to coordinate hydroelectric projects electrons flow freely through this material promoted the growth of natural gas as a fuel for generating electricity investigated the practices of utility holding companies gauge of how much pollution is in the air in many locations across the country prohibited energy holding companies from engaging in business other than the operation of a single utility when the peak demands of a variety of electric customers occur at different times organized to ensure the reliability of the power system gave NERC its power to enforce standards
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UnitAResources
Abramson, L. (Producer). (2009, April 30). Young Workers Find Opportunity in the Power Industry [Audio Podcast]. All Things Considered. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103629929 Allen, N. (Reporter). (1965, November 9). The 1965 'Great Northeastern Blackout' [Audio Podcast]. CBC Digital Archives. http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/5031/ Brindlecombe, P. (1993). Case Study: The History and Ethics of Clean Air. In R. Berry (Ed.), Environmental Dilemmas: Ethics and Decisions (pp. 73-74). London: Chapman & Hall. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. What is FERC? http://www.ferc.gov/students/whatisferc/history.htm Galvin Electricity Initiative. (2007). Power Through Time: Energy Timeline. http://www.galvinpower.org/history/energy-timeline-power-through-time Halpin, J. (2009). Metuchen Edison History. http://www.jhalpin.com/metuchen/metindex.htm Heath, D. Benjamin Franklin: How Shocking. http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/exp_shocking.html Hurt, A. (2009). Visualizing the Electric Grid http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=110997398 Johnson City Power Board. (2010). Basic Electricity: What Is It? http://www.jcpb.com/quickLinks/basicElectricity/what.asp National Park Service. (2010, October 6). Thomas Edison National Historic Site. http://www.nps.gov/edis/faqs.htm National Service Center for Environmental Publications, Initials. Project A.I.R.E. (Air Information Resources for EducatorsInstructional Materials). http://tinyurl.com/2wmcevz Naturalgas.org. (2010). Naturalgas.org History. http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/history.asp U.S. Energy Information Administration, (2000). The Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry. http://www.eia.gov/ftproot/other/x037.pdf U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2010, January 7). Energy and the Environment. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/?page=environment_home Uth, R. (2000, December 12). Tesla: Master of Lightning. http://www.pbs.org/tesla/index.html Walsh, B. (2010, June 23). The Electrifying Edison. TIME.com. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1999143_1999200,00.html
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UnitAMaterialsandEquipmentListforDiscretionary Activities
computer with Internet access for research computer with PowerPoint software installed, screen, and projector poster board and markers 2 glass canning or mayonnaise jars (or 1 to re-use if you have access to a sink) paper towels 6 ice cubes 2 tablespoons salt aluminum foil matches a small amount of water
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UnitB:TheEnergyIndustry:Structure andOrganization

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UnitBInstructorGuide
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UnitBOverview
We rarely think about the vital presence of energy in our daily lives until there is some type of interruption in services that provide our modern-day conveniences. An enormous number of people and systems must work together on a local and national scale to meet the constant energy needs of consumers in the United States. The U.S. electric power system is an integrated system of interconnecting networks composed of generating plants, transmission facilities and lines, and local distribution facilities and lines. Generation, transmission, and distribution entities must work in a cooperative manner to provide reliable, adequate, and safe power to customers. In this unit students will gain an understanding of the basic structure of the electric energy industry and will also follow Shawn and Brianna as they look for ways to reduce their electricity bill.
LearnerExpectations(SLOs)forUnitB
Explain the different structures of energy companies. Explain the different types of energy businesses. Identify the role and function of generation, transmission, and distribution organizations. Describe the process of electric metering and billing for energy consumption.
UnitBTeachingStrategies
What teaching and learning experiences will equip students to demonstrate the targeted understandings?
Teamwork
Independent and group learning via research with textbooks and Internet sites. Independent and small group work in collection of data.
CriticalThinking
Small and large group discussions. Collection and evaluation of information and data.
ProjectBasedLearning
Conducting activities and technical skills related to the learner expectations. Independent and group learning via research with textbooks and Internet sites.
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ASSESSMENTSTRATEGIES
EmbeddedAssessment
There are opportunities for assessment embedded within the unit in addition to the strategies listed above. Instructors can identify and select areas of embedded assessment within the unit, and define or assign specific parameters of student understanding or achievement. Examples include the embedded assessment of: Mastery of content through discussion and questioning. Reasoning skills through observation of critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. Mastery of technical skills through completion of activities and procedures.
AdditionalStrategies
Instructors may choose to use the following assessment strategies in a variety of ways to meet their specific assessment needs. Instructors should select or customize strategies that are appropriate for the content they are assessing. Instructors should take the initiative to make modifications to customize the strategies for implementation in their classrooms. Strategies can be modified by an instructor to assess different levels of student understanding. Student participation in individual and group activities. Student completion of assigned activities: Quizzes Crosswords Guided Note-taking Review questions Discussion
The instructor should evaluate the performance task items and review their evaluation with the students.
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PacingChartforUnitBLessonDelivery
MODULE1,UNITB:THEENERGYINDUSTRYSTRUCTUREANDORGANIZATION Lesson1
Students should read the sections of the text called, Overview of the Energy System, Petroleum Energy, and Natural Gas Energy. These pages provide an overview of the energy system in the United States. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. In the Activity: Pipeline Transportation Systems students will explore and analyze pipeline transportation concepts. The Career Profile: Pipeline Engineer, is provided to give students an idea of one of many career opportunities in pipeline services.
Student text: Overview of the Energy System, Petroleum Energy, Natural Gas Energy Guided Note-taking Outline, 1-4 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Pipeline Transportation Systems (embedded in text) Website (videos): Ultimate Engineering covers the design and construction of the worlds longest sub-sea, natural-gas pipeline. Exciting technology involved includes computer simulation and robotics. http://youtu.be/PnRoJ80WDnU (clip 1) There are a series of seven short clips or the 14-minute DVD can be ordered from http://amazon.com or https://www.createspace.com/289395
Lesson2
Students should read the sections of the text called Electrical Energy, Electric Power Generation, Fossil Fuel, Nuclear, and Hydroelectric and Renewable Sources. These pages provide an overview of the electrical energy system in the United States, taking a look at electrical power generation and the different electrical energy fuel sources. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary.
Student text: Electrical Energy, Electric Power Generation, Fossil Fuel, Nuclear, Hydroelectric and Renewable Sources Guided Note-taking Outline, 5-9 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Key Facts About the Electric Industry: http://www.eei.org/whoweare/AboutInd ustry/Pages/KeyFacts.aspx Additional student background materials available in the Secondary Energy Sourcebook produced by Project NEED, http://www.need.org/needpdf/Secondary %20Energy%20Infobook.pdf Accompanying worksheets and activities available in the Secondary Energy Sourcebook Activities: http://www.need.org/needpdf/Secondary %20Infobook%20Activities.pdf
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MODULE1,UNITB:THEENERGYINDUSTRYSTRUCTUREANDORGANIZATION Lesson3:
Students should read the sections of the text titled Electric Power Transmission and Electric Power Distribution. These pages provide a continued overview of the electrical energy system in the United States and of electrical power transmission and distribution. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. Students will have the opportunity to hold a debate about an electrical service-related topic in Activity: Debate. The debate topic of open transmission access has been provided, but instructors should feel free to provide alternate topics.
Student text: Electric Power Transmission, Electric Power Distribution Guided Note-taking Outline, 10-11 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Debate (embedded in text)
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MODULE1:UNITB:THEENERGYINDUSTRYSTRUCTUREANDORGANIZATION
Lesson4
Students should read the sections of the unit text called Introduction, Scenario: A Trip to the Power Company, What is a Public Utility? and Utility Service Standards. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. Have students read Scenario: A Trip to the Power Company and Career Profile: Customer Service Representative. With older students, ask them if they are responsible for paying their own bills. Can they relate to the couple with the high bills? With younger students who are still living at home, ask them if they have ever looked at their familys utility bills. Ask who their energy suppliers are. While this unit focuses on electricity, many students may have additional energy bills for natural gas, heating oil, and other utilities. Prior to the activity you should collect example electricity bills from various individuals or ask students to bring in copies of their own electricity bills. Before sharing them, black out or replace the names and addresses on the bills with made-up names and addresses or simply label them Bill 1, Bill 2, and so forth. Ideally every student should have at least one bill to review. The research activity could be completed even without having actual bills. Allow students to use the Internet to research energy-saving ideas. Discuss the types of information found on the bills, If sufficient bills are available, do some simple statistics such as mean, median, and mode for the aggregated data. If bills cover multiple seasons, see if there are significant differences that could be caused by seasonal heating and cooling for instance. Ask students what type of electricity meter they have at their home: analog or digital. If students have smart meters in their homes, they should be able to access usage data online through their power company. Have them research how to do this and make a list of the types of data they can get regarding their usage. If students still have analog meters, review how the kWh usage is read from the meter. Point out that the dials rotate in alternating directions. Let them read the two meters at the end of the scenario. The analog reading is 34,065 kWh and the digital meter shows 7,124 kWh. For the Activity: Energy Audit/Efficiency Spokesperson, contact your local power company. A guest speaker will help students become more familiar with the benefits of home energy audits and techniques for conserving energy and reducing their monthly bill.
Student text: Introduction, Scenario: A Trip to the Power Company, What is a Public Utility? Utility Service Standards Guided Note-taking Outline, 12-14 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity Worksheet: Reading Your Electricity Bill Career Profile: Customer Service Representative Activity: Energy Audit/Efficiency Spokesperson (embedded in text) Websites: How to Read Your Electric Meter http://www.bounceenergy.com/texas/cho ice-education/how-to-read-your-electricmeter How to Read Your Smart Electric Meter http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/readM eter.shtml Online Usage Calculator http://www.consumerspower.org/home_ energy/billestimator.php Reading Electricity Bills http://www.pickocc.org/publications/ele ctric/Electric_Bill_Made_Easy.pdf Reading Gas and Electricity Meters http://www.gocompare.com/guides/gasand-electricity-bills.aspx
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Lesson5
Students should read the sections of the text called InvestorOwned Utilities, Municipal Utilities, Cooperatives, Government Owned, and Independent Power Producers. These pages describe the different business structures of utility companies. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. The Activity: Energy Utilities Business Structure provides students with an opportunity to do additional research pertaining to the different business structures covered in this lesson.
Student text: Investor-Owned Utilities, Municipal Utilities, Cooperatives, Government Owned, Independent Power Producers Guided Note-taking Outline, 15-26 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Energy Utilities Business Structure (embedded in text)
Lesson6
Students should read the sections of the text titled: Demand for Electrical Energy, Residential, Commercial, and Industrial. These pages describe the demand for electrical energy in the United States. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. In the Activity: Electricity Demand Questionnaire and Poll students will create a brief electricity-use questionnaire to conduct a poll. Note: Students may opt to use a free online survey tool to create and administer their poll. See: http://zoomerang.com or http://surveymonkey.com In the Activity: Residential Electricity Demand students will brainstorm ways in which they use electricity in their homes. The Activity: Commercial Electricity Demand requires groups of students to investigate the commercial demand for electrical energy in their community. The Activity: Industrial Electricity Demand requires students to research and answer questions about the industrial use of electricity in their communities.
Student text: Demand for Electrical Energy, Residential, Commercial, Industrial Guided Note-taking Outline, 27-30 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Electricity Demand Questionnaire and Poll (embedded in text) Activity: Residential Electricity Demand (embedded in text) Activity: Commercial Electricity Demand (embedded in text) Activity: Industrial Electricity (embedded in text) Additional student background materials available in the Learning and Conserving Student Guide, produced by Project NEED, http://www.need.org/needpdf/Learning% 20Conserving%20Student%20Guide.pdf Accompanying activities available in the Learning and Conserving Teacher Guide, http://www.need.org/needpdf/Learning% 20Conserving%20Teacher%20Guide.pdf

Lesson7
Students should read the sections of the unit called The National Electricity System, Organizations, North American Reliability Council, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Independent System Operators, and Regional Transmission Organizations. These pages describe the structure of the electricity system in the United States. You may wish to have them complete the applicable parts of the Guided Note-taking handout and look up underlined vocabulary words in the unit glossary. Students can complete the Activity: Electricity Reliability to explore the occurrences of electricity disruptions in their community. In the Activity: Independent System Operator students will research what ISO is responsible for oversight of their community. In the Activity: Regional Transmission Operator students will research what RTO is responsible for oversight of their community.
Student text: The National Electricity System, Organizations, North American Reliability Council, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Independent System Operators, Regional Transmission Organizations Guided Note-taking Outline, 31-37 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Electricity Reliability (embedded in text) Activity: Independent System Operator (embedded in text) Activity: Regional Transmission Operator (embedded in text) Websites: FERC Order 888 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ordreg/land-docs/order888.asp FERC Order 889 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ordreg/land-docs/order889.asp FERC Order 2000 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ordreg/land-docs/RM99-2A.pdf NERC Standards http://www.nerc.com/page.php?cid=2%7 C20
SupplementaryActivity
Activity: NERC and FERC Standards and Regulations Provide copies of NERC and FERC standards for your students to refer to in class (Orders 888, 889, and 2000). Have students discuss the purpose and intent of the standards. Describe the overall organization of NERC and FERC standards with your students. Alternatively, students (individually or in teams) could be assigned specific portions of the standards and regulations to research using the links provided.
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UnitWrapActivity
AuthenticUtilityCompanyVisitandReport Obtain permission and give students an opportunity for a field trip to an energy utility company. Set up a visit with company representatives who can speak about concepts covered in Unit B such as: The companys service standards. The companys business structure. Demand for the companys product/services. Sectors of customers that are served by the company. How the company fits into the national electricity system. How the company is affected by regulatory agencies such as the North American Reliability Council, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission What types of careers the company offers
Student text Glossary Guided Note-taking Outline Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Unit A Vocabulary Exercise Crossword Puzzle Answer Key for Crossword Puzzle Unit A Review Questions Answer Key for Unit A Review Questions Unit A Quiz Answer Key for Unit A Quiz
Have students take notes regarding pertinent business structure and organization content and other applicable subject matter that has been presented in this unit. In preparation for the field trip, consider requiring each student to craft one very specific question on an appropriate topic. Have students compile their notes into a formal report.
UnitReview
Orally review and discuss key concepts from Unit B with students. Have students complete the review questions for Unit B. Have students complete the crossword puzzle for Unit B. Answer student questions.
UnitQuiz
Have students complete the quiz for Unit B.
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UnitBStudentMaterials

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UNITB:THEENERGYINDUSTRY: STRUCTUREANDORGANIZATION
OverviewoftheEnergySystem
Energyisessentialinourdailylives.Americansuseanenormousamountofenergyintheirdaily lives,athome,onthejob,duringrecreation,intransportation,andthelistgoesonandon. Whatisenergy?Energyistheabilitytodowork,toliftanobject,ortostartitmoving,for instance.Energyisneededtoprovideuswithheatandlightandpower.Whenweneedheat andlightandpower,weneedenergy.Togettous,electricalenergyisgenerated,transmitted anddistributed.IntheUnitedStates,ourmainsourcesofenergyarethefossilfuelsoil,natural gas,andcoal.
U.S.EnergyInformationAgency
EnergyfromPetroleum
Thepetroleumbasedsegmentoftheenergyindustryincludesthe exploration,extraction,production,storage,processing, transportation,control,anddistributionofcrudeandrefined petroleumbasedproducts.Youusemanypetroleumbasedproducts onadailybasissuchasdiesel,gasoline,andheatingoilandalsonon energypetroleumproductslikeplastics.Whilepetroleumisavery versatilecompound,intheU.S.itsuseisprimarilyasfuelfor transportation.
OilandNaturalGasSystems
ExplorationandExtraction ProcessingandStorage ControlSystems TransportandDistribution
Pipelinesplayanimportantroleinthepetroleumenergysector. Whilepipelinesareusedforthetransportationofvariousgoods,perhapsthemostwidespread useofpipelinetransportationisforthetransferofpetroleumproducts.
EnergyfromNaturalGas
rightsreserved.
Naturalgasisafuelthatcanbeusedtocookfood,heatwater,heatandcoolhomes,andto performthousandsofusefultasksinshops,plants,andfactories.Itismademostlyofmethane,
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anodorless,colorless,andtastelessgas.Youareprobablyfamiliarwiththedistinctiveodorof naturalgas,however.Becauseofthehazardsassociatedwithgasleaks,asasafetyprecautiona scentedchemicalisinjectedintothegas.Evensmallgasleakscanthenbedetectedand stopped.Mostofthegasinpipelines,andallofthegasincityutilitysystems,istreatedthis way. Therearesimilaritiesbetweenthepetroleumandnaturalgassectorsoftheutilityindustry.For example,bothoffertheopportunityforcareersintheexploration,extraction,production, storage,processing,transportation,control,anddistribution.Bothalsorelyheavilyon pipelines.Thenaturalgasindustryhasconstructedover200,000milesoflargediameter pipelinesfortransportinggas. Thenaturalgassystemstartswithexplorationand extractionthroughgaswells.Oncenaturalgasis extractedfromthegroundinonshoreoroffshorefields,it isprocessedthroughcleaningandtreatmentsystems beforeitentersthelong distancepipelines.
2010,PG&E.Allrightsreserved
Tomovenaturalgasfromthe NaturalGasStorage placeswhereitisproducedto theplaceswhereitisneeded, Naturalgascanbeliquefied thenaturalgasindustryhas forthepurposeof constructedmorethan200,000 transportationorstorage. milesoflargediameter LiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG) pipelines.Aftercleaningand takesupabout600times lessspacethangaseous processing,pipelinesthen statenaturalgas. movethegastoacompressor stationoragasstoragefield beforebeingfedagainintohighpressuretransmission lines.Transmissionlinesmaybeburiedorsuspendedto crossriversorotherobstructions.Regulatorsonthe transmissionlinesreducepressureforhighandlow pressuredistributionmains.Distributionmainsconnectto localvalves,whichprovideawaytoisolatesectionsofthe mainformaintenanceorrepair.Individualserviceconnectionsareattachedtoeachhomeor business.
Alocalgascompanyreceivesnaturalgasfromthelongdistancepipelineatwhatiscalledacity gatestation.Thisistheconnectingpointwherethepipelinejoinsthelocalgascompanys systemofundergroundpiping,thelocaldistributionsystem. Afterpassingthroughthecitygatestation,thegasenterstheundergroundnetworkofpipesof thelocaldistributionsystem.Pipescarrythegasunderthestreetstobuildingsinthe community.Theseprincipalundergroundpipesarecalledgasmains.
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Localgasdistributionsystemsaredividedintosections.Eachsectioncanbeshutoffbyclosinga valveinthestreetmain.Thesevalvescanbeclosedinemergencysituations.Theservicepipes thatsupplygastoconsumershomesareusuallyoneortwoinchesindiameter.Aservicepipe extendsfromthestreetmainundergroundtoahomegasmeter.Gasflowsthroughthemeter intothepipesthatsupplyyourrange,waterheater,homeheatingfurnaceorboiler,andthe othergasappliancesinyourhome.
ACTIVITY:PipelineTransportationSystems
Usingresourcesinthelibraryoronlinesources,findgeneralinformationregardingpipeline transportationandspecificinformationregardingpipelinetransportationofpetroleum products. Research,explore,andanalyzethefollowingconceptsastheypertaintopipeline transportationsystems: Advantagesanddisadvantages Costeffectiveness Producttimeintransit Leadtimeforsuppliers Consistency(deliverytimevariability) Flexibility(adjustmenttoshippersneeds) Lossordamage Safety Accessibility Hypothesizeandresearchwhatvariablesaffectqualityassurancefactorsinpipeline transportationsystems. Researchwhatgovernmentregulationsandenvironmentalconstraintsapplytopipeline transportationsystems.
CAREERPROFILE:PipelineEngineer
MonicaM.isapipelineengineerforapetroleumcompany.Monicadirects,reviews,and approvesthepreparationofpipelineprojectdrawingsandotherengineeringdocuments requiredforpermitting,rightofwayacquisition,bidding,andconstructionofpipelinesfor hercompany.Monicamusthaveknowledgeofcompliancewithcontractinformation requirements,codes,andstandardsregulatedbyclients,governmentalagencies,regulatory departments,environmentalandlandsubcontractors,landowners,andothers. MonicasaysMyfavoritepartofmyjobisperformingtechnicalengineeringassignmentslike pipelinerouteselection.Itslikesolvingapuzzle,Ihavetotakemanyvariablesinto considerationsuchasconstructability,theenvironmentalandrightofwayimpacts.Monica usesherknowledgeofconstructionmethodstocreatepipelinedesignsforintrastateand interstatepipelinesystems. Monicatravelstojobsitesandprojectmeetingsasnecessaryandalsoservesasatechnical expertinmeetingswithcustomersandvendors.Monicasayssheenjoysthechallengesof analyzingdatatosolveproblemsandisproudofthequalitycontrolfunctionssheperforms thatensuresafeandefficientpipelineoperations.
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ElectricalEnergy
Theelectricalenergysystemhastogenerateandtransferelectricitybasedonthedemandof customers,whichrequiresthesystemtoimmediatelyrespondtocustomersenergyneeds.This requiresthecarefulcoordinationofgeneration,transmission,anddistributionofelectrical energyforcustomers24hoursaday,365daysperyear. Historically,electriccompanieswereverticallyintegratedinthatelectricutilitycompanies providedgeneration,transmission,anddistributionservices.Thishaschangedsomewhatto lessverticallyintegratedstructuresduetorecentregulatorychangesoccurringintheindustry inwhichgeneration,transmission,anddistributionservicesarenowcommonlyseparate entities. Thesourceofelectricityusedbyconsumersvaries.Someutilitiesgeneratealltheelectricity theysell,whileotherutilitiesactuallypurchasesomeoftheirneededsupplyonthewholesale marketfromotherpowerproducers.
ElectricPowerGeneration
Atgeneratingplants,electricalpowerisgeneratedbyanumberofdifferentmethodsand thensteppedupbyatransformertoahighervoltagetobesentoutoverthetransmission lines.Electricpowergenerationisdecentralized,andthemajorityofgeneratingplantsare privatelyownedandsubjecttofederalandstatelawsandregulations. Electricitycanbegeneratedthrough: Magnetism Light (generatorsandalternators) (batteriesandfuelcells) (solarcells) (lightning) (thermocouple) ChemicalReaction StaticCharges Heat
Piezoelectric(Pressure) (microphoneandtelephone)
Themajorityofelectricalenergyusedtodayisproducedthroughmagnetism.Electrical energyiscreatedinageneratorwhenaconductorismovedthroughamagneticfieldora magnetismovedacrossaconductor. Althoughtherearemanyfuelsourcesforpoweringthemechanicalprocessesthatgenerate electricity,themajorityoftheelectricityusedintheU.S.isgeneratedbythreemainfuels: coal,naturalgas,andnuclear.
FossilFuel
Theburningoffossilfuels(suchascoal,gas,andoil)isthemostcommonmethodof electricgenerationintheU.S.
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Coalisminedatitssourceandthentransported,usuallybyrail,topowerplantsforuse ingeneration.Naturalgasandoilarealsoremovedfromtheirsourcesandtransported bypipelinestopowergeneratingplants.Fossilfuelsareburnedtocreatehighpressure steamorhotcombustiongasesthatturnturbinegeneratorunitsthatproduce electricity.
Nuclear
Therehasbeenarecentresurgenceintheinterestofnuclearpower.Innuclearpower generation,steamisproducedbytheheatingofwaterbynuclearfission.Thesteam passesthroughturbinescreatingmechanicalenergythatproduceselectricalcurrent. Afterthesteamleavestheturbineitisusuallycondensedbacktowaterandpumped backintothenuclearfueledboilerfortheprocesstobeginagain.
HydroelectricandRenewableSources
Inhydroelectricpowerplants,themechanicalenergytorotatethegeneratorcomes fromtheforceoffallingwaterpushingagainstthebladesofawaterturbine.Thesource ofwaterforhydroelectricgenerationisusuallyalakeorreservoirlocatedseveral hundredfeetabovethelevelofthewaterturbineandgenerator.Smallerhydroelectric plantscanoperatewithlessofadistance,aslittleas20feet.However,allhydroelectric plantsneedaconstantflowofwaterinordertooperateefficiently. Inpowerplantscomprisedofwindturbines,themechanicalenergythatisusedto createelectricitycomesfromtheforceofwindpushingagainstthebladesofawindmill. Theoutputcapacityofwindmillsislimitedbythesizeofthewindmillbladesandvolume ofwind.Usually,multiplewindmillswillbelocatedalongmountainorhilltop,sothatthe outputofthewindmillscanbecombinedinordertoprovideusablecapacitylevels. Hydroelectric,windmill,andotherrenewablepowergenerationsourcesareasmallbut growingpercentageofelectricalpowergeneratedintheU.S.Moreindepthinformation regardingalternativeenergysourceswillbecoveredinModule3.
ElectricPowerTransmission
Electricpowertransmissionisthebulktransferofhighvoltageelectricalenergyfromits sourceatgeneratingplantstosubstations.Theelectricpowertransmissionsystemconsists ofpowerlines,substations,andcontrolcenters.Transmissionlinesprovidethenetwork thatmoveselectricityfromgenerationplantstodistributionsubstations.Asmentioned earlier,electricaltransmissionnetworksareinterconnectedinordertoprovidereliableand redundantroutesforelectricalpowertransmission. Thebulkenergytransmissionsystemcanbecomparedtoaninterstateroadwaynetwork. Largeamountsofelectricalenergyflowalongthetransmissionsystemandenterandleave theinterstatehighwayatkeyintervals.Intheelectricaltransmissionsystem,theentryand exitpointsare:
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Powerplantsthatgenerateelectricalenergyandcanbelocatedseveralhundred milesawayfromthecustomers. Switchingstationsthatprovidecontrolfacilitiesformonitoringsystemoperation andalsoprovideinterconnectionwithothertransmissionsystems,evenifthey operateatadifferentvoltagelevel. Otherpowergrids,whichcanextendtheinterconnectionofproductionfacilitiesand allowforalternativeroutingintheeventofoperatingemergenciesand maintenance. Customersrequiringhighvolumesofenergyathighvoltages,suchasmanufacturing plantsorresearchfacilities,aresometimesdirectlyconnectedtotransmissionlines. Substationsthatlowerthevoltagesothatelectrical energycircuitsarepermittedtoberoutedto commercialandresidentialareas.
In1996,FERCopenedthetransmissionlinesownedbyinvestor ownedutilitiestoallsuppliers.Thisallowedanenormousinflux ofsupplierstocompeteforuseofthelinesinthewholesale electricitymarket. Asmentionedearlier,FERCalsoencouragedtransmission owningutilitiestoturnovercontroloftransmissionsystemsto RegionalTransmissionOrganizations(RTOs)andIndependent SystemOperators(ISOs)toensurefairaccesstothe transmissiongrid.
2010,IRCCouncil.Allrightsreserved.
ACTIVITY:Debate
Studentsshouldformtwodebateteams.OneteamwilltakethePropositionandanother teamwilltaketheConpositiononthetopic. Anexampletopicmightbe:Opentransmissionaccessisalwaysbestforthecommunity. Teamsshouldtaketimetopreparetheirposition. Haveteamstakefiveminutesforopeningstatements,fiveminuteseachforrebuttal statements,andfiveminutesforclosingstatements. Makesurelargeteamsallowanopportunityforeveryonetoparticipateduringthedebate. Iftimeallows,haveteamsswitchpositionsandrepeat.
ElectricPowerDistribution
Electricpowerdistributionisthetransferofhighvoltageelectricalenergyfromsubstations totheendcustomer.Themajorityofcustomersaresuppliedfromadistributionsystem thatisanoutputofasubstation,ratherthanthetransmissionorsubtransmissionsystems. Theelectricpowerdistributionsystemconsistsofpowerlines,substationsandcontrol centers.
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Distributionlinesprovidethenetworkthatmoveselectricityfromdistributionsubstations totheendcustomer.Distributionsystemsareroutedalonglocalstreetsonoverheadand undergrounddistributioncircuits.Distributioncircuitshaveasteppeddownvoltageto providelowervoltagesforspecificcustomerapplications.
TheUtilityIndustry
Werarelythinkaboutthevitalpresenceofenergyinourdailylivesuntilthereissometypeof interruptioninservicesthatprovideourmoderndayconveniences.Anenormousnumberof peopleandsystemsmustworktogetheronalocalandnationalscaletomeettheconstant energyneedsofconsumersintheUnitedStates.
ATriptothePowerCompany
Shawn and Brianna got married after she graduated from college and he returned from his second tour in Iraq. When they moved into their first house, they were shocked when they started getting piles of bills each month for water-sewer-trash pickup, electricity, Internet, cell phone, satellite dish, and natural gas, on top of their rent and car payments. They quickly determined that they needed to find out more about each of their bills, and how they could minimize them. Since their electricity bill was one of the highest and also one where they felt they could have better control over the amount they paid each month, they decided to start there. So they made a trip to their electric companys local business office. When they paid their bill, they asked to speak to someone who could explain the bill to them and help them figure out how they could save money on future bills. Madyson referred them to Corey in customer relations. How may I help you? asked Corey. Our electric bill seems really high, said Shawn, and we want to understand what all these charges are. Brianna added, and we want to know what we can do to save money on electricity in the future. Lets take a look then and see whats going on. Corey took their electric bill and walked them through the information on the bill describing what each section and charge on the bill meant.
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ACTIVITY:ReadingYourElectricityBill
MaterialsNeeded: Copiesofelectricitybill(s),yoursoronegiventoyoubyyourteacher. Copyoftheworksheet,ReadingYourElectricBill,foreachstudent Answerthequestionsfromtheworksheetforthebill(s)youweregiven.Makeachart ontheboardofthetotalkWhusedoneachbill.Comparetheinformationfromyour worksheetwithothersintheclass.Whatwasthehighestusageforamonth?Whatwas thelowestusage?WhatwasthehighestcostperkWh?Whatwasthelowestcost? Research:Whatstepscanbetakentoloweryourenergybill?Inclassorsmallgroups, createabrochure,factsheet,orwebsitethatwillhelpotherssaveontheirenergybills. Includearangeofstepsfromsimple,lowcostideastoonesthatwillrequiregreater effortandmoreexpense.Ifpossibleestimatetheamountofenergyeachstepcould save. When Corey explained that the usage was based on their meter reading each month, Brianna interrupted to ask how the meter was read. Our meter is on the back of the house, and we have a pit bull that goes crazy barking if someone even walks by the house on the road. Not too many people would be brave enough to go back in the yard to read the meter. Not that he has ever bitten anyone, the sweet lummox. Thats a good question. In the past we used analog meters that required a meter reader to come and read the dials on your meter each month. Now most of our customers have been switched to digital smart meters that relay information back to the company without the need for someone to read them each month. If you havent been switched to the new meters, you will be in the next several months. Will all meters be switched to the smart type all over the country? Eventually yes, but it will take time. Different utility companies in different states will have their own schedules for the phase-in process.
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CareerProfile:CustomerServiceRepresentative
CoreyS.fromthescenarioaboveisacustomerservicerepresentativeatanelectrical energyretailer.Heassistscustomersthatcomeintotheofficewithquestionsabouttheir electricitybillsandelectricalservice.Sometimeshegoestocustomershomesandconducts energyauditstohelpcustomersidentifythingstheycandotosaveelectricity. Mostcustomerservicerepresentativesusecomputers,telephones,andothertechnology extensivelyintheirwork.Theymightdealwithcustomersinperson,byphone,orbyemail, onlinechats,orothermeans.Customerservicerepresentativesmayhavetodealwith difficultoriratecustomers,whichcanbechallenging.Howevertheabilitytoresolve customersproblemscanberewardingalso. Mostcustomerservicerepresentativejobsrequireahighschooldiploma;however,some companiesarerequiringanassociatesorbachelorsdegree.Itisessentialthatthe customerservicerepresentativeshavegoodcommunicationandproblemsolvingskills. Theymustbeabletolistenanddiscerncustomerproblems.Basictointermediatecomputer skillsarerequiredaswellasgoodinterpersonalskills.Theabilitytodealpatientlywith problemsandcomplaintsandtoremaincourteouswhenfacedwithdifficultorangry peopleiscritical.Employerslookforpeoplewhoarefriendlyandpossessaprofessional demeanor. Often,customerservicejobsareagoodintroductiontoacompany,andemployeesmay choosetomoveintootherareasofthecompanyastheylearnmoreabouttheindustry.
WhatIsaPublicUtility?
Publicutilities,suchaselectricity,gas,andwater,providevitalservicesthathaveasignificant impactonourdailylives.Publicutilityisatermcommonlyusedtorefertoagroupof businessesthatsupplyvitalservices,whicharesubjectedtotheregulationofratesandservice practices.Publicutilitiesusuallyincludewaterservice,phoneservice,wastemanagement service,andelectricservice. Publicutilitiesdifferfromotherregulatedbusinesssectorsinthewayinwhichtheyprovideand chargeforservices.Inadditiontoprovidingenergy,communications,andwaterservices,public utilitiesplayamajorroleintheAmericaneconomybycontributingtobusinessactivitiessuchas investmentopportunities,taxrevenues,andemployment. Inthepreviousunit,thehistoricalandlegalprecedentforregulationoftheenergyindustrywas reviewed.Akeypointistheinvolvementofgovernmentintheregulationofpricesandquality ofservicesinsectorswhoseservicesarevitaltosociety. Historically,utilitycompanieswereestablishedasverticallyintegratedentities,whichmeans thecompanieswereinvolvedinmultiplestepsforaccomplishingthecreation,production,and distributionofthegoodsorservicetheyprovided.Whiletraditionalverticallyoperatedutilities arestillthemostcommon,amultitudeofnewcompanieshaveemergedasenergyregulations, standards,andmarketshavechanged.
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UtilityServiceStandards
Theprimarypurposeoftheenergyandutilityindustriesistoprovidesafe,adequate,and reliableservicestothepublic.Servicestandardsthatensuresafe,adequate,andreliableservice arecriticaltotheinfrastructureofenergyutilities.Asmentionedinthepreviousunit, historicallytheelectricpowerindustryoperatedinastrictlyregulatedenvironmentwellinto theearly1980swhenaregulatoryshiftbegantooccur.Presently,theindustryischangingagain duetofactorssuchasretailcompetition,wholesalecompetition,deregulation,andre regulation.Theindustryisbeingrestructuredandbecomingincreasinglydiversetoincludenew entitiesthatproduce,sell,transmit,ordistributeelectricity.
ACTIVITY:EnergyAudit/EfficiencySpokesperson
Inviteaspokespersonfromalocalenergyutilitytospeakaboutmeasurestosaveenergyin thehome.Askthespeakertodiscussthecostsandeffectivenessofenergyefficiency measuresandstrategiesforreducingmonthlybills.
UtilityCompanyStructures
Thetermpublicutilityreferstothenatureofthebusiness,nottotheownershipofthe organizations.MostpublicutilitiesintheUnitedStatesareinvestorowned.Governmental organizationsandtheserviceusersowntheremainingpublicutilities.
InvestorOwnedUtilities(IOU)
Privatelyinvestedelectricpowercompaniesweretheearliestformofbusinessstructurefor theelectricpowerindustry.Investorownedutilitiesarethemostpredominanttypeof utilityintheU.S.today.Therearemorethan180investorownedutilitiesintheU.S. Investorownedutilitiesareprivatelyownedbyindividualinvestors,privatefunds,and privatepensionplansthatpurchasesharesorstocksintheinvestorownedutilityforthe purposeofreceivingafinancialreturnoninvestment.Investorsofanycompanytakeona riskthatthecompanywillbeprofitableandprovideanannualreturn.Theseinvestorselect aboardofdirectorswhoselectthemanagementandleadershipteamsthatoperatethe organization. Theseorganizationalleadersuseinvestorsmoneytobuild,upgrade,andmaintainthe businesssystem.Theorganizationchargescustomersfortheuseofthedeliverysystem basedontheamountofenergythattheypurchasefromtheenergyproducerofthe customerschoice. Mostinvestorownedutilitiesperformgeneration,transmission,anddistributionfunctions andworkinaverticallyintegratedmanner.
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TheEdisonElectricInstitute(EEI)isanonprofitorganizationthatservesasanadvocatefor shareholder(investor)ownedutilities.TheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI)is anotherindustryassociationthatconductsresearchregardinggeneration,deliveryanduse ofelectricity.
MunicipalUtilities(Muni)
Localmunicipalitiesarethemostnumeroustypeofutility.Therearemorethan2,000 communityownedutilitiesintheUnitedStates.Historically,municipalutilitieswere createdtoprovideservicetotheirrespectivelocalcommunityincaseswhereserviceneeds werenotbeingmetbyotherproviders. Municipalutilitiesarenonprofitentitiesthatarepubliclyownedandcontrolledbylocal governmentagencies.Municipalutilitiesmayincludethefollowingservices:naturalgas, water,sewage,andtelecommunications.
MunicipalElectricUtilities
Mostmunicipalelectricutilitiesjustdistributepowertotheircustomers,butasmall numberactuallygenerateandtransmitelectricitytoo. AmericanMunicipalPower(AMP)andtheAmericanPublicPowerAssociation(APPA) arenonprofitorganizationsthatserveasadvocatesforpublic(municipal)electric utilities.
Cooperatives(Coop)
Cooperativeenergyutilitiesarenonprofitentitiesthatareownedbythecustomerswho aresuppliedwiththeservices.Historically,utilitycooperativeswereformedtoserveareas thatwerenotservicedbylarger,privatelyownedutilityproviders.Cooperativeswere createdtoprovideruralAmericanswithelectricandphoneservice.Today,cooperatives serveconsumersavarietyofpublicutilityneeds.
ElectricCooperatives
Therearemorethan900electriccooperativesintheUnitedStates.Electric Cooperativeswereoriginallycreatedandfinancedbylowcost,federalgovernment loanstoensurethesupplyofelectricservicetoruralareas.Thesecooperativeswere financedthroughtheRuralElectrificationAdministration(REA),abureauoftheU.S. DepartmentofAgriculturestartingin1935. ElectricCooperativesoperateinamannersimilartoaninvestorownedutility.Electric Cooperativecustomerseachownashareinthecompany,whichenablesthemtoelecta boardofdirectors,whoselectthemanagementandleadershipteamsthatoperatethe organization.Profitsarereinvestedintocapitalimprovements,loanpayments,human resourceexpenditures,andanyexcessisreturnedtoshareholdersonannualbasis.
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ElectricCooperativesaretypicallydistributioncooperativesthatdonotowngeneration, butgatherelectricityfromavarietyofsourcesanddistributeittocustomers.However, asmallnumberofCoopsaregenerationandtransmissioncoopsthatcreateandsend powertocustomers. TheNationalRuralCooperativeAssociation(NRECA)isthenationalnonprofit organizationdedicatedtorepresentingthenationalinterestsofcooperativeelectric utilitiesandtheircustomers.
GovernmentOwned
Governmentownedutilitiesincludeentitiessuchaslocalauthorities,localagencies,and countygoverningpowers.Profitsfromgovernmentownedutilitiesareusedtopayfor operatingcostssuchasinterestonloans,taxes,labor,andotherhumanresources.
Federal
AuthoritiessuchasBonnevillePowerAuthority(BPA),TennesseeValleyAuthority(TVA), andNewYorkPowerAuthorityareconsideredtobeamongthelargestfederalandstate energyutilities.Someofthesewereoriginallyestablishedforthedualpurposeofflood controlandenergyproductioninthe1930s.Federalelectricutilitiesprimarilysell electricitytomunicipalitiesandpublicutilitydistricts. Federalagenciesthatareapartoffederalutilities include: TheDepartmentoftheInterior(BureauofIndian AffairsandBureauofReclamation) TheDepartmentofState(TheInternational BoundaryandWaterCommission) TheArmyCorpsofEngineers TheDepartmentofEnergyPowerMarketing Administrations: TheBonnevillePowerAdministration TheSoutheasternPowerAdministration TheSouthwesternPowerAdministration TheWesternAreaPowerAdministration TheTennesseeValleyAuthority
TheBonnevillePower Administration(BPA)isthelargest supplierofelectricityinthePacific Northwest.TheBPAsellsthe outputof31federalhydroelectric damsandonenonfederalnuclear powerplant.
TheTennesseeValleyAuthority,theBureauofReclamation,andtheArmyCorpsof Engineersareinvolvedinthebuildingandoperationofthefacilitiesthatproducethe majorityofthepowerthatissoldbythefederalgovernment.
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IndependentPowerProducers(IPP)
AnIndependentPowerProducer(IPP),alsoknownasaNonUtilityGenerator(NUG),isan entitywhichisnotapublicutility,butwhichownsfacilitiestogenerateelectricpowerto sell,usuallytopublicutilities.Therearemorethan1,700IPPsintheUnitedStates.IPPs mustusethetransmissioncapabilitiesofotherutilitiestotransmitthepowerthey generate.
Cogeneration
Cogeneration,alsoknownascombinedheatandpower(CHP),istheuseofaprimary fueltosimultaneouslyproduceheatandelectricity.Cogenerationaccountsforthe largestpartoftheIPPsector.Cogenerationtypicallyinvolvesthecoproductionofpower andusefulheatfromanenergysourcesuchasasteamturbine,gasturbine,orinternal combustionengine.Cogeneratorsusetheheatandelectricitythatisgeneratedto powertheirownoperationsandoftensellexcesspowerbacktolocalutilities.
SmallPowerProducers
SmallPowerProducersaresmallpowerplantsthatgeneratepowerforresaletoothers throughrenewabletechnologiessuchasbiomass,geothermal,wind,andsolar.Tomeet thecriteriaforthePublicUtilityRegulatoryPoliciesAct(PURPA)classificationforasmall powerproducer,renewableresourcesmustprovideatleast75percentofthetotal energyinput.
MerchantGenerators
Merchantgeneratorsarebusinessesthathavebeenformedtoownpowerplantsand markettheiroutput.Amerchantplantisonethathasbeenbuiltwithoutaspecificend userselected,whichallowstheplanttobemorecompetitiveinthewholesaleenergy market.
ACTIVITY:EnergyUtilitiesBusinessStructures
Breakintofivestudentgroups.Eachgroupshouldbeassignedoneofthedifferenttypesof businessstructureslistedabove.Usingthelibraryorotherresources,researchthe advantagesanddisadvantagesoftheassignedbusinessstructure. Researchwhattypesofutilitybusinessstructuresareinyourarea.Whatfactorsmighthave influencedtheselectionofthebusinessstructuresinyourarea(rural,urban,suburban)? Shareresearchfindingsasaclass,andcreateamasterlistortableshowingtheadvantages anddisadvantagesofthedifferentbusinessstructures.
DemandforElectricalEnergy
Electricityisanessentialmodernconvenience.Consumersdependonreliable,adequate,and safeelectricity.Theelectricpowerindustryprovidesforthegeneration,transmission,and
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distributionofelectricpowertoconsumers.Consumersofelectricitycanbeclassifiedintothree maincategories:residential,commercial,andindustrial.
ACTIVITY:ElectricityDemandQuestionnaireandPoll
Createabriefquestionnaireandconductaninformalpollofpeopleyouknowtofindouthow electricityisusedintheirhomesandworkplaces.Askparticipantstobeasspecificaspossible intheiranswers. Asaclass,compiletheresultsofthecollectedinformationtocomeupwithalistofways electricityisused.Arethereanytrendsintheinformation?Whatgeneralconclusionscanyou makeaboutelectricityusefromtheinformationcollected?
Residential
Intheresidentialcategory,electricityismost commonlyusedforthefollowing: Airconditioningandheating Waterheating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration Clotheswashinganddrying Miscellaneousappliances
ACTIVITY:ResidentialElectricityDemand
Makealistofthewaysyouuseelectricityinyourhome.Arethere50?100? Compareyourlistwithlistsmadebyotherclassmates. Whatsimilaritiesanddifferencesdoyouseeinresidentialelectricityusesamongtheclass? Whatgeneralconclusionscanyoumakeaboutelectricityusefromtheinformationcollected? Conductresearchonwhatappliancescouldbeclassifiedasenergyhogs.Doesresidential energydemandincludemanyhighenergyuseappliances?Whatarewaysthatyoucan reducetheimpactofhighenergyuseappliances?
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Commercial
Inthecommercialcategory,electricityismostcommonlyusedforthefollowing: Poweringcommercialbuildings RetailandService:Shoppingcenters,gasstations,restaurants,andothers Office:Professionaloffices,banks,andothers Education:Schools,colleges HealthCare:Hospitals,medicaloffices Lodging:Hotels,motels Miscellaneoussocialandreligiousinstitutionsandtheirfacilities
ACTIVITY:CommercialElectricityDemand
Ingroups,investigatethecommercialsectorselectricitydemandinyourareabyinterviewing acompanyrepresentativeorbyusingthelibraryorothersources. Presentyourinformationtotheclass. Asaclass,developatableofelectricityusethatlistslocalcommercialconsumersandthe majorfunctionsofelectricityinthatsector.
Industrial
Intheindustrialcategory,electricityismostcommonlyusedforthefollowing: Poweringindustrialfacilities Poweringindustrialequipment Poweringmilitarybases
Themostcommonindustrialenergyusersareagriculture,forestry,manufacturing,refining, mining,andconstruction.
ACTIVITY:IndustrialElectricityDemand
Identifythemajorindustriesinyourareaandanswerthesequestionsaboutthem: Howdotheindustriesuseelectricity? Howwouldtheindustriesinyourcommunitybeaffectedbyelectricityshortages? Howmightelectricityshortagesotherwiseaffectyourcommunity? Howmightregulatoryissuesrelatedtoelectricityaffecteachindustry? Asaclass,discusswhichindustriesarelikelytohavethegreatestimpactonelectricity demand.
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TheNationalElectricitySystem
TheU.S.electricpowersystemisanintegratedsystemofinterconnectingnetworkscomposed ofgeneratingplants,transmissionfacilitiesandlines,andlocaldistributionfacilitiesandlines. Generation,transmission,anddistributionentitiesmustworkinacooperativemannerto providereliable,adequate,andsafepowertocustomers. IntheU.S.,therearenearly160,000milesofhighvoltagetransmissionlinesthatmoveelectric powerfromgeneratingplantstolocaldistributionsystemstobesenttocustomers.Thesehigh voltagetransmissionlinesarealsoreferredtoastheelectricalpowergrid,orsimplythegrid. TheU.S.electricpowersystemisaninterconnectionofthreemajorsystems,orgrids:the EasternInterconnection,theWesternInterconnection,andtheTexas(ERCOT)Interconnection. MainInterconnections
Source:U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration(Nov2010)
Eachofthethreeinterconnectionsaredesignedtohavesystemsofconnectionsbetween individualutilitiestoallowforthetransferofpowerfromonenetworktoanothertomaximize coordinationandplanningthatensuressystemreliability. TheTexasInterconnectionisnotconnectedtotheWesternorEasternInterconnections,and theEasternandWesternInterconnectionshavelimitedconnectiontooneanother.Boththe WesternandTexasInterconnectionshaveconnectionstopartsofMexico,andtheEasternand WesternInterconnectionshaveconnectionstoCanada. Thethreemajorinterconnectionsaremonitored,controlled,andoperatedbyIndependent SystemOperators(ISOs)andRegionalTransmissionOrganizations(RTOs)toensureequitable andreliableservice.
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ACTIVITY:ElectricityReliability
Usingthelibraryorotherresources,researchtheoccurrenceofelectricityservicedisruptions inyourcommunity. Hasyourcommunityexperiencedbrownouts,blackouts,orotherserviceissues? Researchthecircumstancesbehindanyservicedisruptionsanddiscussresearchfindingsasa class.
Organizations
NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCouncil(NERC)
Asaresultofthe1965blackoutoftheEastCoastthataffected30millionpeople,the industryformedtheNorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCouncil(NERC).Theoverall reliabilityandcoordinationofthenationalinterconnectedpowersystemsarethe responsibilitiesoftheNERC. NERCsmajorareasofresponsibility: Developing,monitoring,andenforcingstandards Providingeducationandtraining Analysisandassessmentofsystemoperations includingdisturbancesandfailures
NERCsmissionisto ensurethebulkpower systeminNorthAmericais reliable.
NERCiscomposedofregionalentitiesthatareresponsibleforthecoordinationofthe adequacyandreliabilityofpowerintheirrespectiveregion. NERCRegionalEntities: FloridaReliabilityCoordinatingCouncil(FRCC) MidwestReliabilityOrganization(MRO) NortheastPowerCoordinatingCouncil(NPCC) ReliabilityFirstCorporation(RFC) SERCReliabilityCorporation(SERC) SouthwestPowerPool,RE(SPP) TexasReliabilityEntity(TRE) WesternElectricityCoordinatingCouncil(WECC)
Withintheregionalentities,therearetypicallymultiplebalancingauthoritiesthatoperate controlcentersthatmonitorthenationalgrid.Balancingauthorityoperatorsare responsibleformaintainingtheload/interchange/generationbalancewithinthecontrol area.
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NERCRegions
NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporation
FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC)
In1977,TheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC)wascreatedtoprovide additionalstandardstoensurethereliabilityofelectricpower. FERCsRegulatoryFunctions: Regulatewholesalesalesofelectricity Interstatetransmissiontransactions Interconnectionsandpoweragreements Ratessetbyfederalpowermarketingadministrations Hydroelectriclicensing
In1996and1999,FERCissuedordersthataffectedoperationsforallgeneration, transmission,anddistributionentities.
FERCOrdersNumber888and889
InOrders888and889,FERCacknowledgedthatbarrierstocompetitivewholesale marketsexistedandshouldberemoved.ThroughFERCOrders888and889,FERC requiredtransmissionownerstoprovidenondiscriminatoryaccesstotransmissionlines whilepermittingutilitiestorecoverstrandedcostsassociatedwithprovidingopen accesstotransmission.
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TocomplywithFERCdirectivesandassuretheoperationoftransmissionlinesinan independentandequitablemanner,generation,transmission,anddistributionentities collaboratedtoformIndependentSystemOperators(ISOs). FERCstatedthatISOscouldprovideassuranceofindependencefromtransmission ownersandtheeliminationofmultipleratestotransmitelectricityoverlongdistances, whichallowsforopenaccessruleandfairaccesstothecompetitivewholesalemarket.
FERCOrderNumber2000
FERCOrders888and889werecreatedwiththeideaoffacilitatingopenaccessto transmissionwithaprovisionforequitableinformationaccess,too.FERCOrderNumber 2000formallyoutlinedtherequirementsandmandatesforRegionalTransmission Organizations(RTOs).SimilartoISOs,RTOsaredesignedtoadministerthetransmission gridonaregionalbasis.FERCstatedthatentitiesdesiringtobequalifiedasRTOsmust firstmeetaspecificlistofcharacteristicsandfunctions. FERCsestablishmentofISOsandRTOsasregulatorybodieshelpstomaintainthe coordination,control,andmonitoringofelectrictransmissiontoensuresafe,secure,and reliableelectricservice. NorthAmericanISOsandRTOS
2010,IRCCouncil.Allrightsreserved.
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IndependentSystemOperators
Asmentionedearlier,IndependentSystemOperators(ISOs)wereformedunderthe authorityofFERCfromOrders888and889.FERCestablishedISOsasawaytoprovidenon discriminatoryaccesstotransmission. IndependentSystemOperatorsarenonprofitorganizationsthatcombinethetransmission capabilitiesofmultipletransmissionprovidersintoasingletransmissionsystemthatcanbe accessedbymanyotherenergyentities.Bycombiningtransmissioncapabilitiesintoone equallyaccessedsystem,ISOscanensureunbiasedtransmissionservice. ISOscoordinate,control,andmonitortheoperationoftheelectricpowersystemintheir respectivegeographicalarea. CurrentISOsoperatinginNorthAmerica: AlbertaElectricSystemOperator(AESO) CaliforniaISO(CAISO) ElectricReliabilityCouncilofTexas(ERCOT) IndependentElectricitySystemOperator(IESO),(Ontario,Canada) NewYorkIndependentSystemOperator(NYISO) NewBrunswickSystemOperator(NBSO)
ACTIVITY:IndependentSystemOperator
Usingthelibraryorotherresources,findtheISOthatisresponsibleforyourgeographic region. Contactlocalelectricityprovidersinyourcommunityandaskthemhowtheyworkwiththe ISOtomaintainsafe,reliable,andadequateservices.
RegionalTransmissionOrganizations
Asmentionedearlier,RegionalTransmissionOrganizations(RTOs)wereformedunderthe authorityofFERCfromOrderNumber2000.FERCencouragedtransmissionowningutilities toturnovercontroloftransmissionsystemstoRegionalTransmissionOrganizations.Order Number2000alsospecifiedtwelvestandardsthatanentitymustcomplywithinorderto becomeRegionalTransmissionOrganizations. RTOscoordinate,control,andmonitortheoperationofthetransmissiongridintheir respectivegeographicalarea.RTOsprovideequalaccesstotheelectrictransmission network.RTOsdifferfromISOsinthattheyarerequiredtomeetspecificFERCregulations.
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TherearecurrentlyfourRTOsoperatinginNorth America:
2010,IRCCouncil. Allrightsreserved.
MidwestIndependentTransmission SystemOperator(MISO) ISONewEnglandInc.(ISONE) PJMInterconnectionLLC(PJM) SouthwestPowerPool(SPP)
ACTIVITY:RegionalTransmissionOperator
Usingthelibraryorotherresources,findtheRTOthatisresponsibleforyourgeographic region. Contactlocalelectricityprovidersinyourcommunityandaskthemhowtheyworkwiththe RTOtomaintainsafe,reliable,andadequateservices.
UnitBGlossary
balancingauthorityaregionalorganizationresponsibleforplanningandmaintainingthe balanceofelectricityresourcesandelectricitydemand blackoutpowerlossaffectingmanyconsumersoveralargegeographicalareaforasignificant periodoftime cogenerationprocessinwhichelectricityandheatareproducedatthesametimefromthe samefuelorenergysource cooperativeenergyutilitiesnonprofitutilityentitiesthatareownedbythecustomerswho aresuppliedwiththeservices electriccooperativescommonlyknownascoops;nonprofitutilityentitiesthatareownedby thecustomerswhoaresuppliedwiththeservices;originallycreatedandfinancedbylow costfederalgovernmentloanstoensurethesupplyofelectricservicetoruralareas electricpowerdistributionthetransferofhighvoltageelectricalenergyfromsubstationsto theendcustomer electricpowergenerationprocessofcreatingelectricalenergyfromotherformsofenergy electricalpowergridinterconnectedelectricgeneration,transmission,anddistribution systemsoverbroadgeographicareas
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electricpowertransmissionthebulktransferofhighvoltageelectricalenergyfromitssource atgeneratingplantstosubstations FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC)anindependentregulatoryagencywithinthe DepartmentofEnergyandthesuccessortotheFederalPowerCommission;FERCgoverns interstateelectricitysales,wholesaleelectricrates,hydroelectriclicensing,naturalgas pricing,oilpipelinerates,andgaspipelinecertification fossilfuelscarbonrichenergysourcessuchaspetroleum,coal,ornaturalgas,whichare derivedfromthedecompositionofancient(fossilized)livingmatter governmentownedutilitiestheseincludeentitiessuchaslocalauthorities,localagencies, andcountygoverningpowers.Profitsfromgovernmentownedutilitiesareusedtopayfor operatingcostssuchasinterestonloans,taxes,labor,andotherhumanresources hydroelectricpowerpowergeneratedbyusingmovingwatertopoweraturbinegeneratorto produceelectricity independentpowerproducer(IPP)alsoknownasaNonUtilityGenerator(NUG);anentity whichisnotapublicutility,butwhichownsfacilitiestogenerateelectricpowertosell, usuallytopublicutilities independentsystemoperator(ISO)createdundertheauthorityofFERC;designedto administerthetransmissiongridonaregionalbasisinaneutralmanner investorownedutilities(IOU)utilityentitiesthatareprivatelyownedbyindividualinvestors, privatefunds,andprivatepensionplansthatpurchasesharesorstocksforthepurposeof receivingafinancialreturnoninvestment merchantgeneratorsbusinessesthathavebeenformedtoownpowerplantsandmarket theiroutput;amerchantplantisonethathasbeenbuiltwithoutaspecificenduser selected,whichallowstheplanttobemorecompetitiveinthewholesaleenergymarket municipalutilities(muni)nonprofitentitiesthatarepubliclyownedandcontrolledbylocal governmentagencies;municipalutilitiesmayincludethefollowingservices:naturalgas, water,sewage,andtelecommunications NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporation(NERC)formedin1968inresponsetothe 1965blackout,NERCistheelectricreliabilityorganizationcertifiedbytheFederalEnergy RegulatoryCommissiontoestablishandenforcereliabilitystandardsforthebulkpower system;allbulkpowersystemowners,operators,andusersarerequiredtoregisterwith NERC publicutilitymaintainstheinfrastructureforprovidingapublicservicesuchasgas,electric, water,andwastedisposalservice regionaltransmissionorganization(RTO)createdundertheauthorityofFERC;designedto administerthetransmissiongridonaregionalbasisinaneutralmanner.FERCstatedthat entitiesdesiringtobequalifiedasRTOsmustfirstmeetaspecificlistofcharacteristicsand functions
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smallpowerproducersmallpowerplantsthatgeneratepowertoreselltoothersthrough renewabletechnologiessuchasbiomass,geothermal,wind,andsolar steppeddownconversionofhighvoltageelectricitytolowervoltagethroughtheuseof transformersatpowersubstations steppedupconversionoflowvoltageelectricitytohighervoltagethroughtheuseof transformers;astepuptransmissionsubstationreceiveselectricpowerfromanearby generatingfacilityandusesalargepowertransformertoincreasethevoltagefor transmissiontodistantlocations transformeradevicethatchangesthevoltageofanelectriccurrent verticallyintegratedabusinessstructureinwhichthesamecompanyownsseveralorall levelsoftheproductionprocessesforaproductorservices
UnitBReferences
Brown,MatthewH.andRichardP.Sedano.(June2004).ElectricityTransmission:APrimer. NationalCouncilonElectricPolicy,Washington,D.C. http://www.raponline.org/Pubs/ELECTRICITYTRANSMISSION.pdf ISO/RTOCouncilMarketsCommittee.(October2007).HarnessingthePowerofDemand:How ISOsandRTOsAreIntegratingDemandResponseintoWholesaleElectricityMarkets. http://www.isorto.org/atf/cf/%7B5B4E85C67EAC40A08DC3 003829518EBD%7D/IRC_DR_Report_101607.pdf Kaplan,StanMark.(April2009).ElectricPowerTransmission:BackgroundandPolicyIssues.CRS ReportforCongress,75700,R40511. PublicServiceElectricandGas(PSE&G).(January2003).IntroductiontotheEnergyUtility Industry.(Course). PublicUtilitiesReportsGuide.(2008).DeliveryofService.Vienna,VA. ReadingElectricityBills http://www.pickocc.org/publications/electric/Electric_Bill_Made_Easy.pdf U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity.(2007).Energy:CriticalInfrastructureandKey ResourcesSectorSpecificPlanasInputtotheNationalInfrastructureProtectionPlan (Redacted).Arlington,VA. U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration(November2009).ElectricPowerAnnual2009. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa.pdf U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration.ElectricPowerData. http://www.eia.gov/electricity/
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Warwick,WilliamM.(May2002).APrimeronElectricUtilities,Deregulation,andRestructuring ofU.S.ElectricityMarkets:Version2.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,D.C. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/primer.pdf
UnitBPhotoCredits
ImagescourtesyoftheNorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporationswebsitearethe propertyoftheNorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporationandareavailableat http://www.nerc.com/page.php?cid=1|9|119.Thecontentmaynotbereproducedinwholeor anypartwithoutthepriorexpresswrittenpermissionoftheNorthAmericanElectricReliability Corporation. PhotosandgraphicsalsousedwithpermissionfromPG&E,theIRC/RTOCouncil,andtheU.S. EnergyInformationAgency.
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UnitBTeachingResources
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UnitBVocabularyActivity
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E li
Across
3. Nonprofit entities that are publicly-owned and controlled by local government agencies. __________ utilities may include the following services: natural gas, water, sewage, and telecommunications. 5. An independent power __________ is an entity which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power to sell, usually to public utilities; also known as a Non-Utility Generator (NUG).
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8. Businesses that have been formed to own power plants and market their output. A ___________ generator plant is one that has been built without a specific end user selected, which allows the plant to be more competitive in the wholesale energy market. 11. Interconnected electric generation, transmission, and distribution system over broad geographic areas form an electrical power _____. 12. The bulk transfer of high-voltage electrical energy from its source at generating plants to substations is referred to as electric power _______________. 13. _______ power producers are plants that generate power to resale to others through renewable technologies such as biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar. 14. ______________-owned utilities are privately owned by individual investors, private funds, and private pension plans that purchase shares or stocks for the purpose of receiving a financial return on investment.
Down
1. Electric power _____________, the transfer of high-voltage electrical energy from substations to the end customer. 2. A _______ utility maintains the infrastructure for providing a public service such as gas, electric, water, and waste-disposal service. 4. Electric ______________, nonprofit utility entities that are owned by the customers who are supplied with the services. Originally created and financed by low-cost, federal government loans to ensure the supply of electric service to rural areas. 6. The process of creating electrical energy from other forms of energy is called electric power _________________. 7. ____________ system operators are created under the authority of FERC; designed to administer the transmission grid on a regional basis in a neutral manner. 9. Process in which electricity and heat are produced at the same time from the same fuel or energy source. 10. Utilities owned by entities such as local authorities, agencies, and counties are called ______________-owned utilities.
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UnitBGuidedNoteTakingOutline
1. The petroleum and natural gas based segments of the energy industry includes the _____________________, _____________________, _____________________, _____________________, _____________________, _____________________, and _________________________________________ of these products. 2. The primary use of petroleum energy is in ______________________________________. 3. Petroleum-based products are also used for _______________________ and _____________________________________________________________________. 4. The electrical energy system has to generate and transfer electricity based on ________________________________________________________, which requires the system to ____________________________ to customers energy needs. 5. Although there are many fuel sources for powering the mechanical processes that generate electricity, the majority of the electricity used in the U.S. is generated by three main fuels: ________________________________________________________________________. 6. The burning of fossil fuels such as _____________________, _____________________, and _________________________________________ is the most common method of electric generation in the U.S. 7. In nuclear power generation, steam is produced by heating water by _________________. 8. In __________________________________________________ plants, the mechanical energy to rotate the generator comes from the force of falling water pushing against the blades of a water turbine. 9. ___________________________________________ is the bulk transfer of high-voltage electrical energy from its source at generating plants to substations. 10. __________________________________________ is the transfer of high-voltage electrical energy from substations to the end customer.
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11. ____________________________________, such as electricity, gas, and water, provide vital services which have a significant impact on our daily lives. Public utilities usually include _________________________________________________________________. 12. Historically, utility companies were established as _____________________________________________________________ entities, which means the companies were involved in multiple steps for accomplishing the creation, production, and distribution of the goods or service they provided. 13. The primary purpose of the energy and utility industries are to provide _____________________, _____________________, and ______________________ __________________________ to the public. 14. Privately-invested electric power companies were the earliest form of business structure for the electric power industry. _______________________________________________ are the most predominant type of utility in the U.S. today. 15. Investor-owned utilities are privately owned by individual _____________________, _____________________, and _________________________________________ who purchase shares or stocks in the investor-owned utility for the purpose of receiving a financial return on investment. 16. Most investor-owned utilities perform __________________________________, ___________________________, and ______________________________functions and work in a vertically integrated manner. 17. ________________________________________ are nonprofit entities that are publiclyowned and controlled by local government agencies and may include the following services: ____________________________, ___________________________________, _____________________, and _________________________________________. 18. ______________________________________________ are nonprofit entities that are owned by the customers who are supplied with the services. 19. _____________________________________ were originally created and financed by lowcost federal government loans to ensure the supply of electric service to rural areas.
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20. __________________________________ include entities such as local authorities, local agencies, and county-governing powers. 21. Federal agencies that are a part of federal utilities include: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 22. An _____________________________________________, also known as a Non-Utility Generator (NUG), is an entity which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power to sell, usually to public utilities. 23. _______________________________, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the use of a primary fuel to simultaneously produce heat and electricity. 24. ____________________________________ are small power plants that generate power to resale to others through renewable technologies such as biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar. 25. __________________________________ are businesses that have been formed to own power plants and market their output
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26. Consumers of electricity can be classified into three main categories: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 27. In the residential category, electricity is most commonly used for the following: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
28. In the commercial category, electricity is most commonly used for the following: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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29. In the industrial category, electricity is most commonly used for the following: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
30. The U.S. electric power system is an integrated system of interconnecting networks composed of __________________________________________________________________, ________________________________________________________________________, and ___________________________________________________________________. 31. The U.S. electric power system is an interconnection of three major systems, or grids: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 32. The three major interconnections are monitored, controlled, and operated by _____________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________, and _____________________________________________ to ensure equitable and reliable service. 33. The overall reliability and coordination of the national interconnected power systems are the responsibility of the ____________________________________________________. 34. NERC is composed of ______________________________________________________ that are responsible for the coordination of the adequacy and reliability of power in their respective region. 35. Within the regional entities, there are typically multiple _____________________________ that operate control centers which monitor the national grid. 36. The _______________________________________________________ was created to provide additional standards to ensure the reliability of electric power.
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UnitBActivity:ReadingYourElectricityBill
Looking at your electricity bill or the one(s) provided by your instructor, answer the following questions. Use your course notebook or a separate sheet of paper to answer the questions. 1. What is the name of the company that provides the electricity for this home? 2. What is the number of the meter that was read to generate the usage information? 3. What was the period of time covered during this billing cycle? 4. How many kilowatt-hours were used during this time period? 5. What was the charge per kilowatt-hour? 6. Was all usage billed at the same rate? If not, describe the rate schedule used in determining the bill. 7. List all additional charges included on this bill and explain each charge. 8. When is payment due for this bill? 9. After you and your classmates have averaged the number of kilowatt-hours used for all of the different bills, compare the usage on your bill to the average. Was it higher or lower? 10. If there are sufficient bills from different months, see if the average charge varies from month to month. What might cause monthly variations? BONUS: What other types of information were found on the bill(s) you analyzed? Give examples.
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UnitBReviewQuestions
Use a blank sheet of paper to answer the following questions.
Section:TheUtilityIndustry
1. 2. 3. What types of vital services do public utilities provide? What does it mean for a utility company to be vertically integrated? Why are service standards a concern for energy utilities?
Section:UtilityCompanyStructures
4. 5. List and describe the differences between the three types of energy utility business structures. List and describe three types of independent power producers.
Section:DemandforElectricalEnergy
6. List and describe the three main categories of electricity consumers.
Section:TheNationalElectricitySystem
7. Describe the interconnections that make up the U.S. electric power system.
Section:Organizations
8. 9. Describe the responsibilities of the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). Describe the responsibilities of NERCs balancing authorities.
10. Describe the responsibilities of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). 11. Describe the requirements of FERC orders 888 and 889 and 2000. 12. What is an ISO, and what are its roles? 13. What is an RTO, and what are its roles?
Section:OverviewoftheEnergySystem
14. Describe the petroleum-based segment of the energy industry. 15. Describe the natural gas segment of the energy industry. 16. Describe what happens at electrical power generation plants. 17. List and describe the following fuel sources that are used for powering the mechanical processes that generate electricity. 18. Describe the electrical power transmission system and process. 19. Describe the electrical power distribution system and process.
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Module1UnitBQuiz
This quiz covers the structure of the utility industry including the three parts of the electric power system, various utility structures and national and regional regulatory organizations.
MultipleChoice
Circle the letters of all that apply. 1. Public utilities usually include what types of services? a) c) Water service Electric service b) Phone service d) All of the above 2. Public utility service standards ensure service that is: a) c) Safe Reliable b) Adequate d) All of the above 3. The most predominant type of utility in the United States is what type of business structure? a) c) Investor owned Independent Power Producer b) Non-profit d) Cooperative 4. What type of utility is a non-profit entity that is publicly-owned and controlled by local government agencies? a) c) Investor owned Independent Power Producer b) Municipal d) Cooperative
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5.
The type of utility organization whose customers each own a share, and receive rebates if excess revenue is collected at the end of the year: a) c) Investor Owned Independent Power Producer b) Municipal d) Cooperative 6. What type of utility is also known as a Non-Utility Generator (NUG), and is an entity which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power to sell? a) c) Investor owned Independent Power Producer b) Municipal d) Cooperative 7. Who uses the co-production of power and useful heat from an energy source such as a steam turbine, gas turbine, or internal combustion engine? a) c) Small power producers Merchant generators b) Cogenerators d) All of the above 8. What are small power plants that generate power to resale to others through renewable technologies such as biomass, geothermal, wind and solar? a) c) Small power producers Merchant generators b) Cogenerators d) All of the above 9. What businesses have been formed to own power generation plants and market their output without a specific end user selected? a) c) Small power producers Merchant generators b) Cogenerators d) All of the above
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10.
What category of electricity consumer include the use of electricity for air conditioning and heating, water heating, lighting, clothes washing, cooking and refrigeration? a) c) Commercial Industrial b) Residential
11. What category of electricity consumer includes the use of electricity for retail and services, offices, education, health care and lodging? a) c) Commercial Industrial b) Residential
12. What category of electricity consumer includes the use of electricity for powering industrial facilities and equipment? a) c) Commercial Industrial b) Residential
13. Most investor-owned utilities perform what function(s)? a) c) c) Generation Distribution All of the above b) Transmission
TrueFalse
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Historically, utility companies were established as horizontally integrated entities. 2. The primary purpose of the energy and utility industries are to provide safe, adequate and reliable services to the public. 3. The term public utility refers to the nature of the business, not to the ownership of an organization. 4. Privately invested electric power companies were the earliest form of business structure for the electric power industry. 5. Federal electric utilities primarily sell electricity to investor-owned utilities. 6. Independent power producers must use the transmission capabilities of other utilities to transmit the power they have generated. 7. The primary use of petroleum energy is in manufacturing.
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T/F T/F
8. The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil, is the most common method of electric generation in the U.S. 9. The U.S. electric power system is an interconnection of three major systems: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and the Texas (ERCOT) Interconnection. 10. Electrical transmission networks are not interconnected.
T/F
Matching
____ ____ ____ ____ 1. The transfer of high voltage electrical energy from substations to the end customer. 2. Process of creating electrical energy from other forms of energy. 3. The bulk transfer of high voltage electrical energy from its source at generating plants to substations. 4. The electric reliability organization certified by FERC to establish and enforce reliability standards and regulations for the bulk-power system. 5. An independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy that governs interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. 6. Designed to administer the transmission grid on a regional basis in a neutral manner. Entities desiring to be qualified must first meet a specific list of characteristics and functions. 7. Non-profit organizations that combine the transmission capabilities of multiple transmission providers into a single transmission system that can be accessed by many other energy entities. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) electric power generation electric power transmission electric power distribution independent system operator regional transmission organization Federal Energy Regulatory Commission North American Electric Reliability Corporation
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____
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AnswerKeyforUnitBVocabularyActivity
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AnswerKeyforUnitBGuidedNoteTakingOutline
1. The petroleum and natural gas based segments of the energy industry includes the EXPLORATION,EXTRACTION,PROCESSING,STORAGE,TRANSPORTATION,CONTROL, and DISTRIBUTION of these products. 2. The primary use of petroleum energy is in TRANSPORTATION. 3. Petroleum-based products are also used for HEATINGandPLASTICS. 4. The electrical energy system has to generate and transfer electricity based on THE DEMANDOFCUSTOMERS, which requires the system to IMMEDIATELYRESPOND to customers energy needs. 5. Although there are many fuel sources for powering the mechanical processes that generate electricity, the majority of the electricity used in the U.S. is generated by three main fuels: COAL,NATURALGAS,and NUCLEAR. 6. The burning of fossil fuels, such as COAL,GAS,andOIL, is the most common method of electric generation in the U.S. 7. In nuclear power generation, steam is produced by heating water by NUCLEARFISSION. 8. In HYDROELECTRICPOWER plants, the mechanical energy to rotate the generator comes from the force of falling water pushing against the blades of a water turbine. 9. ELECTRICPOWERTRANSMISSION is the bulk transfer of high voltage electrical energy from its source at generating plants to substations. 10. ELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTION is the transfer of high voltage electrical energy from substations to the end customer. 11. PUBLICUTILITIES, such as electricity, gas and water, provide vital services which have a significant impact on our daily lives. Public utilities usually include WATERSERVICE, PHONESERVICE,WASTEMANAGEMENTSERVICE,andELECTRICSERVICE.
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12. Historically, utility companies were established as VERTICALLYINTEGRATED entities, which means the companies were involved in multiple steps for accomplishing the creation, production, and distribution of the goods or service they provided. 13. The primary purpose of the energy and utility industries are to provide SAFE,ADEQUATE, and RELIABLESERVICE to the public. 14. Privately-invested electric power companies were the earliest form of business structure for the electric power industry. INVESTOROWNEDUTILITIES are the most predominant type of utility in the U.S. today. 15. Investor-owned utilities are privately owned by individual INVESTORS,PRIVATEFUNDS, andPRIVATEPENSIONPLANSwho purchase shares or stocks in the investor-owned utility for the purpose of receiving a financial return on investment. 16. Most investor-owned utilities perform GENERATION,TRANSMISSION,and DISTRIBUTION functions and work in a vertically integrated manner. 17. MUNICIPALUTILITIES are nonprofit entities that are publicly-owned and controlled by local government agencies and may include the following services: NATURALGAS, WATER,SEWAGE,andTELECOMMUNICATIONS. 18. COOPERATIVEENERGYUTILITIES are nonprofit entities that are owned by the customers who are supplied with the services. 19. ELECTRICCOOPERATIVES were originally created and financed by low-cost federal government loans to ensure the supply of electric service to rural areas. 20. GOVERNMENTOWNEDUTILITIES include entities such as local authorities, local agencies, and county-governing powers 21. Federal agencies that are a part of federal utilities include: THEDEPARTMENTOFTHEINTERIOR(BUREAUOFINDIANAFFAIRSANDBUREAUOF RECLAMATION) THEDEPARTMENTOFSTATE(THEINTERNATIONALBOUNDARYANDWATER COMMISSION)
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THEARMYCORPSOFENGINEERS THEDEPARTMENTOFENERGYPOWERMARKETINGADMINISTRATIONS: THEBONNEVILLEPOWERADMINISTRATION THESOUTHEASTERNPOWERADMINISTRATION THESOUTHWESTERNPOWERADMINISTRATION THEWESTERNAREAPOWERADMINISTRATION
THETENNESSEEVALLEYAUTHORITY
22. An INDEPENDENTPOWERPRODUCER, also known as a Non-Utility Generator (NUG), is an entity which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power to sell, usually to public utilities. 23. COGENERATION, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the use of a primary fuel to simultaneously produce heat and electricity. 24. SMALLPOWERPRODUCERS are small power plants that generate power to resale to others through renewable technologies such as biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar. 25. MERCHANTGENERATORS are businesses that have been formed to own power plants and market their output. 26. Consumers of electricity can be classified into three main categories: RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL
27. In the residential category, electricity is most commonly used for the following: AIRCONDITIONINGANDHEATING WATERHEATING LIGHTING COOKING REFRIGERATION CLOTHESWASHINGANDDRYING MISCELLANEOUSAPPLIANCES
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28. In the commercial category, electricity is most commonly used for the following: 29. In the industrial category, electricity is most commonly used for the following: POWERINGINDUSTRIALFACILITIES POWERINGINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENT POWERINGCOMMERCIALBUILDINGS RETAILANDSERVICE:SHOPPINGCENTERS,GASSTATIONS,RESTAURANTS OFFICE:PROFESSIONALOFFICES,BANKS EDUCATION:PUBLICSCHOOLS,COLLEGES HEALTHCARE:HOSPITALS,MEDICALOFFICES LODGING:HOTELS,MOTELS MISCELLANEOUSSOCIALANDRELIGIOUSINSTITUTIONSANDTHEIRFACILITIES
30. The U.S. electric power system is an integrated system of interconnecting networks composed of GENERATINGPLANTS, TRANSMISSIONFACILITIESANDLINES, andLOCAL DISTRIBUTIONFACILITIESANDLINES. 31. The U.S. electric power system is an interconnection of three major systems, or grids: THEEASTERNINTERCONNECTION THEWESTERNINTERCONNECTION THETEXAS(ERCOT)INTERCONNECTION
32. The three major interconnections are monitored, controlled and operated by INDEPENDENTSYSTEMOPERATORS(ISOS) and REGIONALTRANSMISSION ORGANIZATIONS(RTOS) to ensure equitable and reliable service. 33. The overall reliability and coordination of the national interconnected power systems are the responsibility of the NORTHAMERICANELECTRICRELIABILITYCOUNCIL(NERC). 34. NERC is composed of REGIONALENTITIES that are responsible for the coordination of the adequacy and reliability of power in their respective region. 35. Within the regional entities, there are typically multiple BALANCINGAUTHORITIES that operate control centers which monitor the national grid.
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36. The FEDERALENERGYREGULATORYCOMMISSION(FERC) was created to provide additional standards to ensure the reliability of electric power.
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AnswerKeyforUnitBReviewQuestions
Section:TheUtilityIndustry
1. What types of vital services do public utilities provide? Publicutilities,suchaselectricity,gas,andwater,providevitalservicesthathavea significantimpactonourdailylives. 2. What does it mean for a utility company to be vertically integrated? Verticallyintegratedentitiesareonesinwhichthecompanyisinvolvedinmultiple stepsforaccomplishingthecreation,production,anddistributionofthegoodsor servicetheyprovide. 3. Why are service standards a concern for energy utilities? Theprimarypurposeoftheenergyandutilityindustriesistoprovidesafe,adequate, andreliableservicestothepublic.Servicestandardsthatensuresafe,adequate,and reliableservicearecriticaltotheinfrastructureofenergyutilities.
Section:UtilityCompanyStructures
4. List and describe the difference between the three types of energy utility business structures. Investorownedutilities(IOU):Utilityentitiesthatareprivatelyownedby individualinvestors,privatefunds,andprivatepensionplansthatpurchase sharesorstocksforthepurposeofreceivingafinancialreturnoninvestment. Municipalutilities(muni):Nonprofitentitiesthatarepubliclyownedand controlledbylocalgovernmentagencies.Municipalutilitiesmayincludethe followingservices:naturalgas,water,sewage,andtelecommunications. Cooperativeenergyutilities:Nonprofitutilityentitiesthatareownedbythe customerswhoaresuppliedwiththeservices. Governmentownedutilities:Includeentitiessuchaslocalauthorities,local agencies,andcountygoverningpowers.Profitsfromgovernmentownedutilities areusedtopayforoperatingcostssuchasinterestonloans,taxes,labor,and otherhumanresources. Independentpowerproducer(IPP):AlsoknownasaNonUtilityGenerator (NUG).Anentitythatisnotapublicutility,butwhichownsfacilitiestogenerate electricpowertosell,usuallytopublicutilities.
5. List and describe three types of independent power producers. Cogeneration:Alsoknownascombinedheatandpower(CHP).Cogenerationis theuseofaprimaryfueltosimultaneouslyproduceheatandelectricity.
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Cogenerationtypicallyinvolvesthecoproductionofpowerandusefulheatfrom anenergysourcesuchasasteamturbine,gasturbine,orinternalcombustion engine.Cogeneratorsusetheheatandelectricitythatisgeneratedtopowertheir ownoperationsandoftensellexcesspowerbacktolocalutilities. Smallpowerproducers:Smallpowerplantsthatgeneratepowerforresaleto othersthroughrenewabletechnologiessuchasbiomass,geothermal,wind,and solar.TomeetthecriteriaforthePublicUtilityRegulatoryPoliciesAct(PURPA) classificationforasmallpowerproducer,renewableresourcesmustprovideat least75percentofthetotalenergyinput. Merchantgenerators:Businessesthathavebeenformedtoownpowerplants andmarkettheiroutput.Amerchantplantisonethathasbeenbuiltwithouta specificenduserselected,whichallowstheplanttobemorecompetitiveinthe wholesaleenergymarket.
Section:DemandforElectricalEnergy
6. List and describe the three main categories of electricity consumers. Residential Airconditioningandheating Waterheating Lighting Cooking Refrigeration Clotheswashinganddrying Miscellaneousappliances
Commercial Poweringcommercialbuildings RetailandService:Shoppingcenters,gasstations,restaurants Office:Professionaloffices,banks Education:Schools,colleges HealthCare:Hospitals,medicaloffices Lodging:Hotels,motels Miscellaneoussocialandreligiousinstitutionsandtheirfacilities
Industrial Poweringindustrialfacilities Poweringindustrialequipment
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Section:TheNationalElectricitySystem
7. Describe the interconnections that make up the U.S. electric power system. TheU.S.electricpowersystemisaninterconnectionofthreemajorsystems,orgrids: theEasternInterconnection,theWesternInterconnection,andtheTexas(ERCOT) Interconnection.
Section:Organizations
8. Describe the responsibilities of the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC). Theoverallreliabilityandcoordinationofthenationalinterconnectedpower systemsaretheresponsibilityoftheNERC. NERCsmajorareasofresponsibility: Developing,monitoring,andenforcingstandards Providingeducationandtraining Analysisandassessmentofsystemoperations,includingdisturbancesand failures
9. Describe the responsibilities of the NERCs balancing authorities. Withintheregionalentities,therearetypicallymultiplebalancingauthoritiesthat operatecontrolcentersthatmonitorthenationalgrid.Balancingauthorityoperators areresponsibleformaintainingtheload/interchange/generationbalancewithinthe controlarea. 10. Describe the responsibilities of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). FERCwascreatedtoprovideadditionalstandardstoensurethereliabilityofelectric power. FERCsRegulatoryFunctions: Regulatewholesalesalesofelectricity Interstatetransmissiontransactions Interconnectionsandpoweragreements Ratessetbyfederalpowermarketingadministrations Hydroelectriclicensing
11. Describe the requirements of FERC orders 888 and 889 and 2000. FERCorders888and889 Throughorders888and889,FERCrequiredtransmissionownerstoprovide nondiscriminatoryaccesstotransmissionlineswhilepermittingutilitiesto recoverstrandedcostsassociatedwithprovidingopenaccesstotransmission.
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TocomplywithFERCdirectivesandassuretheoperationoftransmissionlines inanindependentandequitablemanner,generation,transmission,and distributionentitiescollaboratedtoformIndependentSystemOperators (ISOs).
FERCorder2000 FERCorder2000formallyoutlinedtherequirementsandmandatesfor RegionalTransmissionOrganizations(RTOs).
12. What is an ISO, and what are its roles? IndependentSystemOperatorsarenonprofitorganizationsthatcombinethe transmissioncapabilitiesofmultipletransmissionprovidersintoasingle transmissionsystemthatcanbeaccessedbymanyotherenergyentities.By combiningtransmissioncapabilitiesintooneequallyaccessedsystem,ISOscan ensureunbiasedtransmissionservice. 13. What is an RTO, and what are its roles? RTOscoordinate,control,andmonitortheoperationofthetransmissiongridintheir respectivegeographicalarea.RTOsprovideequalaccesstotheelectrictransmission network.RTOsdifferfromISOsinthattheyarerequiredtomeetspecificFERC regulations.
Section:OverviewoftheEnergySystem
14. Describe the petroleum-based segment of the energy industry. Thepetroleumbasedsegmentoftheenergyindustryincludestheproduction, storage,processing,transportation,control,anddistributionofcrudeandrefined petroleumbasedproducts. Theprimaryuseofpetroleumenergyisintransportation.Petroleumbasedproducts arealsousedforheating,lubricants,andothermiscellaneouschemicaland consumerproducts. 15. Describe the natural gas segment of the energy industry. Naturalgasisafuelthatcanbeusedtocookfood,heatwater,heatandcoolhomes, andtoperformthousandsofusefultasksinshops,plants,andfactories. Thenaturalgassegmentoftheenergyindustryincludestheproduction,storage, processing,transportation,control,anddistributionofnaturalgas.Pipelinesplayan importantpartofthenaturalgasenergysector. 16. Describe what happens at electrical power generation plants. Atgeneratingplants,electricalpowerisgeneratedbyanumberofdifferentmethods andthensteppedupbyatransformertoahighervoltagetobesentoutoverthe transmissionlines.
17. List and describe the following fuel sources that are used for powering the mechanical processes that generate electricity. Fossilfuel:Theburningoffossilfuels,suchascoal,gas,andoil,isthemost commonmethodofelectricgenerationintheU.S. Nuclear:Innuclearpowergeneration,steamisproducedbyheatingwaterby nuclearfission.Thesteampassesthroughturbinescreatingmechanicalenergy thatproduceselectricalcurrent. Hydroelectricpower:Themechanicalenergythatrotatesthegeneratorcomes fromtheforceoffallingwaterpushingagainstthebladesofawaterturbine.
18. Describe the electrical power transmission system and process. Electricpowertransmissionconsistsofthebulktransferofhighvoltageelectrical energyfromitssourceatgeneratingplantstosubstations.Theelectricpower transmissionsystemconsistsofpowerlines,substations,andcontrolcenters. Transmissionlinesprovidethenetworkthatmoveselectricityfromgenerationplants todistributionsubstations.Electricaltransmissionnetworksareinterconnectedin ordertoprovidereliableandredundantroutesforelectricalpowertransmission. 19. Describe the electrical power distribution system and process. Electricpowerdistributionisthetransferofhighvoltageelectricalenergyfrom substationstotheendcustomer.Themajorityofcustomersaresuppliedfroma distributionsystemthatisanoutputofasubstation,ratherthanthetransmissionor subtransmissionsystems.Theelectricpowerdistributionsystemconsistsofpower lines,substations,andcontrolcenters.
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AnswerKeyforModule1UnitBQuiz
This quiz covers the structure of the utility industry including the three parts of the electric power system, various utility structures and national and regional regulatory organizations
MultipleChoice
1. Public utilities usually include what types of services? a) c) Water service Electric service b) Phone service D) ALLOFTHEABOVE 2. Public utility service standards ensure service that is: a) c) Safe Reliable b) Adequate D) ALLOFTHEABOVE 3. The most predominant type of utility in the United States is what type of business structure? A) INVESTOROWNED b) Non-profit c) Independent Power Producer d) Cooperative 4. What type of utility is a non-profit entity that is publicly-owned and controlled by local government agencies? a) c) Investor owned Independent Power Producer B) MUNICIPAL d) Cooperative 5. The type of utility organization whose customers each own a share, and receive rebates if excess revenue is collected at the end of the year: a) c) Investor Owned Independent Power Producer b) Municipal
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D) COOPERATIVE 6. What type of utility is also known as a Non-Utility Generator (NUG), and is an entity which is not a public utility, but which owns facilities to generate electric power to sell? a) Investor owned b) Municipal C) INDEPENDENTPOWERPRODUCER d) Cooperative 7. Who uses the co-production of power and useful heat from an energy source such as a steam turbine, gas turbine, or internal combustion engine? a) c) Small power producers Merchant generators B) COGENERATORS d) All of the above 8. What are small power plants that generate power to resale to others through renewable technologies such as biomass, geothermal, wind and solar? A) SMALLPOWERPRODUCERS b) Cogenerators c) Merchant generators d) All of the above 9. What businesses have been formed to own power generation plants and market their output without a specific end user selected? a) Small power producers b) Cogenerators C) MERCHANTGENERATORS d) All of the above 10. What category of electricity consumer include the use of electricity for air conditioning and heating, water heating, lighting, clothes washing, cooking and refrigeration? a) c) Commercial Industrial B) RESIDENTIAL
11. What category of electricity consumer includes the use of electricity for retail and services, offices, education, health care and lodging? A) COMMERCIAL
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b) Residential c) Industrial
12. What category of electricity consumer includes the use of electricity for Powering industrial facilities and equipment? a) Commercial b) Residential C) INDUSTRIAL 13. Most investor-owned utilities perform what function(s)? a) c) Generation Distribution b) Transmission C) ALLOFTHEABOVE
TrueFalse
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Historically, utility companies were established as horizontally integrated entities. 2. The primary purpose of the energy and utility industries are to provide safe, adequate and reliable services to the public. 3. The term public utility refers to the nature of the business, not to the ownership of an organization. 4. Privately invested electric power companies were the earliest form of business structure for the electric power industry. 5. Federal electric utilities primarily sell electricity to investor-owned utilities. 6. Independent power producers must use the transmission capabilities of other utilities to transmit the power they have generated. 7. The primary use of petroleum energy is in manufacturing. 8. The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil, is the most common method of electric generation in the U.S. 9. The U.S. electric power system is an interconnection of three major systems: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and the Texas (ERCOT) Interconnection. 10. Electrical transmission networks are not interconnected.
T/F
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Matching
C 1. The transfer of high voltage electrical energy from substations to the end customer. A 2. Process of creating electrical energy from other forms of energy. B 3. The bulk transfer of high voltage electrical energy from its source at generating plants to substations. G 4. The electric reliability organization certified by FERC to establish and enforce reliability standards and regulations for the bulk-power system. F 5. An independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy that governs interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. E 6. Designed to administer the transmission grid on a regional basis in a neutral manner. Entities desiring to be qualified must first meet a specific list of characteristics and functions. D 7. Non-profit organizations that combine the transmission capabilities of multiple transmission providers into a single transmission system that can be accessed by many other energy entities. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) electric power generation electric power transmission electric power distribution independent system operator regional transmission organization Federal Energy Regulatory Commission North American Electric Reliability Corporation
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UnitBResources
American Public Power Association (APPA) http://www.publicpower.org/ Edison Electric Institute (EEI) http://www.eei.org/Pages/default.aspx Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Industry eTool Illustrated Glossary http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/index.html Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) http://www.epri.com Energy Information Administration (EIA) http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) http://www.ferc.gov/ How Stuff Works: How Power Grids Work http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/power.htm How to Read Your Electric Meter http://www.bounceenergy.com/texas/choice-education/how-to-read-your-electric-meter How to Read Your Smart Electric Meter http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/readMeter.shtml ISO/RTO Council http://www.isorto.org National Energy Education Development Project http://www.need.org/ North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) http://www.nerc.com/ Online Usage Calculator http://www.consumerspower.org/home_energy/billestimator.php Pipeline 101: Introduction to Pipelines http://www.pipeline101.com/index.html Reading an Electric Meter http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/readMeter.shtml Reading Electricity Bills http://www.pickocc.org/publications/electric/Electric_Bill_Made_Easy.pdf Reading Gas and Electricity Meters http://www.gocompare.com/guides/gas-and-electricity-bills.aspx
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) http://www.energy.gov/ Visualizing the U.S. Electric Grid http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=110997398
UnitBMaterialsandEquipmentListforDiscretionary Activities
computer with Internet access for research sample electricity bills calculator
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UnitC:EnergyFlow:Generation, Transmission,andDistribution

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UnitCInstructorGuide
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UnitCOverview
This unit provides an introduction to the three parts of electric power system, preparing students for the more complex technical information in subsequent modules. Along the way they will discover how the utility industry has changed to become more efficient in the production, transmission, and distribution of power. The content of the PowerPoint presentation explores the concept of energy from the scientific perspective by providing examples of the transformation of energy from one form to another and consideration of the law of energy conservation. While students can memorize the parts of the electric power system without this knowledge, they will better understand the processes if you provide this foundational information.
LearnerExpectations(SLOs)forUnitC
Explain the flow of energy from generation through distribution to the customer.
TeachingStrategies
A field trip to a utility company or generating station would be a great opportunity for students to understand the magnitude of the equipment discussed in this unit. Ideally you will get someone from a local power company to lead the trip and answer students questions about the local utility. Note: If needed, this field trip could wait until after the material in Module 3 Unit A has been covered. If this is not possible, use the scavenger hunt activity around the immediate neighborhood to see how many parts of the transmission and distribution system can be located. The text opens with a description of very simplified power plantsone wind-driven and the other steam-driven. These illustrate, at the most basic level, conversion of one form of energy into another. The text also provides two analogies which may be useful in conveying how electricity flows and how the transmission system works. Using familiar concepts to illustrate new ones aids students in constructing mental scaffolding on which they can hang new knowledge. So, for example, voltage in electric circuits is compared to pressure in fluid circuits, and this comparison is explored in a hands-on activity. In another analogy, the transmission system is compared to the interstate highway system with many on-ramps and off-ramps. While the comparisons are not precise, they are helpful in conveying the concepts.
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PacingChartforUnitCLessonDelivery
MODULE1,UNITC:EnergyFlow:Generation,TransmissionandDistribution Lesson1
Introduce Unit C using the PowerPoint presentation, The Science of Energy. The slides reintroduce some basic concepts about energy, the forms it can take, and its transformation. The transformation aspect is particularly important when thinking about the generation of electricity: the chemical energy within coal being transformed into thermal energy the thermal energy being transformed into kinetic energy of steam the kinetic energy being transformed into mechanical energy of the turbine the mechanical energy being transformed into electrical energy
PowerPoint presentation, The Science of Energy Student text: Overview of the Electric Power System, Simple Power Plants, Simple Steam Power Plant; The Tea Kettle System; Improving the Tea Kettle Power Plant; The Furnace, The Boiler, the Turbine, The Generator, Better Plant Efficiency Glossary Guided Note-taking Outline, 1-15 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline

Science Connection: The Chemistry of Combustion
Students should read the sections of the unit text called Overview of the Electric Power System, Simple Power Plants, Simple Steam Power Plant, The Tea Kettle System, Improving the Tea Kettle Power Plant, The Furnace, The Boiler, The Turbine, The Generator, and Better Plant Efficiency. The text purposefully begins with the simplest analogy for generation possiblethat of a tea kettle releasing a concentrated blast of steam. Younger students may or may not have used a tea kettle, but they certainly have seen a boiling pot of water. Discuss the difference between the closed kettle system and a boiling pot of water without a lid, and prompt students to reflect on how this might relate to efficiency of power. Just as individuals make changes to save money on their energy bills by using energy more efficiently, utilities are also striving to improve the efficiency of generation, transmission, and distribution activities. Ask students why utilities would want to make their operations more efficient. Coal-fired generating plants are the most common type of plant in use today; however, in some geographical areas other types might predominate. Have students find out how their electricity is produced, if they dont already know. Ask students if they have studied chemistry at any point. Go over the simple chemical equations for combustion given in the Science Connection. Explain that the is read as yields and the means evolves (is given off). Tell students they will learn more about other gaseous pollutants produced by fossil-fueled power plants later in this module.
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Students should read the sections of the text called Overview of Electric Power Transmission, Common Concepts for Electric Power Transmission, The Transmission System, Transmission System Interface, and Transformers. This lesson introduces the second part of the electric power system, transmission, which will be covered in greater detail in Module 4. You may wish to have students look up unfamiliar vocabulary in the glossary and complete the related Guided Note-taking questions.
Student text: Overview of Electric Power Transmission, Common Concepts for Electric Power Transmission, The Transmission System, Transmission System Interface, Transformers Guided Note-taking Outline, 16-24 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary
Lesson3
Students should read the sections of the text called Overview of Electric Power Distribution and Residential Distribution. You may wish to have students look up unfamiliar vocabulary in the glossary and complete the related Guided Note-taking questions. This lesson introduces the third part of the electric power system, distribution, which will be covered in greater detail in Module 5. The Activity: Electricity Flow should be done outdoors or in a lab with sinks. Safety precautions should be followed, i.e., wiping up spilled water immediately to prevent falls; using water far away from electrical cords, outlets, and plugged-in equipment. While the activity could be done as an instructor demonstration, it will be more effective if done in groups of 3 or 4 with each student having hands-on experience with the flow pressure.
InstructorResources
Student text: Overview of Electric Power Distribution, Residential Distribution Guided Note-taking Outline, 25-30 Answer Key for Guided Note-taking Outline Glossary Activity: Electricity Flow (embedded in text) Websites related to activity: Voltage: What Is it Really? http://tinyurl.com/what-is-voltage DC Circuit Water Analogy http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/watcir.html# c1 What Are Amps, Watts, Volts, and Ohms? http://science.howstuffworks.com/envir onmental/energy/question501.htm
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If you are able to arrange a field trip, now would be a good time to take it. If not, have students complete the Activity: Scavenger Hunt. You can either allow students to take digital photos of equipment from their neighborhood or go online and find sites that show/discuss the different items. Review the unit with your students. Allow time for the students to complete the review questions and the vocabulary matching activity. Go over the answers in class.
InstructorResources
Field trip (optional) Activity: Scavenger Hunt (embedded in text) Glossary Vocabulary Matching Activity Answer Key for Vocabulary Matching Activity Unit C Review Questions Instructor Answer Key for Unit C Review Questions Module 1, Unit C Quiz Answer Key for Module 1, Unit C Quiz
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UnitCStudentMaterials
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UNITC:ENERGYFLOW: GENERATION,TRANSMISSION,AND DISTRIBUTION

OverviewofElectricPowerSystem
Energyandutilitycompaniesmustprovidecustomerswithinstantaccesstoreliableenergy service24hoursaday,365daysayear.Thecreationanddeliveryofelectricalenergyfor customersoccursthroughthreemainsteps:electricpowergeneration,transmission,and distribution.Electricpowergenerationistheprocessofcreatingelectricityfromothersources ofenergy.Electricpowertransmissionisthetransferofelectricenergyinbulkbetweenthe generationpointandpointsatwhichitistransformedfordelivery.Distributionisthedelivery ofelectricenergytoconsumers.
NationalEnergyEducationDevelopmentProject
SimplePowerPlants
Generationisthefirststepinthedeliveryof electricpowerservicetoconsumers.A discussionofenergygenerationfromsteam powerplantscanbeginwithasimplewind poweredgeneratingplant.Aswindstrikesthe bladesofthewindmill,theybegintoturn.In thisprocess,theenergyofthewindis convertedtomechanicalenergyasshownin Figure1C.1.Whenthewindmillshaftturns, Figure1C.1Windpowerplant thegeneratorchangesthemechanicalenergy intoelectricalenergythat,inturn,illuminatesthebulb. Simplepowerplantssuchasthiswindmillactuallywork;infact,suchplantsarebeingused today,butwindisnotadependablesourceofenergyinmanylocations.
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SimpleSteamPowerPlant
Inthesearchforareliablesourceofpower,steamhaslongbeenrecognizedasasource moredependableandcontrollablethanwind.
TheTeaKettleSystem
Onepossiblesourceofpowercouldbeateakettle.Whenateakettleisplacedovera sourceofheat,thewaterinsidethekettlebeginstoboilandsteamisdischargedfrom thespout. Steam,likecontrolledwind,canbeusedtoturnbladesonashafttogenerateelectricity toilluminatealightbulb.Bladesturnedbysteamarethebasicprincipleonwhichsteam powerplantsoperate.Theactualequipmentinasteampowerplantismuchmore sophisticated,yettheprincipleremainsthesame. Atthispointinthecourse,itis enoughtoknowthatanelectric generatorisarapidlyrotating magnetinsideastationarycoilof wirethatcreatesanelectric current. Asimplegenerator,suchasthe onedepictedinFigure1C.2, consistsofabarmagnetspinning insideastationarycoilofwire.As Figure1C.2Teakettlepowerplant themagneticfieldissuingfromthe endsofthemagnetmovesacross theturnsofwireinthestationarycoil,anelectriccurrentissetupinthewire.By windingalargenumberofturnsofwireintoaringordoughnut,theinitialcurrentis addedtothecurrentintheotherturnsofwirecreatingamorepowerfulcurrent.
ImprovingtheTeaKettlePowerPlant
Nowletsreturntothe teakettlepowerplantto seeifsomeimprovements canbemadetoincrease theefficiencyoftheoverall operation.Welluseactual steamelectricgeneration plantterminologyto describeequipmentand processesfromnowon. Themajorcomponentsof thepowerplantarethe furnace,theboiler,the turbine,andthegenerator.
Figure1C.3Improvedteakettlepowerplant 150
NotethatinthediagraminFigure1C.3,severalpieces ofequipmenthavebeenenclosed. Theportioncontainingthefireandfuelburning equipmentiscalledthefurnace.Theteakettle,now knownastheboiler(orsteamgenerator),isthe equipmentthatconvertswatertosteamwhenheated bythefurnace.Tothefurnacestructureisaddeda chimney,whichinpowerplanttermsiscalledastack. Thewindmillhasalsobeenenclosedandisnow knownasaturbine,eventhoughitstillhasthesame function.Eachcomponentisbecomingmore complicatedandspecialized,buttheprincipleisstill thesameasintheteakettlepowerplant.
TheChemistryofCombustion
Purecarbonwouldburn followingtheequationbelow: C+O2CO2+heat orinwords carbon+oxygencarbon dioxide+heat Whenthereisinsufficient oxygenpresent,theequation maybecome: 2C+O22CO+heat or 3C+O22CO+C+heat wherecarbonmonoxide(a poisonousgas)isproduced,and somecarbonmayremaintotally unburned.Inactuality, incompletecombustionwill generallyproducesomecarbon dioxide,somecarbon monoxide,andsomeunburned carbon. Additionallyimpuritiesinthe coal,suchassulfur,areburned, releasingvariousoxidesof sulfur(SOx).Pollutioncontrol equipmentsuchasscrubbers removeSOx.
GeneratingPlantComponents
TheFurnace
Thefurnaceisthesiteofoneofthebasicenergy processes,orconversion,fromoneformofenergyto another.Inthefurnace,thechemicalenergyofthefuelis convertedintothermalenergy(heat)through combustion.Thethreemostcommonfuelsusedinfossil fueledplantstodayarenaturalgas,oil,andcoal,which areallchemicallyclassifiedashydrocarbons.Becauseof therelativecostandavailabilityofthevariousfuelsused inplantstoday,coalisthefirstchoice.Hydropowerand nuclearpowerdonotrequireafurnace,ascombustionis notpartofthehydroelectricpowerornuclearpower generationprocesses.
TheBoiler
Inacoalfiredplant,theheatenergythatisreleasedasthecoalburnsisabsorbedbywater intheboiler,convertingittosteam.
TheTurbine
Thethirdmajorcomponentofasteamelectricgeneratingstationistheturbine.The turbineandassociatedequipmentareusedtoconvertsteamenergytomechanicalenergy. Toreview,thispowerplantexplanationbeganusingasimplewindmill.Thebladeswere thenenclosed,andthewindmillbecameaturbine.Theturbineisessentiallyawindmill,but itisfarmorecomplex.Ithashundredsofblades,someofwhichrotateandsomeofwhich arestationary.Theturbinebladesarearrangedingroupscalledstages.
TheGenerator
Themainfunctionofageneratoristoconverttheheatenergyofsteamintomoreeasily usedelectricalenergy.Ananalogyforageneratorisapumppushingwaterthroughapipe. Onlyinsteadofpushingwater,ageneratorusesamagnetforcetopushelectronsalong. Thisisanoversimplification,butitpaintsahelpfulpictureofthepropertiesatworkina generator.Awaterpumpmovesacertainnumberofwatermoleculesandappliesacertain amountofpressuretothem.Inthesameway,themagnetinageneratorexciteselectrons intheconductorandgeneratesanelectricalforce.Itshouldbenotedthatasingleelectron doesntflowthroughaconductorandreturn.InsteadelectronsactmorelikeaNewtons cradlethetoyinwhichalignedspheresonstringsaresettoknockagainstoneanother, oneconveyingenergytoanotherinsequence.Similarly,whilegoingthroughaconductor, oneelectronfromoneatomwillbecomeexcitedtothepointitwillleaveitsatom.Itmight collidewithanotheratom,knockanelectronfree,andthenjointheatomwithwhichit collided. Ageneratorinapowerplantmayoperatebyitselforintandemwithothergenerators. Mostelectricalpowerutilitieshavemorethanonepowerplant,eachplanthavingmore thanonegenerator.Duringlowsystemloadperiods,onlyafewgeneratorswillbein operation.Asthecustomerdemandforelectricpowerincreases,moregeneratorsare placedinoperationtomeetthedemand.Allgeneratorsaresupplyingthecommonloadand aresaidtobeoperatinginparallel.Incaseswhereasystemissmallorasystemhasonly onepowerplant,itispossiblethatonlyonegeneratorissupplyingthetotalsystem demand.Asinglegeneratoroperatingtosupplythedemandiscalledanisolatedgenerator.
BetterPlantEfficiency
Ifapowerplantisbasicallythissimple,onemayaskwhypeoplecontinuetocomplicatethings. Theanswerisefficiency.Likethepersonwhowantsthemostmilespergallonofgasfromacar, stationdesignersandoperatorsstrivetoobtainthemaximumnumberofkilowatthoursof electricityfromtheleastamountoffuel. Seventyfiveyearsago,electricgeneratingplantsusedmorethanthreepoundsofcoalto produceonekilowatthourofelectricity.Todaythenationalaverageislessthanonepoundof coalperkilowatthour.Inotherwords,seventyfiveyearsagothreetimesasmuchfuelwas requiredtoproducethesameamountofelectricity. Themainreasonforthereductioninfuelconsumptionisthegradualimprovementof generatingstations.Boththeindividualpiecesofequipmentandthesystemasawholehave beenmademoreefficient.
OverviewofElectricPowerTransmission
Electricityhasuniquepropertiesthatmakeitnoteasilystored.Theelectricitythatiscreatedby generationplantsmustbedeliveredasitisgenerated.Todeliverelectricitytomillionsof
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customers,electricitytravelsfromgenerationplantstocustomersthoughtransmissionlines. Electricpowertransmissionisthesecondofthreestepsintheelectricpowersystem. Historically,earlyelectricpowertransmissionsystemsencounteredtwomainobstacles, proximitytoagenerationsourceandincompatibilityofdifferentvoltages.Industrializationand newtechnologiesallowedforthevoltagesusedinthebulktransmissionofelectricityto graduallyincreaseovertime.Conflicting,isolatedsystemsevolvedintocompatible, interconnectedgrids.Thissystemcontinuedtoprogressintowhatwenowconsideracritical partofourcountrysinfrastructure.
CommonConceptsforElectricPowerTransmission Voltage:Voltageiselectricalforceorpotentialmeasuredinvolts(V)orkilovolts(kV)fortransmission applications.Thevoltagesoftransmissionlinesaffecttheirtransmittingability. Current:Currentisameasurementoftherateofelectricityflow.Currentflowismeasuredin amperes(amps).Transmissionlinecurrentisameasurementoftheamountofelectricitythatis flowingthroughthetransmissionline. Power:Inthecontextofelectricitytransmission,powerisdefinedasarateatwhichelectricity (electricalenergy)isproduced.Powerismeasuredinwatts(W)ormegawatts(MW).Powerisa variablethatmustbeconsideredwhendealingwithtransmissionsystemcapabilityandcapacity designandfunction. ElectricalEnergy:Electricalenergyisthegenerationoruseofelectricpoweroveraspecifiedamount oftime.Electricalenergyisexpressedinkilowatthours(kWh).
ArgonneNationalLaboratory,2007
Electricpowertransmissionisthebulktransferofelectricalenergyfrompowergeneration plantstosubstationsalongvariousinterconnectedsystemswithintheelectricalpowergrids.
TheTransmissionSystem
Theelectricalenergytransmissionsystemisdesignedtostepuptheoutputvoltagefrom theproductionsystemgenerationunitstohighvoltagesthatcanbeusedtointerconnect variousproductionsourcesandpowergrids. Thetransmissionsystemusedtotransmitelectricalenergylongdistancescanbecompared totheinterstateroadwaynetwork.Largeamountsofelectricalenergyflowalongthe transmissionsystemmuchastrafficfromtownsandcities,othermajorhighwaysor expresswaysenterandleavetheinterstatehighwayatkeyintervals.Intheelectrical transmissionsystem(Figure1C.4),theentryandexitpointsare:
Powerplantsthatgenerateelectricalenergy,whichcanbe locatedseveralhundredmilesawayfromthecustomers. Switchingstationsthatprovidecontrolfacilitiesformonitoring systemoperationandprovideinterconnectionwithother transmissionsystems,eveniftheyoperateatdifferentvoltage level. Otherpowerpoolsorpowergrids,whichcanextendthe interconnectionofproductionfacilitiesandallowforalternative routingintheeventofoperatingemergenciesandmaintenance. Customersrequiringhighvolumesofenergyathighvoltages. Substationsthatlowerthevoltagesothatelectricalenergycircuitsarepermitted toberoutedtocommercialandresidentialareas.
Figure1C.25TransmissionSystem(ApogeeEnergy)
Thetransmissionsystemoperatesathighvoltagesinrangesfrom138,000tomorethan 1,000,000volts.Thesehighvoltagesareestablishedatproductionsourceswherethe voltagesaresteppedupsothatmoreelectricalenergycanbetransferredfromonepointto anotherwithaminimumofloss.Thehighvoltagetransmissionsystemlinesarecarriedon tallsteeloraluminumtowersorpoleswellabovetheground. AccordingtotheNationalCouncilonElectricityPolicy,atthestartofthetwentyfirst century,thetransmissionsystemintheUnitedStateswasaninterconnectednetworkwith morethan150,000milesofhighvoltage(greaterthan230kV)transmissionlines. Additionallysomepoweristransmittedunderground,butthisismuchmoreexpensivesince coolantmustbecirculatedthroughthepipescarryingtheelectricalcables. Somecustomersareconnecteddirectlytothetransmissionsystematthesehighvoltages. Thecustomersrequiringtheseextremelyhighlevelsofelectricalenergy,suchas manufacturingprocessesandresearchfacilities,aresometimesdirectlyconnectedto transmissionlines.Examplesmightincludeelectricalcomponentmanufacturers,research nuclearreactors,andsteelrecyclingfacilities.
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TransmissionSystemInterface
Theinterfacebetweenthepowergenerationplantandthetransmissionsystemtakesplace inaswitchingstation.Powergeneratedinapowerplantpassesfromthegenerationplant intothetransmissionsystemthroughaswitchyard.Aswitchyardcontainsalltheequipment necessarytotransformandroutepower.
Transformers
Atransformerisanelectricaldevicebywhichalternatingcurrentof onevoltageischangedtoanothervoltage.Atransformercanonly transferpower,notproduceit.Besidesthemainpowertransformer thatstepsupvoltagetotransmissionlevels,avarietyofother transformersarefoundalongthetransmissionanddistributionlines thatadjustvoltagesforthepowergridandstepdownvoltagestothe voltagesneededbyvariousconsumers.Transformersstepdownthe voltagefromtransmissionvoltage,whichrangesfrom44,000volts(44 kV)to500,000volts(500kV)todistributionvoltage,whichranges from4,000volts(4kV)to35,000volts(35kV). Thetransmissionsystemdeliverspowertotransmissionsubstationsoftheutilityandto largerindustrialconsumersatvoltagesof69kVandabove.Thesubtransmissionsystem deliverselectricalpowertolargecommercialcustomersatvoltagesbetween4kVand69 kV.Thedistributionsystemdeliverselectricalpowertoresidentialcustomersandtosmaller commercialcustomersatvoltagesof4kVandbelow.Thetransmissionsystemisgenerally connectedtoasubtransmissionsystem,whichinturnisconnectedtoadistributionsystem.
OverviewofElectricPowerDistribution
Electricpowerdistributionbeginswiththeflowofelectricpowerfromasubstationandends withthefinaldeliveryofelectricalpowerthroughacustomerselectricmeter(Figure1C.5).
Figure1C.5TransmissionSystem(ApogeeEnergy)
Adistributionsystemtakespowerfromthetransmissiongrid,stepsdownthevoltagefroma hightransmissionvoltageleveltoalowerdistributionvoltagelevel.Lowervoltagesare requiredforthesafedistributionofelectricpowertocustomers.Thelowervoltageof

electricityinthedistributionsystemalsoallowsfortheconstructionofsmallerpowerlines withinneighborhoodsandenableseconomicalundergrounddistributionabilities. Whiletheelectricpowertransmissionsystemisoftencomparedtoaninterstatehighway network,theelectricpowerdistributionsystemissimilartostatehighwaysandcitystreets,as ithasmultipleinterconnectionsthatprovideopportunitiesforinputandoutputatkey junctions. Thedistributionsystemisconnectedbythefollowing mainlinks: DistributionSubstationsSubstationslower voltagessothatelectricalenergyisatan appropriateleveltoberoutedtocommercial andresidentialcustomers. CommercialandIndustrialConnectionsSome commercialandindustrialcustomersrequirea highervoltageofelectricalpowerservice becausetheyrequirehighvolumesofenergyor operateequipmentormachinerythatrequires specialvoltages. ResidentialConnectionsResidential customerstypicallyrequiredistributionvoltage levelstobesteppeddownto120/240single phaseservice. EarlyDistribution
ThomasEdisonoriginatedtheconcept andimplementationofelectricpower generationanddistributiontohomes andbusinesses.In1880Edison patentedthefirstelectricpower distributionsystem. In1882,theEdisonIlluminating Companybegantodistribute electricalpowerto59customersin NewYorkCity.Edisonreceivedmany awardsforhisdevelopmentsinpower distributionsystems.
ResidentialDistribution
Wehavementionedthathighervoltagesareneededtomovelargeamountsofelectricity longdistanceswithminimumlosses(voltagedrops).However,lowervoltagesareneededto allowsmallerpowerlinesandassociatedequipmenttobebuiltforresidentialpurposes. Theselowervoltagesalsoallowforcustomerequipmenttooperateatstandardized voltages. Themajorityofcustomersare suppliedfromdistribution circuitsthataretheoutputsof thesubstation,ratherthanthe transmissionorsubtransmission systems.Thedistribution circuitsareroutedalonglocal streetsonoverheadand undergrounddistribution circuits.Typically,distribution circuitvoltagesof4and13kV
aresteppeddownatdesignatedintervalstoprovidelowervoltagesforspecificcustomer applications.Thecustomerapplicationvoltagesarereferredtoassecondaryandservice voltages. Commoncustomervoltagelevelsare: Residential(SinglePhaseServices) 120volts 120/240volts 120/208volts
CommercialandLightIndustrial(ThreePhaseServices) 120/208volts(threephasewye) 277/480volts(threephasewye) 120/240volts(threephasedelta) 240volts(threephasedelta) 480volts(threephasedelta)
ACTIVITY:ElectricityFlow
Voltageinelectriccircuitsissimilartopressureinfluidcircuits.Allpipesandtubesresist theflowofwater,justasallelectricaldeviceshavesomeresistancetochargeflow. Workinginteams,usinganapproximatelyconstantpressurewatersource(e.g.,faucet), measureandcomparefilltimeforalargebucketusingdifferentlengthsofgardenhose andothersmallerdiametertypesofplastictubing. Whatvariablesdoyounoticewithlongversusshortlengthsoftubing? Whatvariablesdoyounoticewithsmallerdiametertubing? Howdothesefindingsrelatetohowelectricityistransferredthroughthetransmission system?
Inthedistributionsystem,thepolesaregenerallyshorterandoftenmadeofwood.Within citiestheymaybebuiltwithbreakawaymetalpolestoreduceinjuriesincaseavehicleruns intoone.Examplesofdistributionpolesandtransformersarebelow.
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Activity:ScavengerHunt
Workinsmallgroups.Findeachofthefollowingandrecorditslocation.Ifavailable,use digitalcamerastotakepicturesofyourfinds.Bringyourcompletedassignmenttothe nextclass.Ifyourinstructorallows,thisactivitycanbecompletedvirtuallyusingthe Internet. Thenearestgeneratingstation Transmissionsubstation Distributionsubstation Stepdowntransformer Stepuptransformer Residentialtransformer Highvoltagetransmissionlines Analogelectricmeter Digitalelectricmeter
UnitCGlossary
boileradeviceforgeneratingsteamforpower;heatfromanexternalcombustionsourceis transmittedtowatercontainedwithinthewaterwalltubesthatlinethefurnacewalls conductormaterialssuchascopperandaluminumthatallowelectricalcurrenttoflowfreely throughthem currentaflowofelectronsalongapath,suchasaconductivewire distributionsystemtheportionofelectricsystemthatisdedicatedtodeliveringelectric energytoanenduser deltaamethodofwiringforathreephaseconnectioninwhichthreewindingsofa transformerorgeneratorareconnectedendtoend;whendrawninalinediagram,the shaperesemblestheGreekletterdelta() energythecapacitytodowork electricalenergypotentialenergyandkineticenergyassociatedwiththepositionor movementofelectricalcharge electricalpowergrid(thegrid)interconnectedelectricgeneration,transmission,and distributionsystemsoverbroadgeographicareas furnacetheportionofthegeneratingunitcontainingthefireandfuelburningequipment;the sitewherethechemicalenergyofthefuelisconvertedtothermalenergy generatortheportionofthegeneratingunitwheretherotatingmechanicalenergyis convertedtoelectricalenergy;itconsistsofastatorcontainingthearmaturewindingsand arotor(centershaft)thatisturnedbytheturbinetoproducethemagneticfield hydrocarbonssimplecompoundscontainingonlytheelementshydrogenandcarbon;fossil fuelsaremadeofhydrocarbons
kilowatthourstheunitwhichexpresseshowmuchelectricalenergyaconsumeruses stepdowntransformeratransformerthathasmoreturnsintheprimarywindingthaninthe secondarywinding;voltagesarehigherintheprimarycircuitthaninthesecondarycircuit; usedtolowervoltage stepuptransformeratransformerthathasfewerturnsintheprimarywindingthaninthe secondarywinding;thevoltageintheprimarycircuitwillbelessthaninthesecondary circuit;usedtoincreasevoltage substationalocationalongatransmissionordistributionroutecontainingequipmentto transformandroutepower switchyardtheareaatthegeneratingstation,thatstepsupvoltagesfromthegeneratorand routesittothetransmissionlines systemloadtheamountofelectricpowerrequiredbyconsumers transformeradevicethattransferspowerfromonecircuittoanother;stepuptransformers increasevoltagefromtheprimarytothesecondarycircuitwhileloweringcurrent proportionally,whilestepdowntransformerslowervoltagefromtheprimarytothe secondarycircuitwhileraisingcurrentproportionally transmissionsystemaninterconnectedgroupofelectrictransmissionlinesandassociated equipmentformovingortransferringelectricenergyinbulkbetweenpointsofsupplyand pointsatwhichitistransformedfordeliveryoverthedistributionsystemlinesto consumersortootherelectricsystems turbineamachineforgeneratingrotarymechanicalpowerfromthethermalenergyofsteam voltage(volts)thedifferenceinelectricalpotentialbetweenanytwoconductorsorbetween aconductorandground.Itisameasureoftheelectricenergyperelectronthatelectrons canacquireand/orgiveupastheymovebetweenthetwoconductors wyeamethodofwiringforathreephaseconnectioninwhichallthreephasesareconnected toacommonpoint,usuallyanelectricalground;whendrawninalinediagram,theshape resemblesaY
UnitCReferences
ArgonneNationalLaboratory(2007) http://www.anl.gov/ FossilFuelPowerPlantTechnologySeries:PowerPlantFundamentalsandSystemsI. ElectricUtilitiesTechnicalEducationCouncilandtheCenterforOccupationalResearchand Development. FossilFuelPowerPlantTechnologySeries:PowerPlantFundamentalsandSystemsII. ElectricUtilitiesTechnicalEducationCouncilandtheCenterforOccupationalResearchand Development.
FossilFuelPowerPlantTechnologySeries:PowerPlantOperatorLevelII. ElectricUtilitiesTechnicalEducationCouncilandtheCenterforOccupationalResearchand Development. HowElectricityWorks http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm Steam:ItsGenerationandUse http://www.scribd.com/doc/17396655/BabcockWilcoxCoSteamItsGenerationandUse
UnitCPhotoCredits
GraphicscourtesyApogeeEnergyandtheNationalEnergyEducationDevelopmentProject.
160
UnitCTeachingResources

161
162
UnitCPowerPoint
This presentation is designed to help students think about the science behind the electricity as they are learning about the power industry.
POWERPOINT:THESCIENCEOFENERGY
This presentation contains an overview of the two major types of energypotential and kineticand the classifications within each. It reviews the law of conservation of energy and asks students to identify types of energy as they transform into other types. 1. Title slide: The Science of Energy 2. What is Energy? a. Energy is broadly defined as the ability to do work b. It is the property of a substance, object or material that allows it to do work c. Energy is classified into two major categories: potential and kinetic 3. Potential Energy a. Potential energy is either due to stored energy in the object or substance or to the position of the object b. How do these objects store potential energy? Battery Auto suspension spring Water tower Sugar
4. Potential Energy a. A battery contains chemicals which react to release electrons b. A spring that is compressed or stretched stores mechanical potential energy c. Water at a height has gravitational potential energy due to its position d. Sugar contains chemicals that react with chemicals in your body to produce energy 5. Potential Energy (chemical, gravitational, mechanical, nuclear) 6. Kinetic Energy a. Kinetic energy is the energy of motionof waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects 7. Kinetic Energy (motion, electrical, sound, thermal, radiant) 8. The Scientific Law of Conservation of Energy a. Energy is neither created nor destroyed b. It can only be transformed from one form to another
Slides 9 12: What kind of energy is being transformed? What is it being transformed into? 13. For More Information a. Energy Explained: Your Guide to Understanding Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/
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UnitCGuidedNoteTakingOutline
1. The creation and delivery of electrical energy for customers occurs through three main steps: electric power _____________________, _____________________, and _____________________. 2. Electric power generation is the process of creating electricity from other sources of _____________________. 3. _____________________ is the first step in the delivery of electric power service to consumers. 4. When the turbine shaft turns, the generator changes the _____________________ energy into electrical energy that, in turn, can light up a lightbulb. 5. The major components of the power plant are the _____________________, the _____________________, the ____________________________, and the _______________________________________. 6. The portion of a power plant containing the fire and fuel-burning equipment is called the _____________________. 7. The_____________________ (or steam generator), is the equipment that converts water to steam when heated by the furnace. 8. In the furnace, the _____________________ energy of the fuel is converted into _____________________ energy (heat) through _____________________. 9. The three most common fuels used in fossil-fueled plants today are_____________________, _____________________, and _____________________, which are all chemically classified as _________________________________________. 10. The __________________________________________ that is released as coal burns is absorbed by water in the boiler, converting it to steam. 11. The _____________________ and associated equipment are used to convert steam energy to mechanical energy.
12. The main function of a _____________________ is to convert the heat energy of steam into more easily used electrical energy. 13. Most _______________________________________________________________ have more than one power plant, each plant having more than one generator. 14. As the ______________________________________________________________ increases, more generators are placed in operation to meet the demand. 15. The main reason for the reduction in fuel consumption is the gradual improvement of ________________________________________. 16. Electricity has unique properties that make it not easily _____________________. 17. Historically, early electric power transmission systems encountered two main obstacles, proximity to a generation source and incompatibility of different ___________________. 18. Electric power _____________________ is the bulk transfer of electrical energy from power generation plants to substations along various interconnected systems within the _______________________________________________________________. 19. The electrical energy transmission system is designed to step up the output voltage from the production system generation units to ______________________________________ that can be used to interconnect various production sources and power grids. 20. In the electrical transmission system, the entry and exit points are: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________. 21. The transmission system in the United States was an interconnected network with more than _________________________________of high-voltage (greater than 230 kV) transmission lines.
22. Some customers are connected directly to the transmission system at these high voltages, for example, ____________________________________________________________, _________________________________________________________________, and __________________________________________________________________. 23. The interface between the power generation plant and the transmission system takes place in a __________________________________________________________________. 24. A _________________________________is an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage 25. The transmission system is generally connected to a _________________________________system, which in turn is connected to a _________________________________system. 26. Electric power distribution begins with the flow of electric power from a _________________________________and ends with the final delivery of electrical power through a customers _______________________________________________. 27. A distribution system takes power from the transmission grid and steps _________________________________the voltage from a _________________________________transmission voltage level to a _________________________________distribution voltage level. 28. The distribution system is connected by the following main links: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 29. Typically, distribution circuit voltages of 4 and 13 kV are stepped down at designated intervals to provide lower voltages for specific _________________________________. 30. The customer application voltages are referred to as _________________________________and _________________________________ voltages.
UnitCMatchingVocabularyActivity
Matching
____ 1. The portion of the generating unit where the rotating mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy; it consists of a stator containing the armature windings and a rotor (center shaft) that is turned by the turbine to produce the magnetic field 2. The amount of electric power required by consumers 3. Potential energy and kinetic energy associated with the position or movement of electrical charge 4. An interconnected group of electric transmission lines and associated equipment for moving electric energy in bulk between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery 5. The portion of electric system that is dedicated to delivering electric energy to an end user 6. The portion of the generating unit containing the fire and fuel-burning equipment 7. A device for generating steam for power a) b) c) d) e) f) g) electrical energy boiler system load distribution system generator transmission system furnace
____ ____
____
____
____
____
169
UnitCReviewQuestions
Answer these questions in your notebook or on a blank sheet of paper. 1. List the major processes involved in the creation and delivery of electric power to customers. 2. Describe the major components of a generating unit and the energy conversions that occur in each. 3. What is the purpose of the transmission system? 4. What does a transformer do? Why is this important?
170
Module1UnitCQuiz
This quiz covers introductory material on the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power.
MultipleChoice
Circle the letters of all that apply. 1. Creation and delivery of electricity to consumers occurs through: a) c) transformation distribution b) generation d) transmission 2. Early electric power transmission systems encountered problems primarily due to: a) c) incompatible voltages thermal limits b) the need to locate the generation station close to the transmission lines d) lack of lightning arresteors 3. Which of the following is not part of the power transmission system? a) c) power grids substations b) switching stations d) residential customers 4. The power plant main __________________ produce electrical power. a) c) transformers switchyard b) generators d) rotors 5. A____________ is an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage. a) c) capacitor resistor b) transformer d) generator
171
6.The transmission system operates at high voltages in ranges from ____________ to _________ volts. a) c) 240 to 1000 1000 to 5000 b) 138,000 to 1,000,000 d) 120 to 240 7. In the furnace the __________________ energy of the fuel is converted into __________ energy through combustion. a) c) chemical, thermal mechanical, thermal b) electrical, thermal d) electrical, chemical 8. Which of these are fossil fuels used in electric generating plants? a) c) 9. graphite coal b) natural gas d) hydrogen Which of these types of generation do not require a furnace? a) coal-fueled b) hydroelectric (hydropower) c) d) 10. a) c) 11. oil-fueled nuclear-powered boiler generator
The ____________ is used to convert steam to mechanical energy. b) turbine d) transformer Common residential customer voltage is: a) c) 480 volts (three-phase delta) 120/208 volts (three-phase wye) b) 277/480 volts (three-phase wye) d) 120 volts
172
12.
______________________ voltages are needed to move large amounts of electricity long distances with minimum losses. a) c) Distribution Lower b) Higher d) Residential
13.
The distribution system is connected by: a) c) commercial and industrial connections generating switchyards b) residential connections d) distribution substations
14.
The transmission system is designed to ______________ the output voltage from the generating units so that it can be used to interconnect production sources and power grids. a) c) step up create b) step down d) lower
15.
Electricity has properties that make it difficult to _____________. a) c) transmit store b) generate d) distribute
16.
The main function of a _______________ is to convert the heat energy of steam into more easily used electrical energy. a) c) transformer switchyard b) generator d) conductor
17.
During low _________________ periods, only a few generators will be in operation. a) c) customer demand isolated demand b) system load d) parallel load
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TrueFalse
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Electric power transmission is the final step in the delivery of electric power service to consumers. 2. Common residential customer voltage levels are 120/240 volts. 3. A transformer cannot produce power. 4. Residential voltages are carried by three-phase services. 5. Power generation is connected with power transmission at a switching station. 6. A transformer is a rapidly rotating magnet inside a stationary coil of wire that creates an electric current. 7. Coal is classified as a hydrocarbon. 8. Nuclear power involves the combustion of uranium. 9. Generators only work in isolation. 10. It takes more fuel today to produce one kilowatt of power than it did 75 years ago. 11. Electricity is delivered as it is generated (rather than stored for later use). 12. Electric power distribution begins with generation and ends at the distribution substation. 13. The distribution system takes power from the transmission grid and steps down the voltage.
174
Matching
_____ 1. distribution _____ 2. transformer _____ 3. turbine _____ 4. transmission _____ 5. subtransmission system _____ 6. furnace _____ 7. generation _____ 8. boiler _____ 9. current a) c) steam generator the bulk transfer of electrical energy b) flow of electrons through a conductor d) delivers electric power to large commercial customers at voltages between 4 kV 69 kV e) f) designed to step up or step down voltage creation of electrical energy
g) delivery of electric power to small commercial and residential consumers h) where chemical energy is converted to thermal energy through combustion i) in the generating system it is used to convert steam energy to mechanical energy
175
AnswerKeytoGuidedNoteTakingOutline
1. The creation and delivery of electrical energy for customers occurs through three main steps: electric power GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, and DISTRIBUTION. 2. Electric power generation is the process of creating electricity from other sources of ENERGY. 3. GENERATION is the first step in the delivery of electric power service to consumers. 4. When the turbine shaft turns, the generator changes the MECHANICAL energy into electrical energy that, in turn, can light up a lightbulb. 5. The major components of the power plant are the FURNACE, the BOILER, the TURBINE, and the GENERATOR. 6. The portion of a power plant containing the fire and fuel-burning equipment is called the FURNACE. 7. TheBOILER (or steam generator), is the equipment that converts water to steam when heated by the furnace. 8. In the furnace, the CHEMICAL energy of the fuel is converted into THERMAL energy (heat) through COMBUSTION. 9. The three most common fuels used in fossil-fueled plants today are NATURALGAS, OIL, and COAL, which are all chemically classified as HYDROCARBONS. 10. The HEATENERGY that is released as coal burns is absorbed by water in the boiler, converting it to steam. 11. The TURBINE and associated equipment are used to convert steam energy to mechanical energy. 12. The main function of a GENERATOR is to convert the heat energy of steam into more easily used electrical energy.
176
13. Most ELECTRICALPOWERUTILITIES have more than one power plant, each plant having more than one generator. 14. As the CUSTOMERDEMANDFORELECTRICPOWER increases, more generators are placed in operation to meet the demand. 15. The main reason for the reduction in fuel consumption is the gradual improvement of GENERATINGSTATIONS. 16. Electricity has unique properties that make it not easily STORED. 17. Historically, early electric power transmission systems encountered two main obstacles, proximity to a generation source and incompatibility of different VOLTAGES. 18. Electric power TRANSMISSION is the bulk transfer of electrical energy from power generation plants to substations along various interconnected systems within the ELECTRICALPOWERGRIDS. 19. The electrical energy transmission system is designed to step-up the output voltage from the production system generation units to HIGHVOLTAGES that can be used to interconnect various production sources and power grids. 20. In the electrical transmission system, the entry and exit points are: POWERPLANTSTHATGENERATEELECTRICALENERGY SWITCHINGSTATIONSTHATPROVIDECONTROLFACILITIESFORMONITORINGSYSTEM OPERATIONANDPROVIDEINTERCONNECTIONWITHOTHERTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMS OTHERPOWERPOOLSORPOWERGRIDS, CUSTOMERSREQUIRINGHIGHVOLUMESOFENERGYATHIGHVOLTAGES SUBSTATIONSTHATLOWERTHEVOLTAGE 21. The transmission system in the United States was an interconnected network with more than 150,000MILES of high-voltage (greater than 230 kV) transmission lines. 22. Some customers are connected directly to the transmission system at these high voltages, for example, MANUFACTURERSANDRESEARCHERSSUCHAS:ELECTRICAL
177
COMPONENTMANUFACTURERS), RESEARCHNUCLEARREACTORS, and STEEL RECYCLINGFACILITIES. 23. The interface between the power generation plant and the transmission system takes place in a SWITCHINGSTATION. 24. A TRANSFORMERis an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage 25. The transmission system is generally connected to a SUBTRANSMISSION system, which in turn is connected to a DISTRIBUTIONsystem. 26. Electric power distribution begins with the flow of electric power from a SUBSTATION and ends with the final delivery of electrical power through a customers ELECTRIC METER. 27. A distribution system takes power from the transmission grid and steps DOWN the voltage from a HIGH transmission voltage level to a LOWER distribution voltage level. 28. The distribution system is connected by the following main links: DISTRIBUTIONSUBSTATIONS COMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIALCONNECTIONS RESIDENTIALCONNECTIONS 29. Typically, distribution circuit voltages of 4 and 13 kV are stepped down at designated intervals to provide lower voltages for specific CUSTOMERAPPLICATIONS. 30. The customer application voltages are referred to as SECONDARY and SERVICE voltages.
178
AnswerKeyforUnitCMatchingVocabularyActivity
Matching
E 1. The portion of the generating unit where the rotating mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy; it consists of a stator containing the armature windings and a rotor (center shaft) that is turned by the turbine to produce the magnetic field 2. The amount of electric power required by consumers 3. Potential energy and kinetic energy associated with the position or movement of electrical charge 4. An interconnected group of electric transmission lines and associated equipment for moving electric energy in bulk between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery 5. The portion of electric system that is dedicated to delivering electric energy to an end user 6. The portion of the generating unit containing the fire and fuel-burning equipment 7. A device for generating steam for power a) b) c) d) e) f) g) electrical energy boiler system load distribution system generator transmission system furnace
C A
179
AnswerKeyforUnitCReviewQuestions
Answer these questions in your notebook or on a blank sheet of paper. 1. List the major processes involved in the creation and delivery of electric power to customers. Thecreationanddeliveryofelectricalenergyforcustomersoccursthroughthreemain steps:electricpowergeneration,transmission,anddistribution.Electricpower generationistheprocessofcreatingelectricityfromothersourcesofenergy.Electric powertransmissionisthetransferofelectricenergyinbulkbetweenthegeneration pointandpointsatwhichitistransformedfordelivery.Distributionisthedeliveryof electricenergytoconsumers. 2. Describe the major components of a generating unit and the energy conversions that occur in each. Inthefurnace,chemicalenergyintheformoffuelisconvertedtoheatenergy.Heat energyisusedtoboilwaterintheboilerandcreatesteam.Thesteamturnsaturbine, therebyconvertingtheheatenergyintorotatingmechanicalenergy.Theturbine bladeisconnectedtothegenerator.Astheturbinebladeturns,itrotatesamagnet insideastationarycoilofwirethatcreatesanelectriccurrent.Theactionofthe rotatingmagneticfieldchangesthemechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy,whichis senttothetransmissionsystem.Electricalenergyistheendproductforwhichthe powerplantisbuilt. 3. What is the purpose of the transmission system? Theelectricalenergytransmissionsystemisdesignedtostepuptheoutputvoltage fromtheproductionsystemgenerationunitstohighvoltagesthatcanbeusedto interconnectvariousproductionsourcesandpowergrids.Thetransmissionsystem transmitselectricalenergylongdistancesandservesastheconnectionbetweenthe generationanddistributionsystems. 4. What does a transformer do? Why is this important? Transformersstepuporstepdownelectricvoltagetoanappropriatelevelfor transmissionanddistribution.Themainpowertransformerstepsupvoltageto transmissionlevelsandavarietyofothertransformersfoundalongthetransmission anddistributionlinesadjustvoltagesforthepowergridandstepdownvoltagestothe voltagesneededbyvariousconsumers. Highvoltagesareestablishedatproductionsourceswherethevoltagesarestepped upsothatmoreelectricalenergycanbetransferredfromonepointtoanotherwitha minimumofloss.Alongdistributionlines,voltageissteppeddownbecauselower voltagesarerequiredforthesafedistributionofelectricpowertocustomers.The lowervoltageofelectricityinthedistributionsystemalsoallowsfortheconstruction ofsmallerpowerlineswithinneighborhoodsandenableseconomicalunderground distributionabilities.
AnswerKeytoModule1UnitCQuiz
This quiz covers introductory material on the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power.
MultipleChoice
Circle the letters of all that apply. 1. Creation and delivery of electricity to consumers occurs through: a) transformation B) GENERATION C) DISTRIBUTION D) TRANSMISSION 2. Early electric power transmission systems encountered problems primarily due to: A) INCOMPATIBLEVOLTAGES B) THENEEDTOLOCATETHEGENERATIONSTATIONCLOSETOTHETRANSMISSION LINES c) thermal limits d) lack of lightning arresteors 3. Which of the following is not part of the power transmission system? a) c) power grids substations b) switching stations D) RESIDENTIALCUSTOMERS 4. The power plant __________________ produce electrical power. a) c) transformers switchyard B) GENERATORS d) rotors 5. A____________ is an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage. a) c) capacitor resistor B) TRANSFORMER d) generator
6. The transmission system operates at high voltages in ranges from ____________ to _________ volts. a) c) 240 to 1000 1000 to 5000 B) 138,000TO1,000,000 d) 120 to 240 7. In the furnace the __________________ energy of the fuel is converted into __________ energy through combustion. A) CHEMICAL,THERMAL b) electrical, thermal c) mechanical, thermal d) electrical, chemical 8. Which of these are fossil fuels used in electric generating plants? a) graphite B) NATURALGAS C) COAL d) hydrogen 9. Which of these types of generation do not require a furnace? a) coal-fueled B)HYDROELECTRIC(HYDROPOWER) c) 10. oil-fueled D)NUCLEARPOWERED The ____________ is used to convert steam to mechanical energy. a) c) 11. boiler generator B) TURBINE d) transformer Common residential customer voltage is: a) c) 480 volts (three-phase delta) 120/208 volts (three-phase wye) b) 277/480 volts (three-phase wye) D) 120VOLTS
182
12.
______________________ voltages are needed to move large amounts of electricity long distances with minimum losses. a) c) Distribution Lower B) HIGHER d) Residential
13.
The distribution system is connected by: A) COMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIALCONNECTIONS B) RESIDENTIALCONNECTIONS c) generating switchyards D) DISTRIBUTIONSUBSTATIONS
14.
The transmission system is designed to ______________ the output voltage from the generating units so that it can be used to interconnect production sources and power grids. A) STEPUP b) step down c) create d) lower
15.
Electricity has properties that make it difficult to _____________. a) transmit b) generate C) STORE d) distribute
16.
The main function of a _______________ is to convert the heat energy of steam into more easily used electrical energy. a) c) transformer switchyard B) GENERATOR d) conductor
17.
During low _________________ periods, only a few generators will be in operation. A) CUSTOMERDEMAND B) SYSTEMLOAD c) isolated demand d) parallel load
183
TrueFalse
T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. Electric power transmission is the final step in the delivery of electric power service to consumers. 2. Common residential customer voltage levels are 120/240 volts. 3. A transformer cannot produce power. 4. Residential voltages are carried by three-phase services. 5. Power generation is connected with power transmission at a switching station. 6. A transformer is a rapidly rotating magnet inside a stationary coil of wire that creates an electric current. 7. Coal is classified as a hydrocarbon. 8. Nuclear power involves the combustion of uranium. 9. Generators only work in isolation. 10. It takes more fuel today to produce one kilowatt of power than it did 75 years ago. 11. Electricity is delivered as it is generated (rather than stored for later use). 12. Electric power distribution begins with generation and ends at the distribution substation. 13. The distribution system takes power from the transmission grid and steps down the voltage.
184
Matching
G E I C D H F A B 1. distribution 2. transformer 3. turbine 4. transmission 5. subtransmission system 6. furnace 7. generation 8. boiler 9. current a) c) steam generator the bulk transfer of electrical energy b) flow of electrons through a conductor d) delivers electric power to large commercial customers at voltages between 4 kV 69 kV e) f) designed to step up or step down voltage creation of electrical energy
g) delivery of electric power to small commercial and residential consumers h) where chemical energy is converted to thermal energy through combustion i) in the generating system it is used to convert steam energy to mechanical energy
185
UnitCResources
A Brief History of Meter Companies and Meter Evolution http://watthourmeters.com/history.html Brown, M.H. and R.P. Sedano. (2004). Electricity Transmission: A Primer. National Council on Electricity Policy. http://www.ncouncil.org. DC Circuit Water Analogy http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/watcir.html#c1 Delta and Wye Power http://www.teal.com/products/App%20note%20AN-15.htm How Electricity Works http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm Single-phase Power Systems http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/1.html Steam: Its Generation and Use http://www.scribd.com/doc/17396655/Babcock-Wilcox-Co-Steam-Its-Generation-and-Use Three-phase power systems http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/2.html Three Phase http://community.myelectrical.com/wikis/myelectricalwiki/three-phase.aspx Visualizing the U.S. Electric Grid http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=110997398 Voltage: What Is it Really? http://tinyurl.com/what-is-voltage What Are Amps, Watts, Volts, and Ohms? http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/question501.htm
UnitCMaterialsandEquipmentListforDiscretionary Activities
computer with Internet access
tubing: various lengths and diameters buckets water under pressure (e.g., flowing out of a faucet)
186

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MODULE 1 HISTORYANDORGANIZATION OFTHEINDUSTRY

UNITA:HISTORYOFTHEU.S. ENERGYINDUSTRYAND INFRASTRUCTURE

intowastewatertoalesserdegree.Plantsgeneratingpowerfromnuclearenergyproduce radioactivewaste,releasenonradioactiveemissions,andcreatethermaleffluents overheatedwaterthatcanimpactmarinelife.Regulationoftheseoutputsisoverseenbythe NuclearRegulatoryCommission.

18. For More About Batteries and power systems: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/DesignOffice/mdp/electric_web/DC/DC_11.html

Electrical components and systems: http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricitychannel.htm Inventor Nikola Tesla: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/

8. Global Satellite-Derived Map of Particulates over 2001-2006

1.5 V 1.5 V 1.3 V 1.6 V 3.0 V 1.4 V

Carbon-Zinc Alkaline Mercury Silver Oxide Lithium Zinc-Air

2.0 V 1.2 V 1.2 V 3.6 V 3.0 V

Observation:Whathappensinsidethejarthistime? Studentsshouldseethatthecloudofvaporformedinthisjarcontainingmoistureis somewhatdenserthanthecloudinthedryjar.Themoisturewasnecessaryfortheformation ofthesmog. Whatconclusionscanyoudrawaboutsmogfromthe behaviorofthesmokeundereachsetofconditions?

Releasedinto air,water,or soil?

Coal,gasoline, kerosene,wood, tobacco

Asthmaand worseningofother respiratoryillnesses suchasemphysema

Reactswithotherchemicals toformacidrain;stunts plantgrowth;

Coalandotherfossil fuels;wood;sand anddust

Verysmallparticles canbeinhaledand enterthe bloodstream; asthma;irregular heartbeat; prematuredeath

Reducesvisibility;settles intosoilandwaterand changesnutrientcontent; interfereswith photosynthesis

Studentname _______________________________________________ Affiliatedgroup______________________________________________ ProorCon? _________________________________________________

CO2CAPANDTRADE Rubricp.1 StudentLearning Objectives

Three of the five characteristics are described

Two of the five characteristics are described

One of the five characteristics is described

No characteristics are described

Presenters identify issues on their side only

Presenter identifies no issues or sides

No articulation of arguments made

Presenters were unable to anticipate opponents arguments

ExplorationandExtraction ProcessingandStorage ControlSystems TransportandDistribution

Pipelinesplayanimportantroleinthepetroleumenergysector. Whilepipelinesareusedforthetransportationofvariousgoods,perhapsthemostwidespread useofpipelinetransportationisforthetransferofpetroleumproducts.

Distributionlinesprovidethenetworkthatmoveselectricityfromdistributionsubstations totheendcustomer.Distributionsystemsareroutedalonglocalstreetsonoverheadand undergrounddistributioncircuits.Distributioncircuitshaveasteppeddownvoltageto providelowervoltagesforspecificcustomerapplications.

TheEdisonElectricInstitute(EEI)isanonprofitorganizationthatservesasanadvocatefor shareholder(investor)ownedutilities.TheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI)is anotherindustryassociationthatconductsresearchregardinggeneration,deliveryanduse ofelectricity.

TheTennesseeValleyAuthority,theBureauofReclamation,andtheArmyCorpsof Engineersareinvolvedinthebuildingandoperationofthefacilitiesthatproducethe majorityofthepowerthatissoldbythefederalgovernment.

Withintheregionalentities,therearetypicallymultiplebalancingauthoritiesthatoperate controlcentersthatmonitorthenationalgrid.Balancingauthorityoperatorsare responsibleformaintainingtheload/interchange/generationbalancewithinthecontrol area.

MidwestIndependentTransmission SystemOperator(MISO) ISONewEnglandInc.(ISONE) PJMInterconnectionLLC(PJM) SouthwestPowerPool(SPP)

Warwick,WilliamM.(May2002).APrimeronElectricUtilities,Deregulation,andRestructuring ofU.S.ElectricityMarkets:Version2.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,D.C. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/primer.pdf

THEARMYCORPSOFENGINEERS THEDEPARTMENTOFENERGYPOWERMARKETINGADMINISTRATIONS: THEBONNEVILLEPOWERADMINISTRATION THESOUTHEASTERNPOWERADMINISTRATION THESOUTHWESTERNPOWERADMINISTRATION THEWESTERNAREAPOWERADMINISTRATION

Commercial Poweringcommercialbuildings RetailandService:Shoppingcenters,gasstations,restaurants Office:Professionaloffices,banks Education:Schools,colleges HealthCare:Hospitals,medicaloffices Lodging:Hotels,motels Miscellaneoussocialandreligiousinstitutionsandtheirfacilities

Industrial Poweringindustrialfacilities Poweringindustrialequipment

TocomplywithFERCdirectivesandassuretheoperationoftransmissionlines inanindependentandequitablemanner,generation,transmission,and distributionentitiescollaboratedtoformIndependentSystemOperators (ISOs).

FERCorder2000 FERCorder2000formallyoutlinedtherequirementsandmandatesfor RegionalTransmissionOrganizations(RTOs).

UNITC:ENERGYFLOW: GENERATION,TRANSMISSION,AND DISTRIBUTION

Adistributionsystemtakespowerfromthetransmissiongrid,stepsdownthevoltagefroma hightransmissionvoltageleveltoalowerdistributionvoltagelevel.Lowervoltagesare requiredforthesafedistributionofelectricpowertocustomers.Thelowervoltageof

aresteppeddownatdesignatedintervalstoprovidelowervoltagesforspecificcustomer applications.Thecustomerapplicationvoltagesarereferredtoassecondaryandservice voltages. Commoncustomervoltagelevelsare: Residential(SinglePhaseServices) 120volts 120/240volts 120/208volts

CommercialandLightIndustrial(ThreePhaseServices) 120/208volts(threephasewye) 277/480volts(threephasewye) 120/240volts(threephasedelta) 240volts(threephasedelta) 480volts(threephasedelta)

Inthedistributionsystem,thepolesaregenerallyshorterandoftenmadeofwood.Within citiestheymaybebuiltwithbreakawaymetalpolestoreduceinjuriesincaseavehicleruns intoone.Examplesofdistributionpolesandtransformersarebelow.

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