:

) (

) (

.
425

 .
.
) (

"

) .( :

) .( :

).(Operation Research

426

 .
) (Kantor Vitch

) (George Dantzig
.

(Computable General
)Equilibrium Model
:

)(Maximization

) .(Minimization

:
.

.
.
427

 :

.

- :

. :
- :

Max f ( X ) c1 X 1 c 2 X 2 ..... c j X j ... c n X n

- :

428

Subject to : a11 X 1 a12 X 2 ..... a1 j X j ... a1n X n r1

a 21 X 1 a 22 X 2 ..... a 2 j X j ... a 2 n X n r2
.

a i1 X 1 a i 2 X 2 ..... a ij X j ... a in X n ri
.

a m1 X 1 a m 2 X 2 ..... a mj X j ... a mn X n rm

: X 1 , X 2 ,....., X j ,...., X n 0

Max( X ) c j X j
j 1

st : a ij X j ri

i 1,..., m

j 1

Xj 0

429

A(m,n)

X(n,1) =

X1
X
2
.

X j
.

X n

a11

a 21
.
a
i1

.
a m1

a12 .... a1 j ....... a1n

a 22 ....... a 2 j ....... a 2 n
a i 2 ...... a ij ......... a in

r(m,1)=

a m 2 ..... a mj ........ a mn

r1
r
2
.

ri
.

rm

C(n,1)=

c1
c
2
.

c j
.

c n

Max f ( X ) C (1, n). X (n,1) c1 c 2

A( m , n) . X ( n,1) R ( m ,1)

X 1
X
2
'
..... c n .

.
X n

:
:

430

 a 11

a 21

a i1

a m1

X ( N ,1) 0 ( N ,1)

a 12 .... a 1 j ....... a 1n
a 22 ....... a 2 j ....... a 2 n
a i 2 ...... a ij ......... a in
a m 2 ..... a mj ........ a mn

X 1
X r1
2 r
2
.
X j .

rm
X n

X 1 0
X
2 0
. .

. .
X n 0

Min f ( X ) c ij X j
j 1

st : a ij X j ri
j 1

X j 0

431

.


.

.
.

.Lindo
- :

432

 . .

: .

.
.

.
.

433

X1

X2

:
:

Max 4 X 1 3 X 2

st : X 1 X 2 4
2X1 X 2 6

X1, X 2 0

434

X1 X 2 4
2X1 X 2 6

X2

) (-:

X1

X2
)C(0,6

)A(0,6

)E(2,2

X1

)D(3,0

)B(4,0

)(-

X1 X 2 4

:
)A(0,4
)B(4,0

X 2 4,
X 1 4,

2X1 X 2 6

:
435

X1 0

X2 0

X1 0

)C (0,6

X 2 6,

)D(3,0

X 1 3,

X2 0

) (AB ) (OAB

) (CD ) .(OCD

) (AED ) .(OAED
)) (OAED (

.
) (
.

:
:

) (-4/3
436

4 X 1 3X 2
3X 2 4 X 1
4
X 2 X1
3 3

4
X1
3

. X 2

.
:

) (OAED
.

):(0,0

):A(0,4

):E(2,2

):D(3,0

o 4(0) 3(0) 0

A 4(0) 3(4) 12
E 4(2) 3(2) 14
D 4(3) 3(0) 12

437

 )E(2,2

X1 X 2 4
2X1 X 2 6
_____________
X1
2, X 2 2

) E(2,2

438

X1

X2

439

MinC 2 X 1 4 X 2

2 X 1 X 2 14

: X 1 X 2 12

X 1 3 X 2 18

X1, X 2 0

14

2 X 1 X 2

.
)X 2 14, : A(0,14
)X 1 7, : B(7,0

12

X1 0
X2 0

X 1 X 2

.
)X 2 12, : C(0,12

X1 0

)X 1 12, : D (12,0

X2 0

18

X 1 3 X 2

.
)X 2 6, : E (0,6
440

X1 0

)X 1 18, : F (18,0

X2 0

H :
2 X 1 X 2 14
X 1 X 2 12
____________
X 1 2,
X 2 10,

)H (2,10

G :

X2
)A(0,14

)C(0,12

)H(2,10

10
)E (0,6

)G(9,3

X1

0
)F(18,0

441
)D(12,0

)B(7,0

 (-) :
X 1 X 2 12
X 1 3 X 2 18
)G (9,3

_____________
X 2 3,
X 1 9,

AB .

CD .

EF
.

442

 AHGF .
.

.
C A 2(0) 4(14) 56
C H 2(2) 4(10) 44
C G 2(9) 4(3) 30
C F 2(18) 4(0) 36

- )(:

443

.
:
:

Max 4 X 1 3 X 2

st : X 1 X 2 4
2X1 X 2 6

X1, X 2 0

"
" ) (Standard Form
) (Slack Variables

.
444

4 X 1 3X 2 0
X 1 X 2 S1 4
2X1 X 2 S2 6
X 1 , X 2 , S1 , S 2 0

:
X1

1 1 1 0 X 2 4
2 1 0 1 S 6

1


S 2

:
S2 Constants
0
4
6
0

S1
1

X2
1

Tab.1 X1
R1
1

R2

-3

-4

R3

:
445

 ) (0 )

) .(OAED

) 0
) 6

( X 1 0, X 2

( S1 4, S 2

) 0

. (

):(Pivot variable

) (

)(X1

) (-4 ) .(4
.

446

 ) ( X 1
.

.
) ( . :
:

:
C

S2

X2

S1

447

X1

Tab.2

1
3

-0.5
0.5

1
0

0.5
0.5

0
1

12

-1

R1 R1 R2
R2 R2 2

)(X1

R3 R3 4R 2

) (S2

) (X 2

) (

: ,

: ,

) (0.5

) (X 2

) ( S1

.
448

S2

-1
1

2
2

14

X2

X1

Tab.3

S1
2
-1

1
0

0
1

R1 R1 0.5
R 2 R2 0.5 R1
R R R
1

) (Optimization

) (X 2

) ( S1

)(X1

) (S2

:
:

4X1 3X 2
4(2) 3(2) 14
X 1 X 2 S1 4
2 2 S1 4
S1 0

2X1 X 2 S2 6

2( 2) 2 S 2 6
S2 0

449

) (

) ( S1

. ) (

) (S2

.
:

K
L
K
L
MVK .K MVL .L
) 2(4) 1(6
8 6 14

) (

)(

.
)(Shadow price
). (Marginal Value
450

 - :

) (Artificial Variables

. .

,
451

X1

2.5

20

X2

30

X3

16

452

MinC 20 X 1 30 X 2 16 X 3
St : 2.5 X 1 3 X 2 X 3 3
X 1 3X 2 2 X 3 4
X1, X 2 , X 3 0

) ( S i

) 0

. ( Ai

2.5 X 1 3 X 2 X 3 S1 A1 3
X 1 3 X 2 2 X 3 S 2 A2 4

:
X1
X
2
X 3
- 1 0 1 0 3
S1
0 - 1 0 1 4
S
2
A1
A
2

2.5 3 1
1
3 2

453

A2

C
3
4

A1

0
1
-M

S2

S1

X3

X2

Tab.0 X1

1
0

0
-1

-1
0

1
2

3
3

2.5
1

r1
r2

-M

-16

-30

-20

r3

) (0

) (-M .
.

) M (r1 r2

) . (r3 ) (:

S2 A1 A2 C

S1

X3

X2

X1

Tab.1

1 0 3

-1

2.5

R1 r1

0 1 4

-1

R2 r2

0 0 7M

-M

R3 M (r1 r2 ) r3 (3.5M-20) (6M- 30) (3M -16) -M

454

:
X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , S1 , S 2 0

)( A1 3, A2 4

) .(7M

.
.

.
) (X
) . (M

) (M

) (6

) (X 2

) .(6

:
4
3

3
1,
3

) ( .

) ( .

) (:
455

A2

A1

S2

X3

S1

X2

Tab.2

X1

R1 R1 3
0

1
1

1
3

1
3

-1

-1

1
3

5
6

R2 R2 3R1

3
0
1
2
)(1.5M 5) 0 (M - 6
-

(M - 10) - M (-2M 10) 0

R3 R3 (6M 30) R1

M 30

) ( .

) (M

) ( )(M-6 (M-

) .10

) . ( X 3

1
3,
3

1 1 1

)(3

) .(

.
) ( .
456

 ) ( R1 , R3

:
C

A2

A1

S2

2
3

1
3

2
3

-1

-1

1
3

2
3

S1

X3

X2

X1

Tab.3

4
3

3
2

1
R1 R1 R 2
3

)(-M 6

)(-M 4

-6

-4

R 2 R2
R 3 R3 ( M 6) R 2 (4) 0

:
) ( X 1 0
)( X 3 1

2
) (X 2
3

) (4), (6
) . (S1 0), (S 2 0

457


.
:

2
C 20 X 1 30 X 2 16 X 3 20(0) 30( ) 16(1) 0 20 16 36
3

2
2.5 X 1 3 X 2 X 3 S1 2.5(0) 3( ) 1(1) 0 0 2 1 0 3
3

2
X 1 3 X 2 2 X 3 S 2 0 3( ) 2(1) 0 0 2 2 0 4
3

:
MC X 1 . X 1 MC X 2 . X 2 MC X 3 . X 3 C

C
C
C
X1
X2
X3 C
X 1
X 2
X 3
0 4(3) 6(4) 12 24 36

: ):(Basis Theorem

.
458

m n
) (n>m

)(m=2 ) (n=3

. ) (m ) (n
) (n>m )(n-m

. ) (n-m

.
) (m ) (m

. :
!n
!)m!(n m

2.5 X 1 X 2 S1 20

3 X 1 3 X 2 S 2 30
X 1 2 X 2 S 3 16

.
:

459

 - .

).(5-3=2

!5
10 :
!3!.2

) (n-m )(n-m

. ) (m

) .(m

.
.
: (Dual Model) :

) ( )

( .
) (Primal Model (Dual

) .Model
460

)
( ) (

.
461

 ) (Primal

) .(Dual
.

:
Max g1 X 1 g 2 X 2 g 3 X
a11 X 1 a12 X 2 a13 X 3 b1

St :

a 21 X 1 a 22 X 2 a 23 X 3 b2
a31 X 1 a 32 X 2 a 33 X 3 b3
X1, X 2 , X 3 0

:
MinC b1 Z1 b2 Z 2 b3 Z 3
a11 Z 1 a 21 Z 2 a31 Z 3 g 1

St :

a12 Z1 a 22 Z 2 a32 Z 3 g 2
a13 Z 1 a 23 Z 2 a33 Z 3 g 3
Z1 , Z 2 , Z 3 0

.
462

) ( X j ) . ( Z i
:

) (i
.

) (Z i

) (i

.
.

bi Z b1 Z 1 b2 Z 2 b3 Z 3
i 1

) (b1 , b2 , b3:

Z1 ,
Z2,
Z3
b1
b2
b3

463

) (b1 , b2 , b3

)(E.Dowling, ch. 15

) ( Z1 , Z 2 , Z 3

:
Max 5 X 1 3 X 2
St : 6 X 1 2 X 2 36
5 X 1 5 X 2 40
2X 1 4 X 2 28
X 1, X 2 0

:
MinC 36 Z1 40 Z 2 28Z 3
St : 6Z 1 5Z 2 2 Z 3 5
2Z1 5Z 2 4 Z 3 3
Z1 , Z 2 Z 3 0

464

) 0

( X 1 , X 2

) 0

( S1 , S 2 .

) 0

( S1 , S 2

) 0

. (X1X 2

:
Max 15 X 1 20 X 2 24 X 3
St : 3 X 1 X 2 3 X 3 120
X 1 5 X 2 2 X 3 60
X 1, X 2 0

)(

)( :

) (Max ).(Min
465

)(

)(

:

) (MinC

) ( Max

) (Z j

) (Xi

X1
3 120
X2
2 60
X 3

2 1
1 5

466

1
15
Z1

5 20
Z
2 2 24

2
1

:
MinC 120 Z1 60Z 2
2Z1 Z 2 15
Z 1 5Z 2 20

St :

3Z1 2Z 2 24
Z1 , Z 2 0

.
MinC 36 X 1 30 X 2 40 X 3
2 X 1 5 X 2 8 X 3 40
6 X 1 3 X 2 2 X 3 50
X1, X 2 , X 3 0

467

St :

 :
X1
8 40
X2
2 50
X 3

2
6

5
3

:
6
36
Z1

3 30
Z
2 2 40

2
5

:
Max 40Z 1 50Z 2
2Z 1 6 Z 2 36

St :

5Z1 3Z 2 30
8Z1 2 Z 2 40
Z1 , Z 2 0

) A(0,6

).B(18,0

468

 ) C(0,10

).D(6,0

) E(0,20

).F(5,0

).H(3,5

).G(4.3, 2.9

) .K(3.8, 4.7

).(OAHGF

) (H

)( Z1 3, Z 2 5

.C=370

) (-:

X2
)E(0,20

)C(0,10
)A(0,6

)K(3.8,4.7
H
G
X1
)F(5,0) D(6,0

)B(18,0
469

 )(-

( A) 40(0) 50(6) 300

( H ) 40(3) 50(5) 370
(G ) 40(4.3) 50(2.9) 317
( F ) 40(5) 50(0) 200

.
.

) (A ).(B
):(A

):(B

2 X 1 5 X 2 8 X 3 S1 40
6 X 1 3 X 2 2 X 3 S 2 50
2Z 1 6Z 2 t1 36
5Z1 3Z 2 t 2 30
8Z1 2Z 2 t 3 40

470

 ) (B

) 5

( Z1 3, Z 2 ) : (t i

2(3) 6(5) t1 36 t1 0
5(3) 3(5) t 2 30 t 2 0
8(3) 2(5) t 3 40 t 3 6 0

)(t1 0, t 2 0

)(B

)( X 1 0, X 2 0

)(t 3 0

)( X 3 0

.
)(X3

)( Z1 3 0, Z 2 5 0

)( S1 0, S 2 0

) (A:

2 X 1 5 X 2 8(0) 0 40 2 X 1 5 X 2 40
6 X 1 3 X 2 2(0) 0 50 6 X 1 3 X 2 50

( X 1 5.42, X 2 5.83, X 3 0) :

471

C 36(5.42) 30(5.83) 40(0) 370

).(B
:

:
Max 14 X 1 12 X 2 18 X 3
St : 2X 1 X 2 X 3 2
X 1 X 2 3X 3 4
X 1, X 2 , X 3 0

) ( :
MinC 2Z 1 4 Z 2
St : 2 Z1 Z 2 14
Z1 Z 2 12
Z 1 3Z 2 18
Z1 , Z 2 0

:
Z 1 9, Z 2 3, C 30

) (A
2 X 1 X 2 X 3 S1 2
X 1 X 2 3X 3 S 2 4
472

) (Si

 ) (t j:
2Z 1 Z 2 t1 14
Z 1 Z 2 t 2 12
Z 1 3Z 2 t 3 18

(t):
2(9) 3 t1 14 t1 7
9 3 t 2 12

t2 0

9 3(3) t 3 18 t 3 0

)(t 2 0, t 3 0

) . ( X 2 , X 3 0

)(t1 0

). ( X 1 0

)( Z1 , Z 2 0

)( S1 , S 2 0

X1 0
X2 X3 2
X 2 3X 3 4

14(0) 12(1) 18(1) 30

473

) 1, X 3 1

.(X 2

 .
: :

.
.

Max 9 X 1 7 X 2
St : 10 X 1 5 X 2 50
6 X 1 6 X 2 36
4.5 X 1 18 X 2 81
X 1, X 2 0

.

) : (X1, X 2

10 X 1 5 X 2 S1 50
6 X 1 6 X 2 S 2 36
4.5 X 1 18 X 2 S 3 81
474

Max 9 X 1 7 X 2 0.S1 0.S 2 0.S 3 :

)(X1

)(9

) (X 2

) (7 .

:
:
:

)(X1

50
5
10
36
6
6
81
18
4.5

) (

)(

) ( .

) (5

)( X 1 5, X 2 0

S1 50 10 X 1 5 X 2 50 10(5) 5(0) 0
S 2 36 6 X 1 6 X 2 36 6(5) 6(0) 6
S 3 81 4.5 X 1 18 X 2 81 4.5(5) 18(0) 58.5
475

 9(5) 7(0) 0 0(6) 0(58.5) 45

) (6

) (58.5

.

) . ( X 1

) ( X 1

) (X 2

) (X 2
)(X1

) (

) (S 2 , S3

) (:

S1 50 10 X 1 5 X 2
X 1 5 0.5 X 2 0.1S1

)(X1

:
S 2 36 6 X 1 6 X 2

S 2 36 6(5 0.5 X 2 0.1S1 ) 0.1S1

S 2 6 3 X 2 0.6 S1

)(X1

:
S 3 81 4.5 X 1 18 X 2

S 3 81 4.5(5 0.5 X 1 0.1S1 ) 18 X 2

S 3 58.5 15.75 X 2 0.45S1
476

) ( X 1 , S 2 , S3

9 X 1 7 X 2 0.S1 0.S 2 0.S 3

9(5 0.5 X 2 0.1S1 ) 7 X 2 0 0 0
5
9
45 X 2 S1
2
10
45 2.5 X 2 0.9S1

45

) ( X 2

0.9
) . ( X 1

X 1 5 0.5 X 2 0.1S1

)(10

)(X1

S 2 6 3 X 2 0.6S1 :
) (X 2

)(X1

) (S2

5
) 10
0. 5

(.

:
) (X 2
) (S2

) (2 ) . ( 6 2
3

) (2
) ( ) ( S1 0:
X 1 5 0.5 X 2 0.1S1
X 5 0.5(2) 0.1(0) 4

477

 )(4
.

)( :

S 2 6 3 X 2 0.6 S1
S 2 6 3(2) 0.6(0) 0

9X1 7X 2
9(4) 7(2) 50

) ( )(
) (27 )
( :
)( X 1 4, X 2 2, 50

) (S3

) (27

) (:
S 3 81 4.5 X 1 18 X 2
S 3 81 4.5(4) 18(2) 27

478