Bretton Wood Conference:

The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, commonly known as the Bretton Woods conference, was a gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II The conference was held from 1 to 22 July 1944, when the agreements were signed to set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

GATT
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1948) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.[1] General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT): 30th October 1947; 23 Founder Members incl. India

TRIPS:
The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members.
[2]

It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement

on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) in 1994. The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the international trading system for the first time and remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property to date. In 2001, developing countries, concerned that developed countries were insisting on an overly narrow reading of TRIPS, initiated a round of talks that resulted in the Doha Declaration. The Doha declaration is a WTO statement that clarifies the scope of TRIPS, stating for example that TRIPS can and should be interpreted in light of the goal "to promote access to medicines for all." Removal of Product Patent for Chemicals, Pharma, FoodImpact on international trade Proposal of TRIPS Agreement in Uruguay Round of GATT Negotiations

The Patents Act, 1970

Year of current version: Date of entry into force of original text: Date of Text (Enacted): Type of Text: Subject Matter: Notes:
1970 April 20, 1972 September 19, 1970 Main IP Laws: enacted by the Legislature Enforcement of IP and Related Laws, IP Regulatory Body, Patents (Inventions) This Law repealed and replaced the Patents and Designs Act of 1911, which was enacted by the British government of India.

GATT to WTO: TRIMs:

The Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) are rules that apply to the domestic regulations a country applies to foreign investors, often as part of an industrial policy. The agreement was agreed upon by all members of the World Trade Organization. (The WTO wasn't established at that time, it was its predecessor, the GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs). The WTO came about in 1994-1995. Policies such as local content requirements and trade balancing rules that have traditionally been used to both promote the interests of domestic industries and combat restrictive business practices are now banned.

GATS:
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The treaty was created to extend the multilateral trading system to service sector, in the same way the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides such a system for merchandise trade.

Arthur Dunkel (DG, GATT Secretarial) Dunkel Draft Dunkel Draft passed on 15th December 1993
Arthur Dunkel took an active part in the Uruguay Round Negotiations of the GATT. His contribution to the successful completion of these negotiations was vital. When negotiations had passed the deadline and no agreement had emerged he took initiative in his own hands compiling the 'Dunkel Draft' in December 1991. The draft put together the results of negotiations and provided an arbitrated solution to issues on which negotiators failed to agree.

GATT 1994: signed at Marakkesh (Morocco) on 15 April 1stJanuary 1995: Independent Legal Body World Trade Organization (WTO)

Some Important Features of WTO

Dispute Settlement System: (Consultations, Panel Proceedings & Appeals) National Treatment Reduction in Customs Duties GATT, TRIPS, GATS etc. All substantive provisions of TRIPS by 1.1.2000 & Product Patent by 1.1.2005

Implications of WTO
Reduction in customs duties -->Global competition & Global opportunities International trade International Joint Ventures (IJVs) International Technology Transfer Technology-led trade