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Pathophysiology Practice Exam
Pathophysiology Practice Exam
1.
Certain medications such as opiods and calcium channel blockers can inhibit intestinal smooth muscle activity, resulting in constipation. 2. Which of the following types of diarrhea can be caused by an inability to digest lactose in dairy products?
A) Secretory Feedback: INCORRECT
When an individual is unable to digest lactose, the unabsorbed molecules draw water into the lumen, resulting in osmotic diarrhea.
D) Motility Feedback: INCORRECT
Motility diarrhea is caused by increased peristalsis resulting from a bowel resection, fistulae, or neuropathy.
3.
A Mallory-Weiss tear occurs at the gastroesophageal junction and is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
B) Peptic ulcers Feedback: INCORRECT
A hernia is a protrusion of the intestines through the body wall and does not usually result in gastrointestinal bleeding. 4. Which of the following conditions is a complication of gastrointestinal bleeding?
A) Iron deficiency anemia Feedback: CORRECT
Blood loss in gastrointestinal bleeding can result in an iron deficiency due to the loss of iron in the hemoglobin.
B) Polyps Feedback: INCORRECT
Polyps can be a cause, not a result, of gastrointestinal bleeding. Blood loss in gastrointestinal bleeding can result in an iron deficiency due to the loss of iron in the hemoglobin.
C) Hypertension Feedback: INCORRECT
Blood loss can lead to hypotension and hypovolemic shock. Blood loss in gastrointestinal bleeding can result in an iron deficiency due to the loss of iron in the hemoglobin.
D) Ascites Feedback: INCORRECT
Ascites is not a complication of gastrointestinal bleeding. Blood loss in gastrointestinal bleeding can result in an iron deficiency due to the loss of iron in the hemoglobin.
5.
Melena is black, tarry stool that occurs when blood components are digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
B) hematochezia. Feedback: INCORRECT
Hematochezia is the presence of bright red blood in the stool. Melena is black, tarry stool that occurs when blood components are digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract
C) hematemesis. Feedback: INCORRECT
Hematemesis is the presence of fresh blood or digested blood in vomited fluids. Melena is black, tarry stool that occurs when blood components are digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract
Occult bleeding is manifested by trace amounts of blood in the stool or gastric fluids. Melena is black, tarry stool that occurs when blood components are digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract
6.
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by hiatal hernia, achalasia, or gastroesophageal reflux.
B) Achalasia Feedback: INCORRECT
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by hiatal hernia, achalasia, or gastroesophageal reflux.
C) Gastroesophageal reflux Feedback: INCORRECT
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by hiatal hernia, achalasia, or gastroesophageal reflux.
D) All of the above Feedback: CORRECT
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by hiatal hernia, achalasia, or gastroesophageal reflux.
7.
Reflux esophagitis is an inflammatory response to the mucosal injury from acid and enzymes that occur with gastroesophageal reflux.
B) dysplasia of the epithelial lining of the esophagus. Feedback: INCORRECT
Reflux esophagitis is an inflammatory response to the mucosal injury from acid and enzymes that occur with gastroesophageal reflux.
8.
Heartburn, dysphagia, and pain within one hour of eating, along with acid regurgitation and chronic cough, are all manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
D) back pain, ascites, and anorexia. Feedback: INCORRECT
Complications associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) include which of the following?
A) Esophageal ulcerations Feedback: INCORRECT
GERD can result in ulcerations of the lower esophagus, but it also can lead to esophageal cancer and strictures.
B) Esophageal cancer Feedback: INCORRECT
Chronic injury from GERD can cause cellular mutations that develop into cancer, but the disease also can lead to esophageal erosions and strictures.
C) Esophageal strictures Feedback: INCORRECT
Scarring of the esophagus from GERD can cause strictures, but the disease also can lead to esophageal erosions and cancer.
D) All of the above Feedback: CORRECT
Esophageal ulcerations, strictures, and cancer are all complications associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease.
10.
A hiatal hernia is a protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
B) duodenum; pyloric sphincter Feedback: INCORRECT
A hiatal hernia is a protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
C) small intestine; inguinal canal Feedback: INCORRECT
A hiatal hernia is a protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
A hiatal hernia is a protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. 11. Paralytic ileus often occurs after:
A) gastroesophageal reflux resolves. Feedback: INCORRECT
Paralytic ileus is a functional bowel obstruction caused by failure of motility and often occurs after abdominal surgery.
B) abdominal surgery. Feedback: CORRECT
Paralytic ileus is a functional bowel obstruction caused by failure of motility and often occurs after abdominal surgery.
C) pregnancy. Feedback: INCORRECT
Paralytic ileus is a functional bowel obstruction caused by failure of motility and often occurs after abdominal surgery.
D) vomiting. Feedback: INCORRECT
Paralytic ileus is a functional bowel obstruction caused by failure of motility and often occurs after abdominal surgery.
12.
Dehydration and hypovolemia from decreased intestinal absorption of fluids is a potential complication of bowel obstruction.
C) peritonitis. Feedback: INCORRECT
Perotinitis from loss of bowel wall integrity and perforation is a potential complication of bowel obstruction.
D) perforation. Feedback: INCORRECT
Perforation from tissue hypoxia and loss of bowel wall integrity is a potential complication of bowel obstruction.
13.
Symptoms of a small bowel obstruction include vomiting from vagal nerve stimulation, pain from bowel wall distention, and abdominal distension from accumulation of chyme or ascites.
B) vomiting, severe abdominal pain, and abdominal distension. Feedback: CORRECT
Symptoms of a small bowel obstruction include vomiting from vagal nerve stimulation, pain from bowel wall distention, and abdominal distension from accumulation of chyme or ascites.
C) constipation, pelvic pain, and dysuria. Feedback: INCORRECT
Symptoms of a small bowel obstruction include vomiting from vagal nerve stimulation, pain from bowel wall distention, and abdominal distension from accumulation of chyme or ascites.
D) fever, heartburn, and diaphoresis. Feedback: INCORRECT
Symptoms of a small bowel obstruction include vomiting from vagal nerve stimulation, pain from bowel wall distention, and abdominal distension from accumulation of chyme or ascites.
14.
The most common cause of chronic gastritis is chronic bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori.
B) bacterial infection. Feedback: CORRECT
The most common cause of chronic gastritis is chronic bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori.
C) parasitic infection. Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of chronic gastritis is chronic bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori.
D) fungal infection. Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of chronic gastritis is chronic bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori.
15.
Individuals with chronic gastritis are at risk for developing which of the following problems?
A) Gastric cancer Feedback: INCORRECT
Chronic damage to the stomach mucosa can cause cellular changes that lead to gastric cancer, achlorhydria, and mucosal erosions that can result in gastrointestinal bleeding.
B) Achlorhydria Feedback: INCORRECT
Chronic damage to the stomach mucosa can cause cellular changes that lead to gastric cancer, achlorhydria, and mucosal erosions that can result in gastrointestinal bleeding.
Chronic damage to the stomach mucosa can cause cellular changes that lead to gastric cancer, achlorhydria, and mucosal erosions that can result in gastrointestinal bleeding.
D) All of the above Feedback: CORRECT
Chronic damage to the stomach mucosa can cause cellular changes that lead to gastric cancer, achlorhydria, and mucosal erosions that can result in gastrointestinal bleeding.
16.
How does a chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) lead to duodenal ulcers?
A) Chronic inflammation inhibits the proton pumps in the gastric lining. Feedback: INCORRECT
H. pylori infection can stimulate the release of gastrin, which results in increased proton pump activity and acid secretion.
B) Presence of bacteria in the stomach causes the pyloric sphincter to open prematurely, releasing acid into the duodenum. Feedback: INCORRECT Presence of infection does not directly affect gastric emptying. C) H. pylori inhibits prostaglandins, leading to decreased mucus production. Feedback: INCORRECT
Anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin secretion, which results in decreased mucus production in the duodenum.
D) H. pylori produces substances that are toxic to the duodenal mucosa. Feedback: CORRECT
H. pylori bacteria produce ammonia and enzymes that can damage the duodenal mucosa.
17.
NSAIDS are used to treat inflammatory pain and can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which normally stimulates the production of gastric mucous.
B) accelerating the proton pump in parietal cells. Feedback: INCORRECT
NSAIDS are used to treat inflammatory pain and can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which normally stimulates the production of gastric mucous.
C) inhibiting mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. Feedback: CORRECT
NSAIDS are used to treat inflammatory pain and can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which normally stimulates the production of gastric mucous.
NSAIDS are used to treat inflammatory pain and can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which normally stimulates the production of gastric mucous.
18.
In addition to NSAID use, possible risk factors for peptic ulcer disease include all of the following except:
A) smoking. Feedback: INCORRECT
Psychological stress may be a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease, although the results of studies are inconclusive at this point.
D) female gender. Feedback: CORRECT
Men have a higher incidence of duodenal ulcers than women, and gastric ulcers affect men and women equally.
19.
Which type of ulcer is a stress ulcer that is associated with burn injuries?
A) Addison Feedback: INCORRECT
Curling ulcers are ischemic ulcers that occur following severe burn injuries.
B) Cushing Feedback: INCORRECT
Curling ulcers are ischemic ulcers that occur following severe burn injuries. Cushing ulcers occur following head trauma or brain surgery.
C) Curling Feedback: CORRECT
Curling ulcers are ischemic ulcers that occur following severe burn injuries.
D) Retroperitoneal Feedback: INCORRECT
Curling ulcers are ischemic ulcers that occur following severe burn injuries.
20.
Duodenal ulcers can be associated with increased acid secretion; however, gastric ulcers are generally associated with normal or low acid production.
B) regurgitation of bile. Feedback: INCORRECT
Regurgitation of bile can occur with vomiting if the pyloric sphincter is relaxed, but is not generally associated with peptic ulcer disease.
C) pain with eating. Feedback: CORRECT
Gastric ulcers are often associated with pain upon eating because the presence of food stimulates acid and enzyme secretion, which causes further damage to the gastric mucosa and underlying tissue.
D) bloody diarrhea. Feedback: INCORRECT
If a gastric ulcer bleeds, the manifestations would include melena or hematemesis. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding manifests with bloody stools.
21.
Severe trauma can result in stress ulcers that often first manifest with:
A) abdominal pain. Feedback: INCORRECT
Stress ulcers of the stomach and duodenum are often painless; thus, the first sign is often acute gastrointestinal bleeding.
B) peritonitis. Feedback: INCORRECT
Although a severe ulcer can penetrate the stomach or duodenal wall and lead to peritonitis, an earlier sign is bleeding from the ulceration.
C) severe bleeding. Feedback: CORRECT
The first sign of stress ulcers is often acute gastrointestinal bleeding. 22. Gastrectomy surgery commonly leads to a vitamin B12 deficiency anemia because:
A) vitamin B12 is absorbed in the stomach. Feedback: INCORRECT
Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum but requires intrinsic secretion by the stomach.
B) decreased HCl production affects vitamin B12 absorption. Feedback: INCORRECT
HCl production by the stomach does not affect vitamin B12 absorption. The stomach secretes intrinsic factor, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum.
C) pepsin is required for the conversion of vitamin B12 into its active form. Feedback: INCORRECT
Vitamin B12 is active when ingested; however, the stomach secretes intrinsic factor, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum.
D) decreased intrinsic factor production results in decreased vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Feedback: CORRECT
The stomach secretes intrinsic factor, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum.
23.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by night blindness, osteopathy, and clotting disorders?
A) Post-gastrectomy syndrome Feedback: INCORRECT
Night blindness, osteopathy, and clotting disorders are caused by bile salt deficiency and the resulting malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, and K. Fats are not digested or absorbed in the stomach.
B) Gluten-sensitive enteropathy Feedback: INCORRECT
Night blindness, osteopathy, and clotting disorders are caused by bile salt deficiency and the resulting malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, and K.
C) Bile salt deficiency Feedback: CORRECT
Night blindness, osteopathy, and clotting disorders are caused by bile salt deficiency and the resulting malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, and K.
D) Lactase deficiency Feedback: INCORRECT
Night blindness, osteopathy, and clotting disorders are caused by bile salt deficiency and the resulting malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, and K.
24.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by the inability to digest all nutrients?
A) Pancreatic insufficiency Feedback: CORRECT
Because the pancreas secretes lipase, proteases, and amylase, a decrease in pancreatic enzymes results in an inability to digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
B) Gluten-sensitive enteropathy Feedback: INCORRECT
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy can result in lactase deficiency, the inability to digest lactose in milk products.
C) Bile salt deficiency Feedback: INCORRECT
Bile salt deficiency results in the inability to emulsify and absorb fats.
Ulcerations from chronic autoimmune and inflammatory injury can bleed, leading to iron deficiency anemia.
B) the presence of skip lesions. Feedback: CORRECT
Ulcerative colitis begins in the rectum and advances back through the colon in a continuous manner and does not skip parts of the mucosa.
C) diarrhea. Feedback: INCORRECT
Chronic inflammation in ulcerative colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer.
26.
Ulcerative colitis often runs in families. Symptoms are related to autoimmune injury to the mucosal lining and the resulting inflammation.
B) Autoimmune injury Feedback: INCORRECT
Symptoms are related to autoimmune injury to the mucosal lining and the resulting inflammation. Ulcerative colitis often runs in families.
C) Inflammation Feedback: INCORRECT
Symptoms are related to autoimmune injury to the mucosal lining and the resulting inflammation. Ulcerative colitis often runs in families.
D) All of the above Feedback: CORRECT
Ulcerative colitis often runs in families. Symptoms are related to autoimmune injury to the mucosal lining and the resulting inflammation.
27.
Chron disease involves mucosal erosions of the distal ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon; therefore, it does not affect the gastroesophageal junction.
C) Vitamin B12 deficiency Feedback: CORRECT
Vitamin B12 malabsorption due to injury to the mucosa of the ileum is a common characteristic of Chron disease.
D) Mucosal erosions of the rectum Feedback: INCORRECT
Chron disease involves mucosal erosions of the distal ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon.
28.
Diverticula are:
A) ulcers that form in the colon. Feedback: INCORRECT
Diverticula are sac-like outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the digestive tract.
B) outpouchings of the colon's mucosa. Feedback: CORRECT
Diverticula are sac-like outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the digestive tract.
C) perforations of the colon wall. Feedback: INCORRECT
Although they can perforate, diverticula are sac-like outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the digestive tract.
D) areas where the colon wall is hypertrophied. Feedback: INCORRECT
Diverticula are sac-like outpouchings of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the digestive tract.
29.
Lactose deficiency is not related to diverticulosis. Diverticula form when there is not enough stool bulk, which is related to a diet high in refined foods.
B) Diet high in refined foods Feedback: CORRECT
Diverticula form when there is not enough stool bulk, which is related to a diet high in refined foods, and when there is weakening of the wall of the colon.
Iron deficiency is not related to diverticulosis. Diverticula form when there is not enough stool bulk, which is related to a diet high in refined foods.
D) High fiber intake Feedback: INCORRECT
A diet high in fiber can reduce the risk of diverticulosis. Diverticula form when there is not enough stool bulk, which is related to a diet high in refined foods.
30.
Appendicitis usually presents with pain that manifests in which abdominal quadrant?
A) Right upper Feedback: INCORRECT
Most individuals with appendicitis present with periumbilical pain that increases in intensity over several hours and then moves to the right lower quadrant.
B) Right lower Feedback: CORRECT
Most individuals with appendicitis present with periumbilical pain that increases in intensity over several hours and then moves to the right lower quadrant.
C) Left upper Feedback: INCORRECT
Most individuals with appendicitis present with periumbilical pain that increases in intensity over several hours and then moves to the right lower quadrant.
D) Left lower Feedback: INCORRECT
Most individuals with appendicitis present with periumbilical pain that increases in intensity over several hours and then moves to the right lower quadrant.
31.
Which of the following nutritional disorders is characterized by consumption of large amounts of food (binging) followed by self-induced vomiting and/or the use of laxatives (purging)?
A) Obesity Feedback: INCORRECT
Binging and purging behaviors are typical of bulimia nervosa. Obesity is a body weight of over 120% of ideal body weight.
B) Anorexia nervosa Feedback: INCORRECT
Binging and purging behaviors are typical of bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by the fear of becoming obese despite severe weight loss.
C) Bulimia nervosa Feedback: CORRECT
Binging and purging behaviors are typical of bulimia nervosa. Kwashiorkor is caused by severe protein deficiency.
32.
The most common cause of acute mesenteric insufficiency is obstruction of one of the mesenteric arteries by an embolus.
B) Heart failure Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of acute mesenteric insufficiency is obstruction of one of the mesenteric arteries by an embolus. Heart failure is a cause of chronic mesenteric insufficiency.
C) Ileus Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of acute mesenteric insufficiency is obstruction of one of the mesenteric arteries by an embolus. An ileus can develop as a result of mesenteric insufficiency.
D) Anemia Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of acute mesenteric insufficiency is obstruction of one of the mesenteric arteries by an embolus. Anemia is a cause of chronic mesenteric insufficiency. 33. Although the term hepatitis describes any inflammatory process affecting the liver, it is usually used to describe liver inflammation due to:
A) bacterial infection. Feedback: INCORRECT
Which of the following types of hepatitis is acquired from ingesting contaminated food and manifests acutely with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice, but does not usually result in fulminant liver failure?
Hepatitis A is acquired from ingesting contaminated food and manifests acutely with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Individuals with hepatitis A generally make a full recovery.
B) Hepatitis B Feedback: INCORRECT
Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with contaminated blood or body fluids. These characteristics are typical of hepatitis A infection only.
C) Hepatitis C Feedback: INCORRECT
Hepatitis C is transmitted through contact with contaminated blood or body fluids, does not manifest acutely, and can result in liver failure. These characteristics are typical of hepatitis A infection only
D) All of the above Feedback: INCORRECT
High alcohol consumption causes liver injury and inflammation resulting in fibrosis and scarring of the liver.
B) cocaine abuse. Feedback: INCORRECT
High alcohol consumption causes liver injury and inflammation resulting in fibrosis and scarring of the liver. Cocaine use is not associated with liver cirrhosis.
C) overdose of antibiotic medications. Feedback: INCORRECT
High alcohol consumption causes liver injury and inflammation resulting in fibrosis and scarring of the liver. Overuse of antibiotics is not associated with liver cirrhosis.
D) liver cancer. Feedback: INCORRECT
High alcohol consumption causes liver injury and inflammation resulting in fibrosis and scarring of the liver. Liver cancer is not a common disease.
36.
Cholelithiasis is:
A) an infection of the gallbladder. Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of portal hypertension is liver cirrhosis. The obstruction of blood flow in the liver leads to increased venous pressures in the hepatic portal vein. Renal failure does not generally lead to portal hypertension.
B) liver cirrhosis. Feedback: CORRECT
The most common cause of portal hypertension is liver cirrhosis. The obstruction of blood flow in the liver leads to increased venous pressures in the hepatic portal vein.
C) congestive heart failure. Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of portal hypertension is liver cirrhosis. The obstruction of blood flow in the liver leads to increased venous pressures in the hepatic portal vein. In some cases, severe CHF can lead to portal hypertension.
D) esophageal varices. Feedback: INCORRECT
The most common cause of portal hypertension is liver cirrhosis. The obstruction of blood flow in the liver leads to increased venous pressures in the hepatic portal vein. Portal hypertension can result in the development of esophageal varices.
38.
Which of the following statements explains why portal hypertension leads to ascites?
A) Hepatosplenomegaly develops Feedback: INCORRECT
Portal hypertension leads to hepatosplenomegaly when the back-up of blood engorges the liver and spleen. The back- up of blood in the mesenteric veins causes an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressures and the leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is called ascites.
B) Back-up of blood in the intra-abdominal veins occurs Feedback: CORRECT
In portal hypertension, the back-up of blood in the mesenteric veins causes an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressures and the leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is called ascites.
C) Esophageal varices form in the lower esophagus Feedback: INCORRECT
Portal hypertension leads to esophageal varices when the backup of blood engorges the veins in the mucosal lining of the esophagus. The back-up of blood in the mesenteric veins causes an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressures and the leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is called ascites.
D) Hemorrhoids can bleed Feedback: INCORRECT
The back-up of blood in the mesenteric veins causes an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressures and the leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is called ascites.
39.
When the liver is severely injured, hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea. The result is toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood, a condition known as hepatic encephalopathy.
B) potassium. Feedback: INCORRECT
When the liver is severely injured, hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea. The result is toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood, a condition known as hepatic encephalopathy.
C) urea. Feedback: INCORRECT
When the liver is severely injured, hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea. The result is toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood, a condition known as hepatic encephalopathy.
D) creatinine. Feedback: INCORRECT
When the liver is severely injured, hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea. The result is toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood, a condition known as hepatic encephalopathy.
40.
Ascites, bleeding disorders, and immunosuppression are all symptoms of severe liver disease. Hepatic encephalopathy, however, manifests with mental status changes.
B) Peripheral edema, dyspnea, and weight gain Feedback: INCORRECT
Peripheral edema, dyspnea, and weight gain are all symptoms of severe liver disease due to the inability of the liver to synthesize albumin. Hepatic encephalopathy, however, manifests with mental status changes.
C) Decreased urinary output, increased serum creatinine, and elevated liver enzymes Feedback: INCORRECT
Decreased urinary output, increased serum creatinine, and elevated liver enzymes are associated with severe liver disease and hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatic encephalopathy, however, manifests with mental status changes.
Hepatic encephalopathy results in abnormal neurotransmitter function and neuronal injury. Manifestations include mental status changes such as memory loss and confusion. As the condition develops, the patient will become comatose. 41. Jaundice related to biliary duct obstruction is manifested by which of the following laboratory alterations?
A) Decreased unconjugated bilirubin Feedback: INCORRECT
In cases of bile duct obstruction, the liver conjugates bilirubin but is unable to secrete it into the bile that is backed up. The conjugated bile seeps back into the plasma and deposits in the skin and other surface tissues, causing jaundice.
B) Increased unconjugated bilirubin Feedback: INCORRECT
In cases of bile duct obstruction, the liver conjugates bilirubin but is unable to secrete it into the bile that is backed up. The conjugated bile seeps back into the plasma and deposits in the skin and other surface tissues, causing jaundice. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin is caused by hemolysis.
C) Decreased conjugated bilirubin Feedback: INCORRECT
In cases of bile duct obstruction, the liver conjugates bilirubin but is unable to secrete it into the bile that is backed up. The conjugated bile seeps back into the plasma and deposits in the skin and other surface tissues, causing jaundice.
D) Increased conjugated bilirubin Feedback: CORRECT
In cases of bile duct obstruction, the liver conjugates bilirubin but is unable to secrete it into the bile that is backed up. The conjugated bile seeps back into the plasma and deposits in the skin and other surface tissues, causing jaundice.
42.
Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by leakage of pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissue and the resulting autodigestion of the gland.
B) hydrochloric acid reflux into the pancreatic duct. Feedback: INCORRECT
Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by leakage of pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissue and the resulting autodigestion of the gland.
C) autoimmune destruction of the pancreas. Feedback: INCORRECT
Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by leakage of pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissue and the resulting autodigestion of the gland.
Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by leakage of pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissue and the resulting autodigestion of the gland.
43.
Chronic pancreatitis is most often associated with chronic alcohol abuse. Individuals with chronic pancreatitis sometimes become addicted to narcotic pain medications taken for chronic pain.
B) gall stones. Feedback: INCORRECT
Chronic pancreatitis is most often associated with chronic alcohol abuse. Gall stones are a cause of acute pancreatitis.
C) alcohol abuse. Feedback: CORRECT
Which of the following risk factors increases a person's chance of developing esophageal cancer?
A) Smoking Feedback: INCORRECT
Smoking, alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux leading to Barett esophagus all increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer, which has very poor survival rates.
B) Alcohol Feedback: INCORRECT
Smoking, alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux leading to Barett esophagus all increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer, which has very poor survival rates.
C) Gastroesophageal reflux Feedback: INCORRECT
Smoking, alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux leading to Barett esophagus all increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer, which has very poor survival rates.
D) All of the above Feedback: CORRECT
Smoking, alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux leading to Barett esophagus all increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer, which has very poor survival rates. 45. Risk of developing cancer is increased with which of the following gastrointestinal disorders?
Risk of developing cancer is increased only with ulcerative colitis and Chron disease.
B) Diverticulosis Feedback: INCORRECT
Risk of developing cancer is increased only with ulcerative colitis and Chron disease.
C) Ulcerative colitis Feedback: CORRECT
Risk of developing cancer is increased only with ulcerative colitis and Chron disease.
D) Dumping syndrome Feedback: INCORRECT
Risk of developing cancer is increased only with ulcerative colitis and Chron disease.
46.
Nausea and jaundice are symptoms of liver or bile duct cancer. Abdominal pain and hematochezia, along with weight loss, changes in bowel movements, and bowel obstruction, are symptoms of colon cancer.
B) Abdominal pain and hematochezia Feedback: CORRECT
Abdominal pain and hematochezia, along with weight loss, changes in bowel movements, and bowel obstruction, are symptoms of colon cancer.
C) Epigastric pain and vomiting Feedback: INCORRECT
Epigastric pain and vomiting are symptoms of stomach cancer. Abdominal pain and hematochezia, along with weight loss, changes in bowel movements, and bowel obstruction, are symptoms of colon cancer.
D) Heartburn and dysphagia Feedback: INCORRECT
Heartburn and dysphagia are symptoms of esophageal cancer. Abdominal pain and hematochezia, along with weight loss, changes in bowel movements, and bowel obstruction, are symptoms of colon cancer.