Shopping mall

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The interior of the Toronto Eaton Centre inToronto, Canada.

A shopping mall, shopping center/centre, shopping arcade, shopping precinct, or simply mall is one or more buildings forming a complex of shops representing merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking area a modern, indoor version of the traditional marketplace. Modern "car-friendly" strip malls developed from the 1920s, and shopping malls corresponded with the rise of suburban living in many parts of the Western World, especially the United States, after World War II. From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment. Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more "anchor store" or "big box stores" was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale chain stores intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores.[1]
Contents
[hide]

1 Regional differences 2 History

o o

2.1 Early examples 2.2 Largest examples

3 Types

o o o o

3.1 Neighborhood center 3.2 Community center 3.3 Regional center 3.4 Superregional center

o o o o

3.5 Fashion/specialty center 3.6 Power center 3.7 Theme/festival center 3.8 Outlet center

4 Components

o o o

4.1 Food court 4.2 Department stores 4.3 Stand-alone stores

5 Dead malls 6 New trends

6.1 Vertical malls

7 Shopping property management firms 8 New towns 9 Legal issues 10 Gallery

10.1 World's Largest Shopping Malls/Centers

11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

[edit]Regional

differences

In most places, the term shopping center (shopping centre in British Commonwealth English) is used, especially in Europe, Australia, and South America; however shopping mall is also used, predominantly in North America.[2] Outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In North America, Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.[2]

Shopping arcade in Tokyo, Japan

Robinsons Place Manila in Manila, Philippines

Shopping centers in the United Kingdom can be referred to as "shopping centres" or "shopping precincts". Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. Mall is generally used inNorth America to refer to a large shopping area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores surrounded by a parking lot, while the term arcade is more often used, especially in Britain, to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often covered or between closely spaced buildings (see town center). In Britain, a larger, often partly covered and exclusively pedestrian shopping area is also termed a shopping center, shopping precinct, or pedestrian precinct. The majority of British shopping centers are located in city centers, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham;Liverpool One; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centers, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as Meadowhall, Sheffield serving South Yorkshire, the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester and Bluewater in Kent. These centers were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail

parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centers, although with patchy success. Westfield Stratford City, in Stratford (London), is the largest shopping center in Europe with over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and Westfield London is the largest inner-city shopping center in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping center in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year.[3]
[edit]History

Cabot Circus in Bristol city centre, England

Hongyuan outdoor mall in Shanghai

One of the earliest examples of public shopping malls come from Ancient Rome in forums where many shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers isTrajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100-110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus, and is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center and a forerunner for the shopping mall.[4][5] Numerous covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, can be considered precursors to the present-day shopping mall.[6] Isfahan's Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10 kilometer long covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a long history. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered markets in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops.

Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built malltype shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft).

The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798.[7] The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828.[8] The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italyfollowed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade, Dayton Arcade and Moscow's GUM, which opened in 1890. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924). An early indoor mall prototype in the United States was the Lake View Store at Morgan Park, Duluth, Minnesota, which was built in 1915 and held its grand opening on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from Chicago and the building contractor was George H. Lounsberry from Duluth. The building is two stories with a full basement, and shops were originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the interior of the mall; some shops were accessible from inside and out. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown.[9]

Great Western Arcade, Birmingham, built 1865

[edit]Early

examples

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (June 2012) This article duplicates, in whole or part, the scope of other article(s) or section(s). Please discuss this issue on the talk page and conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style by replacing the section with a link and a summary of the repeated material, or by spinning off the repeated text into an article in its own right.

The Cleveland Arcade was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US and an architectural triumph. When the building opened in 1890, two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of Victorian architecture. The early shopping center in the United States took shape at the Grandview Avenue Shopping Center (the "Bank Block") in Grandview Heights, Ohio in 1928, the first regional shopping center in America that integrated parking into the design. This general plan by Don Monroe Casto Sr. became the prototype of shopping centers for several decades.[10] Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s include Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, Missouri, the Highland Park Village in Dallas, Texas; River Oaks in Houston, Texas; and Park and Shop in Washington, D.C.. The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II. Bellevue Shopping Square (now known asBellevue Square) opened in 1946 in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. Town & Country Village also opened in 1946 inSacramento, California.[11] Then came the BroadwayCrenshaw Center (known today as Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza), which was dedicated, in Los Angeles, in 1947. Two more suburban shopping centers were completed in 1949. Town and Country Drive-In Shopping Center (Town and Country Shopping Center), in Whitehall, Ohio was a strip-type complex erected in the environs of Columbus, Ohio. Park Forest, Illinois' Park Forest Plaza (Park Forest Downtown) was built along the lines of a cluster-type complex. It was situated in the southern suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. The suburban shopping mall, as Americans came to know it, came into being with the opening of Seattle's Northgate Center (presently known as Northgate Mall) in April 1950. This was followed by Lakewood Center (1951), in Lakewood, California; Shoppers' World (1951), in Framingham, Massachusetts; Stonestown Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco, California; and Northland Center (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open-air-type malls were also built in Canada and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Centre (nowShops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, inBrisbane, Australia. The fully enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples includes the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton WI [12] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including a large parking area, anchor stores and restaurants.[13] The idea of a regional-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by theAustrian-born architect and American

immigrant Victor Gruen.[14] This new generation of regional-sized shopping centers began with the Gruendesigned Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, USA in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.[15] The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The center, which opened with an open-air-format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall(1958), in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959), in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961), in Phoenix, Arizona, andRandhurst Center (1962), in Mount Prospect, Illinois. The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for Eaton's by John Graham Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking.[16] It opened in downtown London, Ontario, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.[16] Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[1][17] In the UK, Chrisp Street Market was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built in the downtown area of Birmingham. Known as Bull Ring Centre (now Bull Ring Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. This was followed by Brent Cross Centre, Britain's first out-of-town shopping mall, which was dedicated, on the northern outskirts of London, in March 1976. In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further, with terrazzo tiles at theMall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores.[18] Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed.[18] Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. [19][20] Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii is currently the largest open-air mall in the world and was one of the largest malls in the United States when it opened for business in August 1959. It is currently the sixteenth largest in the country. The Outlets at Bergen Town Center, the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in Paramus on November 14, 1957, with Dave Garroway, host of The Today Show, serving as master of ceremonies.[21] The mall, located just outside New York City, was planned in 1955 by Allied Stores to have 100 stores and 8,600 parking spaces in a 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2) mall that would include a 300,000 sq ft

(28,000 m2) Stern's store and two other 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) department stores as part of the design. Allied's chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently announced The Outlets at Bergen Town Center as the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were 25 cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type would ever be built nationwide.[22][23]
[edit]Largest

examples

Main article: List of largest shopping malls in the world

Panoramic view of the SM Mall of Asia in Pasay, Philippines.

Amusement park at the center of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, the largest shopping mall in the United States

The largest mall ever is South China Mall in Dongguan, China with a gross floor area of 892,000 m2 (9,600,000 sq ft). The world's second-largest shopping mall is the Golden Resources Mall in Beijing, China with a gross floor area of 680,000 m2 (7,300,000 sq ft). TheSM City North EDSA in the Philippines, which opened in November 1985, is the world's third-largest at 460,000 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft) of gross floor area, and SM Mall of Asia in thePhilippines, opened in May 2006, is the world's fourth largest at 386,000 m2 (4,150,000 sq ft) of gross floor area. Previously, the title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was with the West Edmonton Mallin Edmonton, Alberta, Canada from 19862004. It is now the fifth largest mall.[24]

One of the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the two-mall agglomeration of the Plaza at King of Prussia and the Court at King of Prussia in the Philadelphia suburb ofKing of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States. The King of Prussia mall has the most shopping per square foot in the U.S. The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United States is the Mall of America, located near the Twin Cities inBloomington, Minnesota. However, several Asian malls are advertised as having more visitors, including Mal Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading Mall and Pluit Village, all in Jakarta, Indonesia, Berjaya Times Square in Malaysia, SM North EDSA in Quezon City, Philippines, SM Mall of Asia in Pasay, Philippines, and SM Megamall in Metro Manila, Philippines. The largest mall in South Asia isBashundhara City in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[edit]Types

The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies shopping malls into eight basic types. They are: neighborhood center, community center, regional center, superregional center, fashion/specialty center, power center, theme/festival center and outlet center.[25] These definitions, published in 1999, were not restricted to shopping centers in any particular country, but later editions were made specific to the U.S. with a separate set for Europe.
[edit]Neighborhood

center

A neighborhood center in the form of astrip mall, in Cornelius, Oregon

Neighborhood centers are small-scall malls serving the local neighborhood. They typically have a supermarket or a drugstore as an anchor, and are commonly arranged in a strip mallformat. Neighborhood centers usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 14,000 m2), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (4.8 km) radius.[25] They are sometimes known as convenience centers.
[edit]Community

center

Community centers (or community malls) are larger than neighborhood centers, and offer a wider range of goods. They usually feature two anchor stores which are larger than that of a neighborhood center's, e.g. a discount department store. They may also follow a strip configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 33,000 m2) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (4.8 to 9.7 km).[25]

[edit]Regional

center

A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area (15 miles) than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores[26] and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these malls tend to have higherend stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable but may have discount department stores. Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas.[26]
[edit]Superregional

center

Pondok Indah Mall, a superregional center in Jakarta, Indonesia

A super regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the U.S. a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles) in which it is located. [26]
[edit]Fashion/specialty

center

Fashion or specialty centers feature upscale apparel shops and boutiques and cater to customers with higher incomes. They usually have a retail area ranging from 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,000 m2) and serve an area of 5 to 15 miles (8.0 to 24 km).[25]
[edit]Power

center

Main article: Power center (retail) Power centers are large shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors. They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m2) and a primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles (8.0 to 16 km).[25]
[edit]Theme/festival

center

Terminal 21 in Bangkok has an airport/world cities theme, reflected in this escalator sign.

Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,000 m2).[25]
[edit]Outlet

center

Main article: Outlet store An outlet mall (or outlet center) is a type of shopping mall in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet mall, Vanity Fair, located in Reading, PA did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened the first enclosed factory outlet mall in 1979, in Lakeland, TN, a suburb of Memphis.[27]
[edit]Components

The layout of a mid-sized shopping center Babilonas in Panevys, Lithuania(with main stores marked in text). Entertainment zone is in the center surrounded by restaurants, whereas theanchor stores are in different sides of the center. Cinema is in the floors above. The corridor is circular and there are no shortcuts (so a customer has to go around the mall to go to a shop on a different side).

[edit]Food

court

Main article: Food court

A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number offast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
[edit]Department

stores

Main articles: Department store and Anchor store When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.[citation needed]
[edit]Stand-alone

stores

Frequently, a shopping mall or shopping center will have satellite buildings located either on the same tract of land or on one abutting it, on which will be located stand-alone stores, which may or may not be legally connected to the central facility through contract or ownership. These stores may have their own parking lots, or their lots may interconnect with those of the mall or center. The existence of the stand-alone store may have been planned by the mall's developer, or may have come about through opportunistic actions by others, but visually the central facility the mall or shopping center and the satellite buildings will often be perceived as being a single "unit", even in circumstances where the outlying buildings are not officially or legally connected to the mall in any way.[citation needed]
[edit]Dead

malls

Main article: Dead mall

Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in Allen, Texas, United States

In the United States, as more modern facilities are built, many early malls have been abandoned due to decreased traffic and tenancy.

Until the mid-1990s, the trend was to build enclosed malls and to renovate older outdoor malls into enclosed ones. Such malls had advantages, including temperature control. The trend has turned and it is again fashionable to build open-air malls. According to theInternational Council of Shopping Centers, only one new enclosed mall was opened in the U.S. in 2006:[28] The Mall at Turtle Creek in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Some enclosed malls have been opened up,[when?] such as the Sherman Oaks Galleria. In addition, some malls, when replacing an empty anchor location, have replaced the former anchor store building with the more modern outdoor design, leaving the remainder of the indoor mall intact.[citation needed]
[edit]New

trends

In parts of Canada, it is now rare for new shopping malls to be built. The Vaughan Mills Shopping Centre, opened in 2004, and Crossiron Mills, opened in 2009, are the only malls built in Canada since 1992. Outdoor outlet malls or big box shopping areas known as power centers are now favored, although the traditional enclosed shopping mall is still in demand by those seeking weather-protected, all-under-one-roof shopping. In addition, the enclosed interconnections between downtown multi story shopping malls continue to grow in the Underground city of Montreal (32 kilometres of passageway), the PATH system of Toronto (27 km (17 mi) of passageway) and thePlus15 system of Calgary (16 km (9.9 mi) of overhead passageway).[citation needed] In Russia, on the other hand, as of 2013 a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.[29]
[edit]Vertical

malls

The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City, inArlington, Virginia, United States

High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall," in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevatorsand/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.[30] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development

division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.[citation needed] Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as Hong Kong and Bangkok. Times Square in Hong Kong is a principal example.[30] A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historical buildings or significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former outer walls of the nearby medieval castle;[31] consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically two locations horizontally connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways.[32] Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's McDonalds restaurant, split into four stories with multiple mezzanineswhich feature medieval castle vaults complete with arrowslits in the basement dining rooms.

[edit]Shopping

property management firms

See also: Category:Shopping property management firms A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of their mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of their malls, as well as anchor stores such as SM Department Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK,The Mall Fund changes the name of any center they buy to "The Mall (location)", using their pink-M logo; when they sell a mall it reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom.[33] Shopping center management and advisory firms are bringing about professional management practices to the largely fragmented shopping center development industry in India. Historically, land ownership in India, has been fragmented and as a byproduct shopping center development, which rendered the single mall developers vulnerable to dubious advice and practices, since standard benchmarks, knowledge resources, and skilled people were scarce. This is changing as new firms promoted by former shopping center managers are stepping in to bridge the gap between ownership and professional management.[citation needed]
[edit]New

towns

Many new towns in the United Kingdom including Livingston, Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, East Kilbride, Milton Keynes, Washington,Coventry, Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee and Telford did not incorporate a traditional style

town center but instead developed a shopping center. Unlike the shopping centers which were developing in established towns and cities, these also contained many civic functions and other community facilities such as libraries, pubs and community centers. As the towns grew, other facilities were usually developed around the centers, effectively enlarging the town centers.[citation needed]

Westfield Carousel, in a suburb of Perth,Australia

[edit]Legal

issues

One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets. Many consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage.[34][35] In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.[36] See Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins.
[edit]Gallery [edit]World's

Largest Shopping Malls/Centers

The Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex inKarachi is not only one of the most high-profile shopping mall in the city, but is also Asia's largest food street.

Berjaya Times Square inKuala Lumpur, Malaysia

SM City North EDSA, the largest shopping mall inSoutheast Asia and in thePhilippines

1 Utama in Petaling Jaya,Malaysia

Plaza Las Amricas, the largest shopping mall in the Caribbean in San Juan, Puerto Rico

The Dubai Mall in Dubai,UAE

Tunjungan Plaza inSurabaya, Indonesia

CentralWorld in Bangkok,Thailand

West Edmonton Mall inAlberta, Canada

Mal Taman Anggrek inJakarta, Indonesia

Sunway Pyramid inSubang Jaya, Malaysia

Siam Paragon in Bangkok,Thailand

[edit]References

1. 2.

^ a b "Essay Dawn of the Dead Mall". The Design Observer Group. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2010. ^ a b Urban Geography: A Global Perspective Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) ISBN 978-0-41519195-1.

3. 4. 5.

^ "ICnetwork.co.uk". Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk. 2003-09-04. Retrieved 2011-08-01. ^ "shopping in ancient Rome". Mariamilani.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09. ^ "Momentous Contributions of Ancient Rome to 21st Century Civilizations - Yahoo! Voices". voices.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.

6. 7. 8. 9.

^ "Ministry of tourism, Syria". Retrieved 2011-04-06. ^ "Passage du Caire". Insecula.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09. ^ "The Arcade, Providence RI". Brightridge.com. Retrieved 2009-07-17. ^ Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade. Cleveland Magazine, August 2009.

10. ^ Pocock, Emil. "Shopping Center Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University". Eastern Connecticut State University. Retrieved 4 September 2011. 11. ^ "Big changes ahead for Sacramento's Town & Country Village, tenants say". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 19 January 2013. 12. ^ MALL HALL OF FAME: November 2006 13. ^ Valley Fair Shopping Center 14. ^ Bathroom Reader's Institute. "The Mall: A History". Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader. Bathroom Reader's Press. pp. 99101. ISBN 978-1-60710-183-3. 15. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm, (March 15, 2004) The Terrazzo JungleThe New Yorker 16. ^ a b "Celebrate 150 - City of London Ontario Canada". Celebrate150.london.ca. Archived from the original on 2010-0430. Retrieved 2011-08-01. 17. ^ Bathroom Reader's Institute. "A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III". Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader. Bathroom Reader's Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-60710-183-3.

18. ^ a b Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2009-12-29. "Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction."" 19. ^ Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "For Billionaire There's Life After Jail". CBS News. Retrieved 2009-12-29. "Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers." 20. ^ Thane Peterson (2007-04-30). "From Slammer Back To Glamour". Business Week. Retrieved 2009-12-29. "Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID ) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer." 21. ^ "Shoppers Throng to Opening of Bergen Mall in Jersey". New York Times. November 15, 1957. Retrieved 2007-06-07. "Paramus, New Jersey, November 14, 1957. The $40,000,000 Bergen Mall regional shopping center opened here this morning." 22. ^ "10 Shopping Centers Scheduled For Allied Stores Within 3 Years; Chain' s Chairman Gives Details of Biggest, 7 Miles From George Washington Span, Where Stern Will Open Branch by '57: Store Chain Plans Retail Centers", The New York Times, January 13, 1955. p. 37 23. ^ "The Super Centers". Time (magazine). January 24, 1955. Retrieved 2008-06-25. "The new centers, scheduled for opening by 1957, are designed to serve regions (i.e., customers within 40 minutes' driving time) rather than smaller suburban areas. The first to go into operation will be the $30 million Bergen Mall at Paramus, N.J., expected to be the biggest U.S. shopping center. Puckett estimates that there are 1,588,000 customers within the 40-minute radius." 24. ^ Eastern Connecticut State University (January 2007). "World's Largest Shopping Malls". Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-07-29. 25. ^ a b c d e f "ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types". International Council of Shopping Centers. 1999. Retrieved 31 January 2013. 26. ^ a b c International Council of Shopping Centers Shopping Center Definitions for the U.S. Information accurate as of 2004. Retrieved Feb 20, 2007. 27. ^ University of San Diego webpage. Retrieved June 1, 2007. 28. ^ Mitchell, Donna (February 2006). "TURTLE CREEK SOLE U.S. ENCLOSED MALL TO OPEN DURING 06". Shopping Centers Today. International Council of Shopping Centers. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

29. ^ Andrew E. Kramer (January 1, 2013). "Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2013. "I feel like Im in Disneyland" 30. ^ a b Danny Chung, Reach for the sky, The Standard, December 09, 2005 31. ^ "Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls". Discovershropshire.org.uk. 1987-10-26. Retrieved 201108-01. 32. ^ Shrewsbury Shopping Centres store guide (PDF)[dead link] 33. ^ This is Surrey (2009-05-22). "This Is Surrey Today". This Is Surrey Today. Retrieved 2011-08-01. 34. ^ Tony O'Donahue, The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment (Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 2005), 43. 35. ^ Bernard J. Frieden & Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 233. 36. ^ Judd, Dennis R. (1995) "The Rise of the New Walled Cities" in Liggett, Helen and Perr, David C. (eds.), Spatial Practices, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 144168.

The Mall A shopping center, shopping mall, or shopping plaza, is the modern adaptation of the historical marketplace. The mall is a collection of independent retail stores, services, and a parking area, which is conceived, constructed, and maintained by a separate management firm as a unit. They may also contain restaurants, banks, theaters, professional offices, service stations etc. The first shopping mall was the Country Club Plaza, founded by the J.C. Nichols Company and opened near Kansas City, Mo., in 1922. The first enclosed mall called Southdale opened in Edina, Minnesota (near Minneapolis) in 1956. In the 1980s, giant megamalls were developed. The West Edmonton Mall in Alberta, Canada, opened in 1981 - with more than 800 stores and a hotel, amusement park, miniature-golf course, church, "water park" for sunbathing and surfing, a zoo and a 438-foot-long lake. Shopping Carts Sylvan Goldman invented the first shopping cart in 1936. Sylvan owned a chain of Oklahoma City grocery stores called Standard/Piggly-Wiggly. He invented the first shopping cart by adding two wire basket and wheels to a folding chair. Goldman, together with mechanic Fred Young, later designed a dedicated shopping cart in 1947 and formed the Folding Carrier Co. to manufacture the carts.

In 1946, Orla Watson, of Kansas City, MO, invented thetelescoping shopping cart. By using hinged baskets, each shopping cart fitted into the shopping cart ahead for compact storage. The telescoping shopping carts were first used at Floyd Day's Super Market in 1947.
Shopping Carts

Smart Cart Silicon Valley inventor George Cokely - the same guy behind the Pet Rock - has come up with a modern solution to one of the supermarket industry's oldest problems: stolen shopping carts. It's called Stop Z-Cart. The wheel of the shopping cart hold the device which contains a chip and some electronics, when the cart is rolled over a certain distance away from the store, the shopping cart owners know about it. Shopping Cart Bumpers with Advertising Harold Evans patented (US patent #5,306,033) a shopping cart bumper system, a foam wrap-around unit that protects while providing valuable advertising space. Automatic Doors Horton Automatics developed and sold the first automatic sliding door in America in 1960. The company co-founders Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt invented the sliding automatic door in 1954. Their automatic doors used a mat actuator. "The idea came to Lew Hewitt and Dee Horton to build an automatic sliding door back in the mid-1950's, when they saw that existing swing doors had difficulty operating in Corpus Christi's winds. So the two men went to work inventing an automatic sliding door that would circumvent the problem of high winds and their damaging effect. Horton Automatics Inc. was formed in 1960, placing the first commercial automatic sliding door on the market and literally establishing a brand-new industry." source
The Horton Family - Automated Entry

If Horton Automatics of Corpus Christi has its way, homes in the United States will begin installing sliding automatic doors, which company co-founders Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt invented in 1954. Their first door in operation was a unit donated to the City of Corpus Christi for its Shoreline Drive utilities department. The first one sold was installed at the old Driscoll Hotel for its Torch Restaurant. Coupons A Philadelphia pharmacist named Asa Candler invented the coupon in 1895. Candler bought the Coca-Cola company from the original inventor Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. Candler placed coupons in newspaper for a free Coke from any fountain - to help promote the new soft drink.
Bar Codes

The first patent for bar code (US Patent #2,612,994) was issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver on October 7, 1952.
Cash Register

In 1884, James Ritty invented what was nicknamed the "Incorruptible Cashier" or the first working, mechanical cash register.
Credit Cards and Money

Past, present and future, the history of money. Mail Order Catalog Aaron Montgomery Ward sent out his first mail order catalog in 1872 - for his Montgomery Ward mail order business located at Clark and Kinzie Streets in Chicago. The first catalog

consisted of a single sheet of paper with a price list, 8 by 12 inches, showing the merchandise for sale with ordering instructions. "Ward's gradually expanded the catalog. They became bigger, more heavily illustrated, chock full of goods-- often referred to as "dream books" by rural families." Aaron Montgomery Ward was born on Feb. 17, 1844 and died on Dec. 7, 1913. He first worked for Marshall Field, a department store, as both a store clerk and a traveling salesman. As a traveling salesman, he realized that his rural customers could be better served by mail-order, a revolutionary idea. He started his business with only $2,400 in capital. Montgomery Ward was a mail-order only business until 1926, when the first Montgomery Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana.
1872 Montgomery Ward-First Mail-Order House Catalog Image

Department Stores According to Hoover's online, "Bloomingdale's was founded in 1872 by brothers Lyman and Joseph Bloomingdale, the store rode the popularity of the hoop skirt to sales success and practically invented the department store concept at the beginning of the 20th century. Bloomingdale's joined the Federated corporate family in 1930." In 1877, John Wanamaker opened "The Grand Depot" a six story round department store in Philadelphia. According to Andrew Maykuth Online, "John Wanamaker never claimed to have invented the department store, but he was on the cutting edge of a trend. The retail giants of the day, Marshall Field in Chicago, Alexander T. Steward in New York, were discovering that the vast power of buying wholesale could cut costs to reduce retail prices." John Wanamaker is credited with developing one of the first (if not the first) true department stores in the country, and with creating the first White Sale, modern price tags, and the first in-store restaurant. He also pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods. John Wanamaker (1838-1922) Pioneer of department stores In 1868, Mormon leader Brigham Young, founded Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (ZMCI) in Salt Lake City, which some historians credit as being the first department store however, most historians give the credit to John Wanamaker. According to the Pioneers, "ZCMI first sold clothing, dry goods, drugs, groceries, produce, shoes, trunks, sewing machines, wagons, and machinery. It was thus a department store from the very start and ZCMI claims to be Americas first full-fledged department store at birth."

A Brief History Of Shopping Centers

Shopping centers have existed in some form for more than 1,000 years as ancient market squares, bazaars and seaport commercial districts. The

modern shopping center, which includes everything from small suburban strip centers to the million-square-foot superregional malls, had its genesis in the 1920s. The concept of developing a shopping district away from a downtown is generally attributed to J.C. Nichols of Kansas City, Mo. His Country Club Plaza, which opened in 1922, was constructed as the business district for a large-scale residential development. It featured unified architecture, paved and lighted parking lots, and was managed and operated as a single unit. In the later half of the 1920s, as automobiles began to clog the central business districts of large cities, small strip centers were built on the outskirts. The centers were usually anchored by a supermarket and a drug store, supplemented by other convenience-type shops. The typical design was a straight line of stores with space for parking in front. Grandview Avenue Shopping Center in Columbus, Ohio, which opened in 1928, included 30 shops and parking for 400 cars. But many experts consider Highland Park Shopping Village in Dallas, Tex., developed by Hugh Prather in 1931, to be the first planned shopping center. Like Country Club Plaza, its stores were built with a unified image and managed under the control of a single owner, but Highland Park occupied a single site and was not bisected by public streets. And its storefronts faced inward, away from the streets, a revolutionary design. In the 1930s and 1940s, Sears Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward set up large, freestanding stores with on-site parking, away from the centers of big cities. Nighttime shopping was inaugurated at Town & Country Shopping Center in Columbus, Ohio, when developer Don Casto hired Grandma Carver (a woman who dived from a 90-foot perch into a 4-foot pool of flaming water), to perform her act in the lighted parking lot, bringing shopping center promotion to a new level. The early 1950s marked the opening of the first two shopping centers anchored by full-line branches of downtown department stores. Northgate in Seattle, Wash., (two strip centers face-to-face with a pedestrian walkway in between) opened in 1950, and Shoppers World in Framingham, Mass. (the first two-level center), debuted the following year. The concept was improved upon in 1954 when Northland Center in Detroit, Mich., used a cluster layout with a single department store at the center and a ring of stores around it. The parking lot completely surrounded the center. Northland was also the first center to have central air-conditioning as well as heating.

In 1956, Southdale Center in Edina, Minn., outside of Minneapolis, opened as the first fully enclosed mall with a two-level design. It had central airconditioning and heating, a comfortable common area and, more importantly, it had two competitive department stores as anchors. Southdale is considered by most industry professionals to be the first modern regional mall. By 1964 there were 7,600 shopping centers in the United States. Suburban development and population growth after World War II created the need for more housing and more convenient retail shopping. Most of the centers built in the 1950s and 1960s were strip centers serving new housing developments. By 1972 the number of shopping centers had doubled to 13,174. Regional malls like Southdale and The Galleria in Houston, Tex., had become a fixture in many larger markets, and Americans began to enjoy the convenience and pleasure of mall shopping. During the 1970s, a number of new formats and shopping center types evolved. In 1976 The Rouse Co. developed Faneuil Hall Marketplace in Boston, Mass., which was the first of the festival marketplaces built in the United States. The project, which revived a troubled downtown market, was centered on food and retail specialty items. Similar projects were built in Baltimore, Md., New York, N.Y., and Miami, Fla., and have been emulated in a number of urban areas. The Bicentennial year also marked the debut of the countrys first urban vertical mall, Water Tower Place, which opened in Chicago, Ill., on Michigan Avenue. To many experts, Water Tower Place with its tony stores, hotel, offices, condominiums and parking garage, remains the preeminent mixeduse project in the United States. With the opening of Water Tower Place and Faneuil Hall, the shopping center industry had returned to its urban roots. The 1980s saw an unparalleled period of growth in the shopping center industry, with more than 16,000 centers built between 1980 and 1990. This was also the period when superregional centers (malls larger than 800,000 square feet) became increasingly popular with shoppers. In 1990, a Gallup poll found that people shopped most frequently at superregional malls and neighborhood centers. Americans average four trips to the mall per month. Between 1989 and 1993, new shopping center development dropped nearly 70%, from 1,510 construction starts in 1989 to 451 starts in 1993. The sharp decline in new center starts was attributed to the Savings and Loan crisis, which helped precipitate a severe credit crunch. While overbuilding occurred

among small centers in some regions of the United States, shopping centers remained the most attractive and best-performing real estate category for investors during this difficult period. The year 1993 was marked by the transition of several privately held, familyrun shopping center development companies (Simon, Taubman, etc.) into publicly traded real estate investment trusts (REITs). The access to Wall Street capital provided a financial jolt to an industry that still had not fully recovered from the credit crunch. One of the newer retail formats that has become increasingly popular in the United States is the power center, which loosely defined is a center between 250,000 and 600,000 square feet, with approximately 75% to 90% of its space occupied by category killers or destination anchor stores. Power centers are often located near regional and superregional malls. San Francisco-based Terranomics is credited with pioneering the concept at 280 Metro Center in Colma, Calif. In 1993, 16 power centers opened in the United States, compared with only four superregional malls. Factory outlet centers were one of the fastest growing segments of the shopping center industry in the 1990s. In 1990, there were 183 outlet centers. Today, there are over approximately 312 outlet centers in the United States. Outlet malls are tenanted by manufacturers selling their own goods at discounted prices. Some large projects combine outlet stores with traditional off-price stores like Marshalls. One such project, Sawgrass Mills in Sunrise, Fla., is more than 2 million square feet and features outlets, discounters and retail clearance stores. The largest mall in the United States is currently Mall of America in Bloomington, Minn., which includes a seven-acre amusement park, nightclubs, restaurants and covers 4.2 million square feet (with about half that total devoted to retailing). The center has been heralded as a bellwether for its innovative mixture of entertainment and retailing. The forerunner to Mall of America, and the largest mall in North America, is West Edmonton Mall in Alberta, which encompasses 5.5 million square feet. Entertainment quickly became an industry buzzword in the early 1990s as technological advances allowed shopping center developments to foster the same magical experiences that were once only seen in national amusement parks such as Disney World. Since the start of the entertainment wave, retailers have focused on keeping their presentations exciting and shopping center owners have striven to obtain tenant mixes that draw traffic from the

widest audience possible. Under one roof or in an outdoor retail format, consumers enjoy childrens playscapes, virtual reality games, live shows, movies in multiplex cinemas, a variety of food in either the food court or themed restaurants, carousel rides, visually stunning merchandising techniques, robotic animal displays, and interactive demonstrations. Many shopping centers are also focused on added service-oriented tenants, which offer todays busy consumer an opportunity to complete weekly errands or to engage in a variety of other activities. Among the many services found in todays malls are churches, schools, postal branches, municipal offices, libraries, and museums. As the 1990s drew to a close, Internet retailing was heralded as the wave of the future and a threat to the stability of the shopping center industry. In July of 1998, Time magazine predicted the demise of the shopping mall. In bold type, Times cover advised its readers to, Kiss Your Mall Good-Bye: Online Shopping is Cheaper, Quicker and Better. While the cover was purely sensational, the tone was clear. The shopping center industry was under attack, yet again, from an alternative shopping format. Several years earlier similar claims were made about the impact home television shopping would have on the industry. In fact, the cover of BusinessWeek magazine in July of 1993 read, Retailing Will Never Be the Same: The Home Shopping Revolution. Unlike home television shopping, Internet retailing quickly captured the attention of the public, the media and Wall Street as companies rushed to develop websites that would sell directly to consumers. In the euphoria it mattered little that many of these Internet companies had little or no retail experience. Fearing the cannibalization of store sales, brick-and-mortar retailers at first were hesitant to sell directly to the public via the Internet. However, when it became apparent that they had some clear advantages over pure Internet retailers (brand name recognition, distribution facilities, supplier relationships, ability to accept returns at stores, etc.) brick-and-mortar retailers launched their own websites. These advantages quickly paid off for brick-andmortar retailers. In fact, in 1998, brick-and-mortar retailers websites captured 60% of online sales. In addition to buying online, brick-and-mortar retailers discovered that their consumers were using the web as a research vehicle. Consumers were logging on to retailers websites to search for goods, and services, and armed with product information, were making purchases at stores. Thus the Internet has transformed a large and growing number of retailers into multi-channel

retailers with all sales channels (stores, web, and catalog) working as one to help retailers maximize the value of their brands. Understanding that there is great synergy between the Internet and brick-andmortar stores, shopping centers owners have created their own websites and are working with their retail tenants to create distribution channels to satisfy the consumer, whether the consumer decides to shop at a shopping center, on the Internet or both. In 1999, Simon Property Group, the nations largest shopping center developer, created two separate business units, clixnmortar.com and TenantConnect. Through TenantConnect, Simon is installing broadband Internet connections inside its own malls and those of other developers, so that stores can have high-speed access to the Internet. Also, retailers at Simon malls can take part in two clixnmortar initiative: FastFrog.Com and YourSherpa. In both programs, consumers carry handheld scanners through the mall, and scan items they are interested in buying. When shoppers are finished, the information is loaded into computer kiosks. From the FastFrog kiosk, shoppers can have their list of items forward to friends or relatives. At the YourSherpa kiosk, users can type in their credit card number and check out immediately, or delay the final purchase until they go home. Mall employees pick-up scanned items at stores in the mall and customers have the option of picking-up the items at the mall or having them delivered. General Growth Properties, the nations second-largest mall developer is also incorporating the Internet into their malls. General Growths Mallibu.com website links retailers in each of the companys malls, allowing consumers to buy online directly from those retailers and have their purchases delivered to them. Other shopping center developers are also working with their retailers to incorporate the Internet into their businesses model. Many shopping centers have their own websites and have added their web address to their advertising and promotional vehicles. Most shopping center websites have maps and directions to the center, a list of tenants and a calendar of events. Some shopping centers are even providing free Internet access for their customers. The center can e-mail the customer information on sales and special events that are taking place at the center. As we enter the 21st century, shopping centers continue to evolve and serve communities social and economic needs. With the combination of fashion,

food, entertainment, and services, shopping centers have greatly expanded their role in the communities they serve.

The shopping mall is a global phenomenon that has its roots in ancient outdoor bazaars where people would go to buy goods from local artisans, farmers and craftsmen. The shopping malls that we know today were birthed in the beginning of the 20th century and have since then grew to cover the major cities of the world in a few different forms. Not only has the shopping mall become a place to find and purchase goods, it is also known as a cultural hot spot where people of all ages can come to interact. However, there has been some criticism to shopping malls, specifically strip malls.

Other People Are Reading

Mall Safety Checklist

Advantages & Disadvantages of Shopping Malls

1. History
o Shopping malls are typically known to be indoor shopping centers, though some have outdoor areas with the shops having their own indoor space. The idea came from old covered marketplaces that were popular between the 10th and 15th centuries, and are even still around today. In 1785, the first purposely-built shopping center was created, but it was not until 1916 that a shopping mall as we consider them today was built in the United States. During the 1950s, large indoor shopping malls began to spring up in major cities across the world, with famous ones being built in Paris and London. As automobiles and suburbs sprung up, strip malls were created, which were the first shopping centers built outside of downtown areas.

Types
o There a few different types of shopping malls that should be noted. The average shopping mall is under 400,000 square feet, with those between 400,000 and 800,000 square feet being known as regional shopping malls. Because they are larger, they can accommodate higher end stores that may need more space for their stores. Super-regional malls are those that are over 800,000 square feet. These are the premier shopping mall for the surrounding areas and suburbs. Strip malls are strictly suburban and usually consist of large parking lots surrounded by single story shops. Outlet malls are special shopping malls where manufacturers sell their products directly through their own stores.
Sponsored Links

Gift
Meet 4,000 Suppliers In Hong Kong Gifts & Premium Fair. Register Now!

www.hktdc.com

Features
o The first shopping malls were composed mainly of independent shops with some food vendors scattered throughout. It wasn't long before food courts were added to give consumers a central place to eat. This also offered more choices of food. Other additions that were made to shopping malls through the 20th century included the addition of department stores. These were added when large finances were needed to keep bigger shopping running.

Size
o From 1986 to 2004, the West Edmonton Mall in Alberta, Canada was considered the largest shopping center in the world. In less than four years it became the fourth largest, which shows the rapid growth of shopping malls during recent years. The largest mall in the world is the recently opened Mall of Arabia in Dubai, which will be 929,000 square meters in size. The second and third largest shopping malls are all located in China and Malaysia respectfully.

Potential
o The most recent history of shopping malls paints two very different pictures of the future of the buildings. Strip malls have quickly fell out of popularity and power shopping centers have taken their place. These feature big box retailers that often supply goods at lower prices than smaller local shops. IN downtown districts, where land is expensive, vertical shopping malls are popping up, which include the design of skyscrapers. In the future, it is thought that most new malls will expand vertically rather than horizontally, including parking spaces for the mall.