BRASILIA 1 CORE DATA 1.1 Who designed it?

Lucio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Roberto Burle Marx 1960 AD 2,562,963

EIXAMPLE/BARCELONA Ildefons Cerda

PALMANOVA Vincenzo Scamozzi 1593 AD 5,340

KARLSRUHE Friedrich Weinbrenner 1715 AD 297,488

LETCHWORTH Ebenezar Howard, Barry Parker, Raymond Unwin 1905 AD 33,600

1.2 When? 1.3 For how many people? 2 FUNCTION 2.1 What is this city for? a move from previous capital (Rio de Janeiro) to a new, more centrally located one/ political aspirations 3 CONTROL 3.1 Who owns/ plans the city? 3.2 Governance Presidential system, Structure Constitutional republic, Federal republic

19th and early 20th century 1,615,448

extension to Barcelona

Fortification/ to celebrate military might

military/ political hierarchy

a model 'garden city'/ alternate to industrial city

Parliamentary system, Unitary state, Multi-party system, Constitutional monarchy

Unitary state, Constitutional republic, Parliamentary republic

Multi-party system, Devolution, Democracy, Constitutional Constitutional monarchy republic, Parliamentary republic, Federal republic Good transport access with bus and trams available 24/7

4 TECHNOLOGY 4.1 Transportation

bus, metro, road, international airport

4.2 Construction

4.3 Industry

4.4 Agriculture

Bein a governmental city, the construction industry does not have a strong footing in Brasilia. Being a UNESCO heritage site, Brasilia's government puts more emphasis on clean creative industries such as software and film and services which account for around 90% of local GDP Agribusiness only accounts for about 0.2% of GDP

Germany's largest oil refinery can be found here. 20% of jobs are in R&D

4.5 Environment

With UNESCO's listing, Brasilia has a very environmental approach encouraging industries that do not polllute looks like a plane/ bird/butterfly in plan/ monumentality in scale

Was initially supposed to be a city for merchants, craftsman and farmers in the late 1500s, but none migrated there. -

5 AESTHETICS 5.1 Planning (Layout)

5.2 City Form (3 Dimensional) 5.3 Architectural Diversity

This was a visionary, pioneering Geometric design by Ildefons Cerd, who symmetry, nineconsidered traffic and transport pointed star fort along with sunlight and ventilation in coming up with his characteristic octagonal blocks, where the streets broaden at every intersection making for greater visibility, better ventilation and (today) some short-stay parking space. preferred for comfort rather fortress plan and than beauty structure Modernist architecture modernist architecture with Classical Venetian innovative and imaginative brilliant works by Gaudi (Art with an air of simplicity, city Nouveau) is on Unesco's World Heritage list because of its architecture

baroque planning, first roundabout prominent fan shape

neoclassical architecture

Country style, influenced by Cheap Cottages Exhibition (190507)

6 OPEN SPACES

large open spaces, roads widen at intersection, cut criticized as wasteful due to corners grand scale, not human scale

massive central many parks, garden for every plaza, surrounded pedestrian house, green belt by green belt precincts around the city introduced during restoration project 1970-95, parking converted to public spaces good good City laid out on a human scale with a good network of footpaths community management "Rate-Rent". Several Municipal and private estates have been developed alongwith infill housing. Few schools were closed down during the 1990s due to a fall in enrols

7 WALKABILITY 7

bad

good

8 SOCIAL EQUITY 8.1 Housing Choices

both lowcost & luxury original plan meant for all classes, housing were built; but only the wealthy got to inhabit however, stark contrast between the wealth of the city and the poorer satellite cities set up as 'candangos' migrants stayed back after construction of city has high literacy rate... it has 2 universities and 3 university centers. Education is regulated by the Federal Government It has very good education, with some leading higher learning institutions in Germany particularly its arts school

8.2 Policies on Education

8.3 Employment Opportunities

8.4 Policies on Social Security 8.5 Facilities for the Urban Poor 9 INCLUSIVE 9.1 Status of Rural Migration

Many industries of various scales are present in and around the city -

9.2 Ability to absorb Migrants

Has one of the fastest growth rates in Brazil mostly due to migration... refugees and immigrants form key communities in the city

Built as a utopian concept, the city was a fortress to keep enemies out, but it was built to treat all its inhabitants as equal Based on city form, boundaries are quite finite, although expansions are always possible, any such expansion would deviate from the cities main vision City is accessible, but all travel inside city is through tours -

The city has accomodated many residents under the London Overspill after WW II

10 TRANSPORTATION 10.1 Impetus to Public very efficient Transit Systems

10.2 Intensity of Private Vehicles Usage

Roads are rather wide, with good access - volume of usage being researched further, but congestion is considered modest by world standards

10.3 Presence of ParaTransit Options 11 SUSTAINABILITY 11.1 Policies on Sewage Disposal 11.2 Policies on Power Generation

Self-sustaining

11.3 Policies on Water Conservation 11.4 Policies on Pollution Control 12 PRESERVATION 12.1 Visibility of City Strong History 12.2 State of Built Heritage

Strong Good

Strong fortress town classified as 'National Monument' in 1960

very well preserved city restoration 1970-95

Average Good

12.3 Relevance of Built Heritage

Not all of Cerda's initial planning was adhered to, landowners proceeded to alter urban fabric. Recently, there have been efforts to restore the original intended plan

12.4 Relevance & Good Continuity of Original Layout

Good

Good (no scope for extension)

Good

The city has very successfully implemented Garden City principles in many of its private estates developed over time Good (not meant for expansion)