2012.10.24.

1
Compressible Flows
Dr. Gergely Kristf
24-th October 2011.
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
x
) u (
t

x
p
x
u
u
t
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

1


0
0
p p
=
p
0
and
0
are the pressure and density in the reference state.
p, , u are unknown functions of x and t.
Continuity:
Euler equation:
Isentropic relation:
Unsteady isentropic flow in a constant cross-section pipe.
Eg. in an exhaust pipe.
1D isentropic flows
1
0
0 1 2
=
= = =
c
c
=

p p p p
a
. ll s
( )

d
a
da
1 2 =
( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

0
0
1 2
p
ln ln a ln

d
p
dp
=


0
0
p p
=
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

0
0
ln ln ln
p
p

a a
2
1
=
c
c
Only one state variable can be chosen in isentropic system.
We can use the speed of sound a to express the pressure (p) and density ().
Both u and a do have the dimension of m/s.
Introduction of the sound speed a
as a new field variable
p
a
p
a

2
1
=
c
c
0
2
1
=

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c

a
x
u a
x
u
a
t
0
2
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
u
a
x
a
u
t
a
0
1
2 1
1
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

a
p
p
a
x
p
x
u
u
t
u

0
2
1
2
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
a
a
x
u
u
t
u
(2)
(1)
Continuity:
Euler equation:
a
2
We reformulate the governing
equations
0
2
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
u
a
x
a
u
t
a
0
2
1
2
1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
a
a
x
u
u
t
u
(2)
(1)
(1) + (2)
( ) 0
2
1
2
1
= |
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+
c
c

o o

u a
x
a u u a
t
( ) 0 =
c
c
+ +
c
c
x
a u
t
o o
o=const. in the direction of C
+
=dx/dt=u+a.
(1) - (2)
( ) 0
2
1
2
1
= |
.
|

\
|

c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|

c
c

| |

u a
x
a u u a
t
( ) 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
x
a u
t
| |
|=const. in the direction of C
-
=dx/dt=u-a
C
+
and C
-
are the characteristic directions. o and | are Rieman invariants.
u a
2
1
+ =

o
u a
2
1
=

|
u and a can be expressed in terms of o and |.
2
| o +
= a
1

| o
u
Every field variable can than be expressed in terms of a:
1
0
1
0 0
2
0

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p
T
T
a
a
Characteristics
2012.10.24.
2
t
x
t
x
1
2
3
| | ) t ( o ) t t ( ) a u ( ) a u ( . x x
2
1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
5 0 A + + + + =
| | ) t ( o ) t t ( ) a u ( ) a u ( . x x
2
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
5 0 A + + =
1 3
o o =
2 3
| | = 2
3 3
3
| o +
= a
1
3 3
3

| o
u
t
3
, x
3
can be calculated.
Numerical solution
p p
c
u
R
a
c
u
T T
2 2
2 2 2
0
+ = + =

2 2
0
1 2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
| +
=

| o | o

p
c R
T
Inflow:
Either o or | is already given. (Along the outrunning characteristic curve.)
The other quantity can be expressed from the above equation.
Closed pipe:
0
1
=

| o
| o =
0 = u
the energy equation
Outflow:
2
0
| o +
= = a a
T
0
, p
0
, a
0
are given
a, u
Boundary conditions
The problems...
The numerical resolution depend on the
actual physical properties, therefore it can
become very coarse in some regions.
The characteristic curves running in the
same direction can intersect each other.
1
2
3
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
x
u
t

( )
0
2
=
c
+ c
+
c
c
x
p u
t
u
( )
0 =
c
+ c
+
c
c
x
u p e u
t
e
2
2
u
T c e
v
+ =
(
(
(

=
e
u U

(
(
(

+
+ =
u p e u
p u
u
F

2
(
(
(

=
0
0
0
Q
Continuity:
Eq.of motion:
Energy eq.:
Finite volume method
T R p =
Equation of state:
The density based approach.
Q
x
F
t
U
=
c
c
+
c
c In vector format:
i i+1 i-1
t
n
t
n+1/2
t
n+1
x
i-1/2, n+1/2 i+1/2, n+1/2
i-1, n i, n i+1, n
i, n+1
( )
2 2
2
1 1 1
2 1
2 1
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
/ n
/ i
Q Q
x
F F
/ t
/ U U U
+ + +
+
+
+
=

+
+
A A
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 / n
/ i
/ n
/ i
/ n
/ i
/ n
/ i
n
i
n
i
Q Q
x
F F
t
U U
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
=

A A
When U is known , u and e can be calculated. Eg. =(u)/u
p is than obtained from the equation of state.
F and Q values can than be calculated at the time level n+1/2.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Two step Lax-Wendroff method with second order accuracy:
1 s
+
= o
A
o A
u a
x
t
This is an explicit time marching scheme. Only conditionally stable.
According to the linear stability theory:
Specification of the boundary conditions:
the method of characteristics can be used at the domain boundaries.
(There are other approaches too.)
Strong oscillations can take place in the presence of shockwaves.
Fluxes must be corrected by using some upwinding or artificial viscosity.
A similar approach in FLUENT: density based solver + explicit formulation
(time integration). The multi step time integration method implemented in
FLUENT allows somewhat larger Courant number. (The default value is
o=1.)
Courant number