A NEW APPROACH FOR DISTANCE PROTECTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

E.A. Feilat and K. AI-Tallaq

Yarmouk University, Jordan

ABSTRACT This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based approach for three-zone distance protection of transmission lines. The proposed neural network-based distance relay has multilayer feedforward architecture with two inputs and three trip/(no trip) output signals. The first output is responsible for main protection of the transmission line section, whereas the other two outputs provide back-up protection for the adjacent line sections. The input features of the neural network are the fundamental frequency voltage and current magnitudes extracted by discrete-Fourier transform. In this paper, the back propagation training technique has been used for off-line training of the proposed ANN distance relay. The Input-output patterns were simulated for faults covering the three zones of protection at different locations, operating conditions, and fault inception angles. The simulation results presented in this paper show that the proposed ANN distance relay is very effective in detection and classification of line faults and therefore can be considered as a good tool for main and backup digital distance protection.

Keywords: Distance protection, neural networks, digital protective relaying

MTRODUCTION
Distance relaying has been widely used for the protection of transmission lines [I]. Three-zone distance protection has been used to protect a line section and provide backup protection for the remote section. Zone 1 is usually set for instantaneous tripping up to 80% to 90% of the line impedance. Zone 2 is set to provide back up protection for 100% of the line, plus 25% to 50% of the adjacent line off the remote bus. Similarly, Zone 3 provides backup protection for 100% of both lines, plus 25% of the adjacent line off the remote bus. Conventional distance relays are usually designed on the basis of fixed impedance setting at fundamental frequency for which a distance relay picks up. This setting is called a relay reach. In conventional distance relaying the impedance between the relay location and the fault point is measured, thus determining if a fault is internal or external to a protection zone. Consequently, it initiates the action necessary to isolate the faulted section, However, the disadvantage of using conventional relays is that their settings have to be reset for changes in the network configuration. The relay either overreaches or underreaches depending on the operating conditions of the power system and the location of the fault [I]. Over the last three decades various digital protection techniques have been developed aiming at overcoming the limitations of conventional distance relays [2-6]. In these techniques voltage and current samples are used to extract the fundamental voltage and current components to estimate the apparent impedance seen by the relay up to the fault location. The digital protection techniques, however, do not have the ability to adapt dynamically to the system operating conditions. Therefore, researchers have examined the application of digital adaptive protection techniques. Among these techniques, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used in digital distance protection for fault detection, classification, and location estimation [7,8]. The main advantage of the ANNs technique over the conventional techniques is the parallel-distributed architecture for information processing that allows it to leam any complex input/output mapping. A fault classificatjon can be treated as a problem of input data pattern recognition which can be well handled by ANNs. Previous research works have shown that ANNs provide remarkable tool for adapting to the changing network conditions and configuration, and resulting in excellent performance compared with the conventional digital

relays.
This paper presents a new approach for transmission line protection using ANN. The proposed ANN-based distance relay is a system comprising a multilayer feedforward ANN with two inputs and three outputs. The proposed ANN has been trained to provide Instantaneous as well as back up protection for faults detected within its three protection zones. One output is assigned for instantaneous tripping for faults occurring in the first protection zone, while the other two outputs give delayed tripping signals for faults occurring in the second and the third protection zones.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Multilayer feedforward ANN is architectwe of highly interconnected simple nonlinear processing elements

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(neurons) connected in parallel to perform u s e l l computational tasks such as pattern recogition or classification as an alternative to conventional [9]. ANN computing computing approaches characteristics are distinguished from conventional pattem recognition by their capability to map complex and highly nonlinear input-output patterns. ANN can be used to classify patterns by selecting the output which best represents an unknown input pattems in cases where an exact input-output relationship is not easily defined. It has been proven that a network with one hidden layer can perform any nonlinear mapping and no more than two hidden layers are needed for most applications [ 9 ] . ANN have attracted attention in the last decades to solve problems related to electric power system engineering problems such as load forecasting, security assessment, economic dispatch, and fault detection and classification [IO].

are calculated recursively backwards from the output layer toward the input layer through the hidden layer(s). Once all weight changes are calculated the weights are updated. The entire process is repeated until a target error is satisfied.

NEURAL NETWORK-BASED DISTANCE RELAY

A schematic block diagram of the proposed ANN-based

distance relay is shown in Fig. 2. The proposed ANN relay requires two analog input signals which include the line-to-ground voltage and line current as given from the voltage transformer (VT) and current transformer (CT). The two signals are first processed by analog anti-aliasing low-pass filters and then digitized by an A-D converter. The voltage and current magnitudes are then obtained by sampling the voltage and current signals at a sampling rate of 12 samples per cycle which is the most common sampling frequency used in digital relays (600 Hz for 50 Hz power frequency). The relay stores a full-cycle of voltage and current samples and feeding them to a full-cycle discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to extract the magnitudes of the fundamental frequency voltage and current components, When a new input sample arrives, the oldest sample is discarded. For fault detection, the most recent current samples are compared with the corresponding samples a cycle earlier. If there is a difference of more than a set value for three consecutive samples then a fault is assumed to occur and the faulted zone ANN classifier is triggered. Once the fault is detected, the input voltage and current magnitudes are fed to each ANN unit to identify the faulted zone and initiate the tripino trip signal. The ANN architecture consists of input layer with, two hidden layers, and output layer. The input layer has W O neurons representing the magnitudes of the voltage and current signals of the transmission line as seen by a relay at one end of the transmission line. The numbers of the hidden neurons and hidden layers were selected based on speed and accuracy. The output layer has three neurons associated with the three zones of the line protection each with an output 1 (trip) for a fault in the protected zone, or 0 (no trip) for a fault outside the corresponding zone. The three outputs are or-gated, and the output signal is converted to analog signal by A-D converter and fed to the tripping coil. In reality, the values of the outputs during network performance will be analog between 0 and 1. Therefore, one of the outputs of the three ANNs is mapped to a value of 1 and the other two outputs are mapped to a value o f 0. For example, if a fault occurs in zone 1, then the ANN unit should develop [l 0 01 output, and if the fault occurs in zone 2, then [O 1 01 output pattern is generated. Likewise, if the fault occurs on zone 3, then a [0 0 I] output pattem will appear.

In its basic form a feedforward ANN consists of an input layer, an output layer, and one or mare hidden layers. Each layer consists of a set of neurons or nodes that are fidly connected to the neurons in the next layer. The connections have multiplying weights associated with them. The node receives its input from either other nodes or from outside world. The sum of all weighted inputs represents the node activation h c t i o n . The output of the node is determined by an output function which responds to this activation. Frequently, the so called logsigmoid function is used. A typical ANN with two hidden layers is shown in Fig* 1.

Input Layer Hidden Layer

Hidden layer Output layer

Figure 1 Multilayer Feedforward ANN The number o f neurons and hidden layers is problem dependent. The process of determining the weights is called training process. In the training process, sets of input-output patterns are associated by properly adjusting the weights in the network such that a s u m of squared error function is minimized:

where Ep is the pattern error, rk is the target (desired) output, and ok is the actual output of the neural network. Various training algorithms have been developed to adapt the weights in ANNs to reduce the error defined in (1). The ANN used in this study is trained using the back propagation learning algorithm, Weight changes

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TRAINING AND TESTING OF THE ANN
In this paper, the backpropagation training algorithms has been used for off-line training of the proposed ANN relay. A total of 1800 input-output training patterns simulating faults covering the three zones of protection at different locations, fault inception angles and operating conditions have been generated by digital simulation. The fault locations include zone I : lo%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the transmission line section, zone 2: 90%, loo%, 110%, and 120% of the transmission line section, and zone 3: 130% - 220% of the transmission line section (adjacent line). For each of these fault locations, faults were simulated at 10 different fault inception angles 0 90. Moreover, the above fault studies were conducted for three loading conditions loo%, SO%, and 33.3% of fullload conditions. In addition to the training input-output patterns, another different 700 testing patterns were generated to test the generalization capability of the proposed ANN-based relay. The fault studies have been conducted on a single-phase system comprising a generator connected to a load by short transmission line sections each represented by lumped-series impedance R-L model. The fault transient voltage and current signals were obtained by numerical solution of the differential equation of the transmission line:
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Figure 2 Block Schematic of the ANN-Based Distance Relay

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where At is the integration step size. The magnitudes of the voltage and current phasors corresponding to the post-fault fundamental frequency were calculated using the full cycle DFT:
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SIMULATION RESULTS The proposed ANN-based distance relay was trained using the Neural Network Toolbox [ 1I]. The criterion for determining the number of hidden layers and hidden neurons was based on a combined consideration of the training error (accuracy) and speed. In this study, several tests were performed to determine the optimum number of hidden layers and hidden neurons based on the mean square error (MSE) and number of training epochs. Moreover, different training functions were examined for convergence including traingd, traingdm, traingdx, and trainrp. After extensive simulations, it was found that an ANN architecture with 40 neurons in each o f first and second hidden layers

v ( t ) = R(x)i(i)+ L ( x ) -

di
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where v(t) and i(t) represents the instantaneous voltage and current at the relay terminals. R(x) and L(x) represent the resistance and inductance respectively of the portion of the transmission line between the relay and the fault location. The numerical solutions of v(t) and i(t) were obtained by integrating the differential

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with logsigmoid functions for the hidden and output layers are capable to minimize the MSE of the AN" to a final value less 0.00001within 943 epochs. The MSE training error convergence diagrams for the ANN using the "trainrp" training function is shown in Fig. 3.

The proposed ANN operates in a static manner. The ANN was trained off-line. Once the desired performance was achieved, the weights o f the ANN were frozen. The next step is to test the generalization capability of the proposed ANN when exposed to test patterns which are different from the training pattems. The testing performance of the ANN was examined using 700 input-output patterns representing faults at I' 5 ' fault inception angles (S, 30",4, 60", and 75') at different fault locations over the three zones and at different load conditions. The results of the testing performance are shown in Fig. 5 .

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The testing phase simulations of the three outputs of the ANN illustrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. As one can see that almost 100% of the 700 tested fault pattems of outputs 1 and 3 have been successfully classified into the right zone resulting in correct tripho trip output signal. However among the 700 pattems, only one or two patterns of output 2 were misclassified as shown in Pig. 5-b. This well performance can also be observed in Fig. 6 which shows the error per pattern between the actual output pattern and the desired one or the three outputs of the ANN.

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The authors acknowledge the support and facilities of Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan. REFERENCES

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CONCLUSION
In this paper, an ANN for fault classification has been developed to simulate the performance o f a distance relay over three zones of line protection. The ANN has been trained wt BP to generate a trip (1) or no trip (0) ih signal according to the location of the fault. Computer simulations for various fault inception angles, locations and operating conditions show that the proposed ANNbased distance relay scheme is reliable and very encouraging. The ANN was able to classify faults they have not been exposed to during the training phase. The proposed scheme can be implemented for real time operation by using dedicated digital signal processing circuits. It is believed that the proposed ANN-based distance relay can support or replace the conventional three-zone distance protection system.

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AUTHORS ADDRESS

The first author can be contacted at

Department of Electrical Power Engineering Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology Yarmouk University, 21 1-63 Irbid Jordan e-mail: cafeilat@w.edti.io

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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